Kutanga: Simba Rinogoverwa Rinochengetwa

Nheyo yokuti chiremera chehurumende chinofanira kukamukana pakati pamasangano akasiana - siana inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogara zvikurusa dzorusununguko rwomunhu. Pasina uku kuparadzana kwourongwa. Pasina uku, kuiswa simba kwakavakirwa kusingadzivisiki kudzvinyirira, pasinei zvapo nokuti vavariro dzapakuvamba dzeavo vanohuchengeta dzakaisvonaka sei. Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakusi kungovawo zvako kubetsera kwapamutemo; iko kuvakwa kwemitemo kunogonesa nzanga kuramba yakasununguka, yakazaruka, uye yakarurama. Iyi dzidziso, yakanatswa mumazana amakore, inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu mumwe kana kuti iboka rinogona kuita, kusimbisa, uye kubvisa mitemo inobatanidza vagari vemo. Kupfurikidza nechiremera chakaregwagwa pamapazuro akasiyana - mativi — nzvimbo imwe neimwe uye inokwanisa kunzvera dzimwe nzanga — inodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga oga, uye kudzivirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Mugadziriro dzazvino uno dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunowanzooneka samapazu matatu akaenzana: mutevedzeri wemitemo anonyora mitemo, mutungamiriri anoishandisa, uye mutongi anodudzira revo yawo. Iyi gadziriro yedanho iri yose iri miviri mizhinji inoshanda yebasa uye musengwa wezvouzivi wokuganhura simba. Vadzori veU. Mitemo yeMitemo yemitemo, somuenzaniso, yakakwevera zvikuru kubva mumanyoro eMontesquie, uyo akatsigira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda hurumende umo simba rinonzvera. Bva pfungwa yacho ichiri yakare, nemifungo yechiGiriki yekare neRoma. Nhasi, kuparadza kwamasimba eU. Kunzwisisa nhau yaMontesquie, uye denho dzenguva ino inokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu anoidzwa.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Mudzidziso Yekare Kuenda Kumuitiro Wazvino Uno

Mufungo wokuparadzanisa mabasa ehurumende hauna kuumbwa zvizere kubva kuKuvhenekerwa. Kuzivikanwa kwawo kunogona kurondwa kusvikira kunguva yekare. Mu Politics [, Aristotle akarondedzera bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana iro rakabatanidza umambo hwemadzimambo, hwechisimba, uye hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kuti hugovere kudzivirira sangano rimwe ripi neripi pakudzora. Kunzvera kwapakuvamba kunoratidzawo kuti simba resimba rakaparadzana: vadzori vanoshandisa chiremera chavakuru vakuru, Dare rehurumende ramaune, uye magungano akakurumbira aipfuudzira. Uyezve, tsika yeRoma yakapinza mutemo unofanira kuva pamusoro pezviito zvavatongi. Kunzvera uku kwapakuvamba kwakaratidza kuti simba rokutonga uye kudzivirira kwezva.

Zvisinei, kurongwa kwazvino uno kweparadzano yamasimba kunopa mungava wawo mukurusa kumuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [[, Montesquieus akarangarira kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chigaro, mukuru wehurumende, namasimba okutonga anoiswa mumaoko akaparadzana. Iye akacherekedza kuti apo muviri mumwe kana kuti munhu ari wose anoita uye ose ari maviri anoita kuti mutemo uve usingadzivisiki nemhaka yokuti hapana nzve yokunzvera kwokunze kwechiito chakazvidzwa. Kunzvera kwake kwakapesvedzera zvikuru vatangi veAmerica. Jakobho anonyora mu [FLT:] Firest. No.[3]

Dzidziso yacho yakanatswazve muzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 sezvo gadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzakavapo. Mumiitiro yeparamende, kuparadzana hakuna kuoma zvikuru, nokubuda kwemutungamiriri anobva kuimba yomutemo, asi misiyano inoshanda ichiripo. Nyika dzakadai seGermany, India, uye Australia dzakashandisa misiano inowirirana netsika dzadzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano mukuitwa, nzwisiso yapakati inogara: kuparadzanisa simba rakavimbika zvikurusa kudzivirira kubatwa kwaro zvisina kufanira. Nokuda kwokunyuruka zvikuru mupesvedzero yaMontesquieu, kunzvera iyi [[FLT: 0] LIBRAY yechiwaya yechiwaro cheCongress paumbies paumbiko yemagariro ezvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye midziro yedzidzo yenyika yeAmerica.

Mavambo Akanaka: Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kuchikosha

Kuganhurira Kutonga Kwoutongi

Pamwoyo payo, kuparadzana kwamasimba imhinduro kuchinetso chavanhu chisingagumi: avo vane simba vanogona kuedzwa kurishandisa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo vamene. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera, dzidziso inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweidi ripi neripi kuisa kuda kwayo pasina tevere. Dare remitemo rinofanira kupfuudza mitemo, asi mukuru mukuru anogona kuakurira, uye mutongi anogona kuvarova kana vakaputsa dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo. Iyi nzira inokamuranisa kurangarira, uye — zvikurukuru — ruramiso. Hakuna mutemo unogona kuita kurukurirano dzakawanda, kutoti wakaitwa nesangano rakasiana - site.

Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinova dzisina kusimba mukutarisana nesimba guru. Apo sangano rimwe chetero rinonyora mutemo rinouitawo kuti uteeredzerwe, vagari vemo havana dziviriro pakubatwa zvisina kururama. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira mapfundo akawanda okudzivisa. Mugari wemo anodavira kuti mutemo hausi mutengi anogona kuidenha mudare, umo judicariary inopa nzvimbo yepetuum nokuda kwevara. Nenzira yakafanana, kana mukuru mukuru wehurumende achigona kunzvera, devhozhoke, kana kuti kunyange kusatenderwa. Iyi gadziriro yokudzora inovimbisa kuti kunyange hurumende yakakurumbira zvikurusa inova inozvidavirira kunheyo dzapamutemo. [[FLT:] Cornell Information Informations [FFFF:1]

Kukurudzira Kudzora Kwouori

Kupfuura kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokurudzira kuita zvisarudzo zviri nani. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinounza murangariro wakasiana kunhau dzavose. Chigaro chemitemo, chichiva mumiriri mukuru, chinogona kugovera mirangariro yakasiana-- siyana. Mukuru mukuru, namano acho okukurumidza, anogona kushandisa mirau nenzira inobudirira. judicary, yadzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yevhoti, inogona kutsigira mipimo yemitemo yakare-kare kunyange apo inenge isingafarirwi. Kubatanidzwa pakati pamasangano aya kunoparira mitemo inosanorangarirwa zvikuru uye inoedzwa zvikuru. Mutemo unopukunyuka purezidhendi wefoindiato uye unopfuudzira kurukurirano yedare sezvingabvira unova wakasimba kupfuura chinhu chipi nechipi chingagona kuva chakabereka bedzi.

Mapazi Matatu: Mabasa, Simba, uye Miganhu

Bazu Romutemo — Chiremera Chokupa Mutemo

Dare rehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji rine simba rokuita, kunyora, uye kudzokorora mitemo. Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vatongi vanosarudzwa navanhu uye vanokarirwa kuratidzira kuda kwevamiririri vavo. Vanodzora bhajeti, kuzivisa hondo, uye kubvumira zvibvumirano. Kupfurikidza nokuteerera nokuongorora, vanotarira kugadzwa kwemitemo. Zvisinei, simba rehurumende rinosungirwa kubatanidzwa: vakuru vakuru vanoda kuti vadzore zviito zvikuru, uye kuhwirudzura kwedare kunogona kubvisa mitemo inorwisana nemitemo. Mumiitiro yeByamageral, semageome, mishavo inobatira sechekerozve paimwe neimwe, kuiitira kuti iomere kupfurikidza nezviito zvinotambudza.

Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru — Kushandiswa Nokutarisirwa

Mukuru mukuru, anotungamirirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Iri bazi rinodzora mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva, kubatanidza kudzivirira nyika, muitiro wokumwe, uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo yematsotsi nemitemo yavagari vemo. Zviremera zvine simba rokupa mirayiridzo yehurumende, kukanganwira, uye kutungamirira. Kunyange zvakadaro masimba aya anodzorwa nemari inopiwa nemitemo, kuongorora, uye — mune dzimwe gadziriro — kubvumira kwekamuri rapamusoro rokugadza nezvibvumirano. Kukwanisa kwomutungamiriri kuita chimwe chinhu kwakamanikidzirwa noune ungwaru kudzivirira kukanganisa. Dzidziso ye [[FLT:]] inotorerwa ropafadzo yemitemo, kudzorwa, uye kukurukurirana, asi haiiiiiiiidzoreri kudzoreri.

Bazu Rokutonga — Kududzira Nokushurikidza

Dare rinodudzira mitemo nokupedza nharo. Basa raro guru nderokushandisa mitemo kunhau dzakananga, asi mumiitiro mizhinji inewo simba rokuongorora dare — chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina muganhu. Iri simba rinoita kuti dare rive nzvero yakakomba pamapazu ose ari maviri akasarudzwa. Vatongi vanowanzogadzwa nokuda kwemashoko marefu kana kuti upenyu hwokuadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa rejajidhiya harisi kuita mutemo asi kusimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chirambe chiri mukati memiganhuro yemitemo. Kupfurikidza nemienzaniso, matare anoumba revo rekodzero nenzvimbo dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, zvisarudzo zvakatanhamara zvakafanana [FLD:] [FM].[10]

Makepi Nedzikamo: Mitoo Yokudzorana

Zvinhu izvi zvinoita kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe risakwanisa kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu.

  • [ Nzvero dzeChirevo pa Hurusarudzo: Chidzoreso chemitemo chemari, chinogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru, kutendera zvibvumirano, uye mufambiro wokutonga. Inogonawo kukurira chiverengero chapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji.
  • [ Nzvero dzeChiito paMasimba: Mutungamiriri anogona kuisa mutemo, kudana marusando chaiwo eCongress, uye kumanikidza (kana kuti kuramba kumanikidzirwa). Mumimwe miitiro, mukuru mukuru anogona kubvisa muganho ndokudana sarudzo itsva.
  • [[FUNDA:0] judicial Checks paMitemo Miviri: Matare anogona kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Vatongiwo vadudzira mirau, inoumba mashandisirwe emitemo. Kuzvimirira kwemitemo kunokosha kuti uku kunzvera kuve kunofadza.
  • Inter-Branch Checks:[[FLT: 1] Chirongwa chemitemo chingachinja chiverengero nechiremera zvematare ehurumende akaderera; mukuru mukuru anogadza vatongi (nebvumirano yemitemo); uye ivo vamene vangashandisa kuzvidzora vamene kupfurikidza nedzidziso dzakafanana nokururama uye kumira.

Masimba aya anorororororo anosimbisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine nzira yokudzivirira nayo basa raro rebumbiro remitemo. Anogadzirawo zvikarakadzo zvokubatira pamwe. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anotsvaka kupfuudzwa kwemitemo mikuru anofanira kukurukurirana neCongress; Congress iyo inoda kuona mitemo yaro ichiiswa mudzvidzori inofanira kutsigira mukuru mukuru; uye ose ari maviri anofanira kuremekedza mirau yedare kana kuti njodzi yebumbiro remitemo. Uku kuoma kwesimba, kure nokuva kusava kutera, chinhu chakagadzirirwa kuchengeta rusununguko. Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana yenzvero dzemitemo yemitemo, ona chinyorwa cheNational Archive Library of the U.[FLT].[FLD]]

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nenzanga Yakasununguka: Chikonzero Nei Kuchikosha

Kudzivisa Kudzvinyirirwa Kwevakuru

Chaunga chakasununguka chinofanira kudzivisa kwete bedzi udzvinyiriri hunodzorwa nomunhu mumwe asiwo kudzvinyirirwa nevoruzhinji vakakurumbira. Pasina paradzano, voruzhinji vechinguvana vaigona kuita mitemo inodzvinyirira maruramiro avanhu vashomanene, kusabvumirana kwakanyarara, kana kuti kuderedza zvinhu. Zvisarudzo izvi, zvakabva munhevedzo dzevhota, zvinogona kubvisa mitemo yakadaro kana zvikaputsa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Chimiro chehurumende chinodzosa pamutemo chinodzosazve muitiro wemitemo, chichipa nguva yokurangarira nokuderedza ngozi yechiito chokukurumidza. Iyi mhinganidzo kukuvara chakarurama kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira avo vasina simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kana simba rapiwa, kunova kwakaoma kuti vagari vemo vazive kuti ndiani ane mutoro nokuda kwokukundikana kwomuitiro. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunojekesa mitsetse yokuzvidavirira. Kana mutemo usati washandiswa zvakanaka, bazu guru ringazvidavirira. Kana mutemo usina kururama, dare rinopa mutoro. Kana dare rikatonga kutonga, vatongi vanogona kutsoropodzwa nomutoo wakajeka. Uyezve, mabasa okutarisira ehurumende anofumura chiito chehurumende kuti inzverwe pachena.

Kusimudzira Kugadzikana Nokutongwa kwoMutemo

Democraccas ine kuparadzanisa kwamasimba kwakasimba kunowanzova kwakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura ayo uko simba rinoiswa. Chikonzero ndechokuti masangano akawanda anofanira kubvuma chinjo huru, achiita kuti muitiro uchinjike zvikuru usati uchibvira. Vatengi navagari vemo vanobetserwa nokufanotaurwa. Kutonga kwomutemo — nheyo yokuti vanhu vose namasangano vanozviisa pasi pemipimo mimwe cheteyo yapamutemo — inosimbiswa apo mitemo inoitwa nebazu rimwe, inodzorwa nomumwe, uye inohwirudzurwa nechechitatu. Uku kutarisira kunoderedza mikana youori nokusarurana. Ecclopædia Britannica , kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba masimba ndicho chinhu chinokosha chehurumende yenyika yose.

Kutora Rutivi Rwezvematongerwe Enyika Kunokurudzira

Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti simba rinogoverwa, vane mikana mizhinji yokupesvedzera hurumende. Vanogona kupesvedzera vaiti vavo vemitemo, kuvhota muvhoti dzavakuru vakuru, kana kuti kuunza mhaka pamberi pematare. Uku kukurudzira kuvimbisana kwehurumende uye kunopa vanhu danda mugadziriro. Kunoparadzirawo simba muvatambi vakawanda, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuboka ripi neripi refariro kubata hurumende yose. Muuyo wacho igadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inosimba zvikuru neinogamuchira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kudzora Kunodzora Nokumuka Kwehurumende Inotonga

Chimwe chedenho huru zvikurusa nhasi kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru. Muhurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga, mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vakawana chiremera chikuru pamusoro pemitemo, gadziriro yokumwe, uye kunyange kugadzira mitemo yemhuri kupfurikidza nezvirairidzo zvehurumende nokugadzira utongi. Kukura kwamasangano okutungamirira ayo anobatanidza mitemo yemitemo, zviremera, uye mabasa okutonga — kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo, kuisimbisa, uye kukakavadzana — zvakadzikamisa kutsaurana kwegamuchidzanwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uku kunoderedza kuzvidavirira uye muitiro wakafanira. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti udzori hwazvino unonetsa kunoda masangano anokosha. Kuoma kudzora pakati porumbidziko nemitemo inodzorwa kunoramba kuripo.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Mapazu makuru anogona kushayisa simba gadziriro yakaparadzana. Apo mapazu anodzorwa namapoka anoshora, chekero dzinoitirwa kusimudzira kurangarira dzinogona panzvimbo pezvo kuparira kuparadzwa kwemitemo. Kurambidzwa kwehurumende, kusimbiswa kunononozetswa, uye kuramba kukurukura kuva zvombo muhondo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokufamba kwenguva, kukangaidzika nokuvharwa kwemifungo kungatungamirira vagari vemo kutsigira vakuru vakuru vanofuratira miitiro yenguva dzose, kumwe kuparadzana kunoputsa. Kuvakazve mirangariro yebatira pamwe kunokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yokushanda seyakagadzirwa.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Matare anorondedzera nesimba bumbiro remitemo angapomerwa mhaka yokubvuta chiremera chemitemo.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kutonga Kwamarudzi Ose

Munyika yakabatana, zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinotapura vagari vemo zvinoitwa namasangano amarudzi ose — masangano ezvokutengeserana, matare akavakirwa pabvumirano, kana kuti masangano anodzorwa munyika yose. Masangano aya anowanzoshanda kunze kwokuparadzana kwetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzenyika imwe neimwe. Nepo batira pamwe yakadaro ichigona kuva inobetsera, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwehurumende neuchangamire hwenyika yose. Mitezo yeHurumende yeHurumende ingazviwana imene ichidzorwa nemitemo yaisabvumira zvakananga, uye matare omudzimba angakumbirwa kuzviisa pasi pemitemo yenyika yose. Kuparadza masimba akabatana nemamiriro ezvinhu enyika ose aripo idenho inopfuurira.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kuparadzana Kwesimba Munyika Yose

Nepo muenzaniso wakatanhamara ukaiswa muruvara rukurusa muUnited States, marudzi akawanda akabatanidza nheyo yacho nemigariro yawo amene. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, inoshanda mu yemasimba umo mukuru mukuru anogara mukati medare. Bva inochengeta paradzano kupfurikidza nedare ramagariro, basa revagari vemo risiri renyika, uye tsika yemitemo yetsika yetsika yetsika. Mutemo weGermany wakasimba unosimbisa Dare reFrefecture Constigational nemasimba makuru, uye gadziriro yeparameote inoumba maruramiro anovaka chibvumirano chinovaka chimbidziko chinodzivirira kusagadzikana kwehurumende. Bumbiro remitemo rinokamura simba pakati paPrezidhendiyo (kudzorwa kwehurumende), Pentelligatempirate, uye dare remitemo rinozvidzoro, asi rinodzorwa nechiremera chapamusoro chapavhuna.

Misiyano iyi inoratidza kuti nheyo huru — inodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba — inogona kuitwa munzira dzakasiyana - siyana.Inhau ndeyokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoramba richizvimirira zvakakwana kubvunza dzimwe hurumende uye kuti vagari vemo vane nzira yokurwisa nayo hurumende inosarudzwa. Kubudirira kwetsika ipi neipi kunotsamira patsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, gadziriro, uye vanhu vakangwarira. Kuongorora gadziriro dzakasiana - siana kunogona kugovera nzwisiso nokuda kwokuvandudza nokuvandudza munyika yomunhu amene.

Mugumisiro: Kungwarira Somutengo Worusununguko

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri dzidziso inowirirana asi muitiro mupenyu unofanira kudzivirirwa nokunatswa. Inogovera nheyo yechaunga chakasununguka kupfurikidza nechiremera chinobvisa chiremera, kugadzira kunzvera, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Kuvambira pamavambo acho ekare kusvikira kukuberekwa kwawo kwazvino uno, pfungwa yakabvumikisa kukosha kwayo mukurwisana netyisidziro isingagumi youdzvinyiriri. Nepo hakuna gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogona kushanda nenzira inozvieresesa. Vagari, vatungamiriri, uye vatongi vanofanira kutsigira mipimo inoita basa retsika — pamusoro pemiganhuro yetsika, kubatanidzwa mukutenda kwakanaka kwazvino unovapo nako. Apo iyi miraudzo inoderera, rusununguko runoshata.

Zvinetso zvanhasi — kunyengera kwevakuru vakuru, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye utongi hwenyika yose — zvinotyisidzira kuvanza mipimo inodzivirira rusununguko. Asi zvinopawo mikana yokuvandudza. kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nhau nokuparadzana kwamasimba, tinoshongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira. Dziviriro hurusa idziviriro inoziva uye inoshingaira iyo inoda kuzvidavirira kubazu riri rose rehurumende. Seizvo vatangi veAmerica vaiziva zvakanaka, kungwarira kusingagumi ndiwo mutengo worusununguko — uye kusanogadzwa kweparadzaniswa kwamasimba ndiwo mudziyo unobudirira zvikurusa wokuchengeta kungwarira ikoko kupfuurira kusvikira kuzvizvarwa.