Kudzikama Apo Bazu Rinogumisa Kuchinja Kwaro

Kuvakwa kwehurumende yeUnited States kwakavakirwa noune pahwaro hwesimba rinoparadzirwa. Vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo, vanongwarira udzvinyiriri, vakagadzira mapazu matatu akaenzana ane zviremera zvinowirirana zvakarongeka kumanikidzirana. Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri nzirawo zvayo yokufungidzira; igadziriro inoshanda yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Kana gadziriro iyoyo ichishanda zvakanaka, hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Asi apo bazi rimwe rine une une ungwaru kana kuti nenzira isiriri kudarika miganhuro yaro yaro, miuyo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nechirongwa chose chehurumende, kuedza kusimba reRepabhuriki yehurumende imene.

Kushanda kwakanyanyisa kunoitika apo simba rebazu rinoshandisa nenzira yakafanira rinenge riri romumwe, kana kuti apo rinopfuura ganhuriro dzakati dzakaiswa pariri neBumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: mukuru mukuru anoraira kudzora, mutezo wehurumende unopfuudza zvikwereti zvinodzorwa pasimba rokutonga, kana kuti dare rinogadza mitemo inonyorazve mirau. Chinoitika chimwe nechimwe chinokanganisa ganhuriro inosanodziridza rusununguko rwomunhu nehurumende yedemocracy.

Basa Refaundesheni: Mapazi Matatu, Hurumende Imwe Chete

Kunzwisisa zvinoitika apo imwe nhano yebazu inoda kutanga kunzwisisa magadzirirwo egadziriro.

  • Chikamu cheLegislative Branch:[[FLT: 1] Chikamu I chinosimbisa Dare, chinoumbwa neImba yavamiriri neDare. Masimba aro makuru anobatanidza kuita mitemo, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kudzora nhanho dzechikwama. Bazu iri rakagadzirirwa kuva rinogamuchira zvikurusa vanhu, nezvisarudzo zvenguva dzose zveImba.
  • Bazu roMutungamiriri weChikamu II Chikamu chinodzora muMutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, uye mutarisiri mukuru wamasangano ehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo, anoitisa kurukurirano dzamasangano, uye anogona kuisa mutemo.
  • Bazu roRugadzi: Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare Gurusa nematare ehurumende akaderera. Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo, vanohwirudzura kupesana kwavo kwebumbiro remitemo, uye vanopedza nharo dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Vatongi vane kugadza kwoupenyu hwose kuti vasimbise kuzvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mapazu aya haashandi ari oga. Rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokunzvera mamwe: Congress inogona kukurira mavhiti apurezidhendi, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa, vakuru vakuru vanosarira, uye mari inoshandiswa. Purezidhendi anogona kubvisa zvikwereti, kubudisa zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru, uye kukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende. matare anogona kuputsa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru sezvisina kudzorwa. Iyi rondedzero inogadzirirwa kudzivisa sangano rimwe ripi neripi kuti risawane simba risina kudzorwa.

Migumisiro Yakurumidza Yokupfuura Bazu

Parinoongorora kuti pane parinogumira papi, mashandiro anoitwa hofisi yebazi uye kuti raizopinda sei mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye kuti mamwe mapazi uye vanhu vanoda kudzokera shure ndezvipi.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Zvichida mushonga wakananga zvikurusa wekunyengera imhosva. Vanhu vamwe navamwe, mapazu anogona kudenha murairo wavakuru vakuru kana kuti chiito chemitemo mudare rehurumende. judiary, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, rine simba rokuzivisa zviito zvisina kutongwa, zvinopedza pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Harry Truman akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kuti adzivise kurova, Dare Rapamusoro rakagadzwa mu vaduku vatown Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawyer[FLT:] [192] [192] kuti akanga adarika chiremera chake chomukuru mukuru wehurumende. Chiito chakaitwa chakarohwazve, kusimbisa kuti mukuru wehurumende haagoni kuita pamutemo.

Nenzira yakafanana, apo Congress inopa mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment kana kuti unopfuura masimba awo anodudzwa, matare anogona kuuderedza. iyi nzvero yokutonga kudzivisa kune simba, asi inotsamira pamhaka dzinounzwa pamberi pematare uye padare rimene rinotonga rinotsigira kuzvimirira kwaro.

Kudanidzira Kworuzhinji Nokupinda Kwemagandanga Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuvhota kwakanyanyisa kunowanzomutsa mhinganidzo inobva kuvagari vemo. Apo vanhu vanoona kuti bazi raita zvinopfuura simba raro, kunogona kutungamirira kukuramba, nhimbe dzokunyora tsamba, masangano enzanga, uye muvhoti akawedzera mukuvhota murumwe rusarudzo. Mhosva yeWatergate muenzaniso wakaisvonaka: kuedza kwaPurezidhendi Nixon kuvhara kupiwa kwedare reDhemocratic National Committee, pamwe nokushandisa kwake simba guru kumisa ruramisiro, kumutsa kurira kukuru. Iyi dzvinyiriro, yakabatanidzwa nokunzvera kweDare, pakupedzisira akagombedzera.

Varidzi vemitemo vangaranga nhengo dzeDare rinotsigira purezidhendi anodarika kana kuti kupa mubayiro vaya vanongoramba vachingozvidzora.

Migumisiro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupesana Kunotsigirwa Nomutemo

Muhurumende machiri, vapambani vanogona kunyandura kudzorwa nemamwe mapazu. Dare ringatanga nzvero, haripi mari, rinoramba kusimbisa kunyorwa kwemitemo, kana kuti kunyange kutanga miitiro. Somuenzaniso, muma 1970, Congress yakaita dare reMaruwa Education Surveillance Act (FA) kuti ritangezve mabasa okuongorora makuru akanga adarika miganhu yehurumende. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Imba yakazvidza vakuru vakuru veDare nokuda kwokuramba kuwirirana neboka reProsarenda, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo dzinorondedzera miganhu yeropafadzo yeboka revakuru.

Apo dare rinotonga rinodarika, Dare rinogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokupa mutemo unoganhurira udzori hwedare kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuronga chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti ripedze zvisarudzo.

Fundo Dzenhau Dzokupararira Zvikuru

Kunzvera mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo kunojekesa simba rebazu rinonyengedzwa uye kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yacho.

Bazi Rinotungamirira: Watergate uye Mutungamiriri Woumambo

Chinonyadzisa chaWatergate muenzaniso unoparirwa wekutsoropodzwa. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon haana kungobvumira kupunzika bedzi kusiri kwapamutemo asi akashandisawo CIA neFBI kufukidza mhaka yacho, kukanganisa ruramisiro nokuputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba. Apo Dare Gurusa rakabvumirana kumuraira kusunungura metepi dzeWhite House, Nixon akabvumirana mutyisidziro yokusatendeseka. Iye akarega muna 1974, achiratidzira kuti kunyange purezidhendi akagara haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo. Chinoitika chacho chakatungamirirawo kukuchinja kwapashure pePuremhemhem, kubatanidza Ethics muChiito cheGovern Act uye gadziriro huru zvikuru yokutarisira.

Bazu Romutemo: Mubatanidzwa Wezvinhu uye Kunyanyopinda

Mutevedzeri womutemo anogona kuitika apo Congress inopa mibato yakakwirira simba rakawanda zvikuru kumukuru mukuru kana kuti kuedza kudzora mabasa avakuru vakuru kupfuura basa rayo rebumbiro remitemo. Muenzaniso unokosha iLine Intine Veto Act ya 1996, iyo yakapa Purezidhendi simba rokudzima kupedza zvimwe zvinhu pasina kubvisa zvikwereti zvose. Dare Rapamusoro rakairova mu Clinton v. City of New York [1998], richirangarira kuti yakaputsa Chipo cha Clauscee kupfurikidza nokubvumira Purezidhendi wePrente kuinde kuti apedze kana kuti adzorere mitemo yose. Dare rakanga radarika nokupa simba risati rawanikwa muBumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kuita Chiito Nemhinduro

Chisarudzo chedare chinodzorwa, chinowanzonzi "chiito chezvomutemo," chinoitika apo matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo munzira dzinoratidzika kuva dzinokudza chiremera chawo kana kuti kupfuudza chinangwa chomutemo. 1857 Dred Scott[ chisarudzo, chakazivisa kuti vagari veAfrica vaisagona kuva vagari vemo, chakashurikidzwa zvikuru seDare rinodarika miganhu yaro yaro kupfurikidza nokusarudza mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Roe v. Wade v uye [FLT:] [FLT] uye [FLT] OGbergefell. v [FLT] [FF:5] yakashome.] zvakashorwa nevamwe vatongi sevanenwa sevanenwa navose.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo Sekumiswa Kweshure

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinobatira sechinhu chikurusa murwisano pakati pamapazu.

  • Kuparadzaniswa kwaMasimba:[ Zvikamu I, II, uye III zvinogadza zvakajeka mabasa akasiyana. Bumbiro reMitemo haribvumidzi namaune rimwe bazu kushandisa mabasa makuru eimwe. Somuenzaniso, Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo; Purezidhendi haagoni, pasinei zvapo nokuva mukuru mukuru.
  • Mitengo neMatanho: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvombo chaizvo zvokurwisa. Simba reDare rokusaedzesa (Muganhu I, Chikamu 2 na 3) rinobvumira kubviswa kwaPrezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Iranga, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti zvimwe Zvitsotsiro zvakakwirira neMisdeators." Zano reDare nero basa (Makurukota II, Chikamu 2) zvinoirega ichidzivisa kugadzwa nohumbiso nedare. Purezidhendi weda weda wedai reRevonedzo yedare (yamubatanidzwa mu [FOct:]]]] masburomu.[F.F.F.F.]
  • Muitiro weTchemo: Chikamu V chinogovera mutoo wokururamisa zvikanganiso zvebumbiro remitemo. Kana bazu rimwe rakapfuura nenzira yakarongwa, kugadziridza kunogona kujekesa kana kuti kudzosera masimba anotsiva mamiriro ezvinhu (*) kunyange zvazvo uyu uri muitiro wakaoma nemaune kudisisa zvinhu zvikuru.

Michina Yokudzivisa Nokururamisa Kushanda

Gadziriro inoshanda zvakanaka inoda matanho okudzivisa kubatwa nayo isati yaitika, uyewo zvinhu zvinoibatsira kuti igadzirise kugadzikana kwayo.

Matanho Okudzivirira

  • Chikoro chepic Education: Mutsara wekusarudza wakaziva ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuparadzana kwemasimba nekodzero dzavo vamene, vane bviro huru yokuziva ndokudzivisa kupindira. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano enzanga anoita basa mukusimudzira iyi nzwisiso.
  • Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji: Kubudisa, kupinda horo dzetaundi, kuonana navamiriri, uye kupinda mukuramba kune rugare kunoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Vasingapiwi vakoka vatendi.
  • Magamuchidzanwa echiProtorian Norms: nemirairo isina kunyorwa kazhinji kazhinji zvinomanikidzira mufambiro zvinobudirira zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yomuitiro. Somuenzaniso, tsika yeDare yokuzviisa kuranga kwapurezidhendi yakashata mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, asi tsika dzakasimba dzakadai sokuzvimirira kwedare dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha.
  • [ Kubvunzana kwechikamu: nguva dzose pakati pamapazu] yakadai sePurezidhendi achibvunza Congress pamberi pechiito chehondo (kunyange zvazvo kusati kuchicherekedzwa nguva dzose)] kunosunungura bviro yechiito chisina kurongwa.

Michina Inoruramisa

  • [[FLT: 0] `JUdicial Review: Dare rinogona kushatisa mitemo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Iri simba, rakatangwa mu Morbury v. Madison [1803], ibwe rekona rekuzvidavirira kwebumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu [FLT:] [FLT]] Tscreement of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California[FLT] [FLD] [2020]) chakarovanisa kudzosarusa kwechipo yeTRUMP, kuiwana nokuzvidzosera kwapa.
  • Kutendiswa nokutendiswa: Imba inogona kushatisa kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji; vasungwa veDare kupfurikidza namatatu maviri. Mapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump vakapikiswa; Johnson bedzi akapukunyuka kupwiswa nevhoti imwe. Kupa chishandiso chakajeka asi chinonyevera chine simba.
  • Utariri hweIran: Matare anonzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, magwaro eduku, uye anomanikidza chipupuriro. Office yeHurumende yeMasano yeMasano (GAO) inonzvera ndyiko yesangano. Kutarisira kunoshanda, sezvinoonekwa muchinoitika cheIran-Contate, kunogona kufumura nokudzivisa nyengedzo.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Hurumende dzinotsiva:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo kuganhurira simba ravakuru vakuru, zvakadai seWar Powers Resolution ya 1973, inoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo neganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo.
  • Control: Sezvo mukuru mukuru asingagoni kupedza mari pasina kuronga, mari inotemwa icherekedzo ine simba. Dare rinogona kubvisa mapurogiramu chaiwo kana kuti masangano ose kutonga mukunyengera.

Nzvero Dzokunze: Nzanga Yezvinobudisa Nhau Neyomuhurumende

Independent, masangano anoona masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Liberations Union (ACLU) uye Brennan Center for Justice, uye masangano edzidzo anoita basa rinokosha. Chiteshi chemitengo yenhau chinofumura kusabatwa zvakanaka kwebazu; mapoka ezvokunyora mari anounza utsotsi; ndangariro dzemotokari dzinodzidzisa vagadziri vemiitiro. Chaunga chevagari vemo chine simba rinokosha mukuwana nyengedzo nekuunganidza. The New York Times ine zvinoitika zvisingaperi zvebazu retsorororo. uye gakavadzano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokudzorera.

Kukosha Kwokuzvidavirira Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Ine Utano

Mitoo yokuzvidavirira inova nechokwadi chokuti tsika inochinjika kururamisiro nedzikamo. Pasina iyo, kutsoropodzwa kunova tsika, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba. Zvishandiso zvikuru zvokuzvidavirira zvinobatanidza:

  • Kutendisa: Bumbiro remitemo rinopa kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vanoita “utsotsi hwakakwirira neMisdemers.” Iyi muitiro wakashandiswa zvishoma, asi kuvapo kwayo kunodzivisa mufambiro wakaipa zvikurusa.
  • [ Matare okubatira: Ose ari maviri Imba neDare zvine matare akatsaurirwa kutarira bazu guru. House Oversity neHurumende Reform Committee, somuenzaniso, ine mhosho uye nhau dzevapurisa kuti vaongorore tsvina, kunyengera, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Sarudzo dzapachena, dzvinyirira rusununguko, uye mutongi akazvimirira ikoshitatu yokuzvidavirira kwedemokrasi. Vagari avo vanovhota vanogona kutsiva vakuru vakuru vanosvudzira; vatori venhau vanogona kuumba murangariro wavose; vatongi vanogona kuisa miganhu.
  • State Action: United States inogonawo kudzorera kuhukororo hwehurumende. Masimba eTenuth Amendment anoramba akaiswa kuhurumende yehurumende. Nyika dzakapa hurumende pamutemo mirayiridzo yehurumende, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye mitemo yokubuda munyika, zvinotungamirira kuDare repamusorosoro rinorondedzera ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokuwedzera Kwemadhaka Echinyakare

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva. Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira kukuputsika kwebatira pamwe yebipartisa, kuchiparira utariri nokusadzorwa kukuru. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akakudza simba ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, kazhinji kazhinji kudarika . Kukura kwehurumende kwakadzika mipimo pakati pemibato yehurumende nemitemo, namasangano anogadza mitemo ine simba remitemo pasina kutungamirira kwakananga.

Dare Gurusa rave riri nzvimbo yehondo pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rokutonga. Miitiro yokusimbisa yepanikiridzo uye kuchinja kwepfungwa zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvimirira kweDare. Brookings Institution stitution [ inosimbisa kuti chivimbo chavose muDare chaderera sezvo chinova chinokamuraniswa nenzira inowedzera mumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Munguvayo, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu namanyuko anofambidzana zvinokurumidzisa kuchema kwavose asiwo zvinosimudzira mashoko asina kururama, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vagari vemo vaone kutsoropodzwa kwechokwadi nokutaura kwechikafu. Cato Institute ongororo ye inokarakadza kuti kunzvera kwamawadhi namapepa avakuru vakuru kunopa denho itsva kumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Kusimbisa Tsika Yeramangwana

Kuchengeta cheki dzinobudirira uye kudzikamisa zvinoda nhamburiko inopfuurira. Kurumbidzwa kunobva kunyanzvi dzebumbiro remitemo nenyanzvi dzinodzora kunobatanidza:

  • Kuumba gadziriro yeHondo: Kusimbisa apo Purezidhendi anofanira kutsvaka mvumo yesangano nokuda kwechiito chehondo. Masimba eHondo a 1973 haana kuremekedzwa nguva dzose, uye kugadziridzwa kwaigona kuderedza kuoma.
  • [ Chiremera chokuzorora: Kushandisa mirairo yehurumende uye kunoda kuti mirau mikuru igamuchire vhoti yakakwirira muCongress isati yatanga kushanda.
  • Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwokutonga:[[FLT: 1] Kudzivisa danidzo dzokukudza Dare Gurusa kana kuti kuisa ganhuriro dzenhambo pasina kurukurirano yokungwarira, uye kudzivirira mano edare okuhwirudzura nhau pasina dzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuonesa pachena: Simbisa rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko uye dzivirira vanoridza mhete vanofumura hurumende. Vaongorori vehurumende veIndependerol vari mumasangano vanobatira sechenjero inokosha.
  • Kuvimbisana kwebic: Kurudzira masangano asingatsigiri kudzidzisa vagari vemo pamusoro pekodzero dzavo uye mibatanidzwa yehurumende. Vanhu vakavimbisana ndivo dziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa pakunyengera.

Mugumisiro: Kungwarira Kunodiwa Nguva Dzose

Kana rimwe bazi rikadarika, harisi dambudziko rinongoerekana ravapo. Gadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikama inogadzirirwa kuvhunduka nokuzviruramisa. Zvinetso zvepamutemo, kuchema kwevoruzhinji, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye kuhwirudzura dare zvose zvinoshanda sezvinodzongonyedza kuvhundutsa. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoshanda bedzi kana masangano akaramba akasimba uye vanhu vakaramba vakarongeka. Nhau inoratidza kuti nhizha inogona kutungamirira kukurega basa, kusarudza kunorasika, mitemo inochinja, uye kunyange kugadziridza bhiridharo. Kudzivirira kwokupedzisira iBumbiro remitemo pacharo, asi mashoko ayo anoda vaturikiri uye vadzi.

Dzikamo yesimba haisati iri mugariro wakabatana; muitiro unoshamisa unoda kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose. Chizvarwa chiri chose chinofanira kuvandudza nzwisiso yacho ye nei simba richifanira kuparadzirwa uye kuzvidavirira. Nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nayo bazu ripi neripi kuti risarebe ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti rimwe racho rakasimba zvakakwana kusundira shure, uye kuti vanhu vanongwarira zvakakwana kuvaita kuti vazvidavirire. Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri rogaro[, asi rinoda masangano mapenyu kuti atsigire basa raro. Nguva yemberi yokudzora kwedemocratic com inotsamira pavagari, vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vatongi vanozviisa pasi penheyo yokuti hapana bazi pamusoro pomutemo.