Muitiro wokunyora bumbiro remitemo unomirira rudzi rwakakwirira zvikurusa rwokuita mitemo muhurumende ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iro inzira iyo rudzi runochinja nayo tsinhirano yarwo huru, ichidzikamisa kudikanwa kwedzikamo nezvinodikanwa zvefambiro mberi. MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rabatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika kwamakore anopfuura 230, bvumirano yokuziva nguva mberi kwadzo. Vainzwisisa kuti chinyorwa hachigoni kuva chakareruka. Chibvumirano chisingachinjiki, chisingachinjiki chaizoparadza zvimwe mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kuva chisakafanira chenhau. Chigadziro cheChikamu V, chirongwa chakagadzirirwa kuita kuti chibvire asi nenzira yamaune. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro uyu unoshanda sei, chikonzero nei wakagadzirwa nenzira iyoyi, uye kuti chakashandiswa sei kunzwisiswa kwomutemo weAmerica, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzanga.

Kugadzirwa kwegadziriro yokugadziridza kwakanga kuri kumwe kwokubvumirana kukuru kwemipimo paConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo muna 1787. Vagadziri vakanga vachinyatsoziva kuti vakanga vasingaiti gwaro rakakwana kwenguva dzose. Vakanga vachigadzira gadziriro yokuzvidzora yaizoda kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvisingafanoonekwi, kuchinja kweruzivo rwezvinhu, uye mipimo yenzanga inochinja. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakavawo nokutya kukuru kwe "vhorsendi". Vainetseka kuti kuda zvematongerwo enyika kungagona kutungamirira kutsika dzechinguvana dzomutemo wechigarire, kukanganisa kudzikamiswa kwetsika kwaidzoresaidzwa. Chinjo yacho yavakaumba magadzirirwo acho ndicho chinjo inoedzwa. Haingodi kuedzwawo voruzhinji, asi kupfumbira, uye kupararira, uye kupfumbira kwezvizhinji. Chinongodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo

Nheyo Dzamanyoro dzeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo

Pamberi pokupinda mumakambani chaiwo eChikamu V, kunokosha kunzwisisa mavambo ouzivi egadziridzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Muitiro wacho unotsamira panheyo shomanene dzinokosha. Chokutanga ndi uchangamire hunodiwa. Bumbiro remitemo rinovamba ne"Isu vanhu," uye kugadziriswa kuratidzwa kwokupedzisira kwavanhu kuchachinja hurumende yavo. Kugadziriswa kunopfuudzwa kupfurikidza neDare renyika dzinotonga dzinopfuura nokunayamura uye kunosimbiswa nemisoro mitatu yenyika inotakura tsika neuremu hwedemocratic recurity kunopfuuta mutemo wakapfava unopfuudzwa nevoruzhinji.

Nheyo yechipiri ndi pendalist. United States mubatanidzwa wemari inodzorwa. Gadziriro inoziva ikoku kupfurikidza nokuda kubvumira nyika dzimene. Ikoku kuvimbisa kuti chinjo ipi neipi kubatira pamwe yehurumende inova netsigiro yenyika, inodzivisa hurumende kubva paisingakudziridze simba rayo pamutengo wadzo. Nhevedzo yechitatu ndi kupfurikidza nokuda kubvumira kwehurumende. Simba rakakwirira rokutsigira kuvaka, mibatanidzwa inogara nguva refu. Uyu unobvumira nguva yamakore ane makumi amakore akawanda, kunyange makumi amakore. Iyi inobvumira kurangarira, uye inodzivisa kudzokororwa kwenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, inodzivisa kudzorwa nenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.: Muchina wokutanga

Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoonesa mitoo miviri yakasiana yokugadziridza nayo mitoo miviri yakasiana yokuibatanidza. Ikoku kunoumba hwerengedzo yenzira ina dzinobvira, kunyange zvazvo imwe nzira yakadzora nhau yeAmerica. Kugadziriswa kunofanira kutanga kukarakadzwa pamwero wehurumende uye ipapo kusimbiswa nehurumende. Rugwaro rweChikamu V rwakapfava nenzira inonyengera, asi runodudza muitiro wakaoma wakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa bvumirano yakafara.

Mutoo 1: Unoratidza Nemisangano, Kurevererwa neUnited States

Uyu ndiwo mutoo bedzi wakamboshandiswa kugadziridza nokubudirira Bumbiro reMitemo. Muuyu mutoo, kugadziridzwa kunokarakadzwa kunofanira kutenderwa ne tritutis vhota hove mbiri muzvose zviri zviviri Imba yeVamiririri naDare. Iyi haisati iri ruzhinji rushoma rwemitezo iripo; inoda matriatbiri echiteshi chazvino uno checrecum. MuCongress yazvino uno ye535, ikoku kushandura zvakatanhamara kuva 290 mumavhota muImba uye mavhotera 67. Ichi ndicho chiteshi chokutanga. Chitendero chinosunda kutsigira kubva kumativi ose ari maviri uye kumativi ose.

Kana kugadziridzwa kwakarakadzwa kwangopfuudza Congress, kunotumirwa ku 50 enyika nokuda kwokuparadza. Congress inosarudza imwe yenzira mbiri dzokutsiva uku. Nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndeyokuvaka nayo ne zvikamu zvitatu zvezvina zvemisika yehurumende [ (masangano 38). Korotagnogratimendi inogona kuvhota kutendera kana kuti kuramba kubvisa kugadziriswa. Kana hurumende yangochinja, haigoni kubvisa kusimbisa kwayo (nhau yakakurukurwa zvikuru mumashoko ekodzero dzeMovial Reformation). Nzira yokutsiva inoshandiswa bedzi nokuda kwemitevedzero yeReformationstion, inotood Reconftionstionstion, inotyiswa nekokorodzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzira 2: Nzira Yaishandiswa Pagungano Reruwa (Gungano Rechi8)

Mutoo wechipiri wokuita kuti kugadziridzwa kusatongoshandiswa nenzira inobudirira, asi unoramba uri manyuko ekurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika nokusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo. Kana matatu maviri emisi yomutemo (zvikuru 34 zvino) achipa kumbiriso kuCongress, Congress inodikanwa kudana kokorodzano nokuda kwedonzo rokugadziridza. Ikoku kunozivikanwa se Article V Convention. Mamwe mapoka anoreverera nokuda kwouyu mutoo wokuvhara mugwagwa weProceswo yomugwagwa uye kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwenhau dzakafanana nebhajeti yemari yakadzikama, ganhuriro yemari, kana kuti nhevedzano yezve yemari.

Claus Asina Kushandiswa

Chikonzero chikuru nei uyu mutoo usina kutongoshandiswa kutyiwa kwe "kokorodzano yokupotera". Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richidudza kuti kokorodzano yakadaro yaizorongwa sei, kuti ingava nhume, kana kuti imirairoi yaizodzora zviito zvayo. Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti kana yangoitwa, kokorodzano haingagoni kuganhurirwa kumusoro mumwe chete uye ingagona kuronga chinjo huru kuBumbiro reMitemo yose, ingagona kuzarura suo rokuhwirudzura reBill of Rights kana kuti chivako chehurumende. Vatsigiriki vanotaura kuti kokorodzano inogona kuganhurirwa nezvirongwa zvehurumende uye kuti Congressss ine simba rokugadza mitemo. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwenhau kunoita iyi inodzokorodza yezvamatongerwe enyika. Konquerution ye 1787 pachayo imene yakanzi Adter Artivetic of Conder of Conderty Agency yeConceptic anobudisa chibvumirano chitsva chazvinotongeto chazvinototototototo.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvakakwirira: Kunyanyisa Nematanho Okutambisa

Zvikumbaridzo zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuchinja Bumbiro reMitemo zvakakwirira zvinoshamisa kuenzaniswa nemiitiro yemitemo inogarwa. Chinodikanwa nokuda kwevoruzhinji vaviri ne 3 muCongress uye voruzhinji vezvina pakati pehurumende dzinoparira mapfundo anovhunga akawanda anouraya nenzira inobudirira voruzhinjisa vezvigadziriso zvinokarakadzwa.

Neiko Pane Kunyanyisa?

Chinodikanwa chikuru chinogadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kugadziridzwa kunomirira bvumirano yerudzi. Hakusati kwakakwana kuti muitiro uve wakakurumbira noruzhinji rwenyika. Kunofanira kuonekwa sokuri madikanwa zvikurukuru nemuchinjikwa wakafara wechiverengero chavagari vemo navamiririri vazvo. Ichi chinodikanwa chinodzivirira maruramiro mashoma ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti abviswe nevoruzhinji. Inokurudzirawo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nemwero. Vatsigiri vekuchinja kunofanira kukurukura kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mutauro wayo noukoshi hwokuwana mumitengo yakafara nemitemo ine mwero, kuparira chibereko chokupedzisira chakadzikama. Kundikano ye [[FLG: 0] . Hurumende kodzero dzekodzero dzavo dzenguva pfupi dzinodikanwa pamberi pezvitatu. [FLD]

Basa Renyika Mukukwevera

Chinodikanwa chokuvakwa kwemitengo mitatu-na yehurumende chinosimbisa kuvakwa kwehurumende yeUnited States. Inopa nyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chayo chavagari vemo, inzwi riri mugadziriro. Iyi nheyo inhaka yakananga inobva kuKusabvumirana Kukuru kwe1787, yakagadzira Bidaral Congress ine mireza yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende. Muitiro wemaratiation, kutsigira vanhu ((ma ~580 000) ine simba rimwe cheterokuvhotera seCalifornia (yakaita ~39 miliyoni). Iyi gadziriro inodzivirira fariro dzehurumende duku, dzinowanda zvishoma kubva kuva hurusa. Inoda kuti muganhu uve usina vanhu vakawanda zvikuru, asi kuti utsigire nyika yakafara yakasiyana - siyana. Nyika dzinova munyika dzinovakwa nechene nyika dzomumaguta.

27 Amendement: Rwendo Rwenhau

Kuchinja 27 kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kunomirira mhinduro chaidzo kunjodzi dzenyika, masangano enzanga, uye kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvinogona kuiswa munhambo dzenhau dzakasiyana, imwe neimwe ichiratidzira denho huru dzenguva yayo. Muitiro wacho wakabvumikisa kuva wakabvumikisa kuva unoshanda nokuda kwenhau dzoukoshi hukuru hwerudzi asi wakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwerwisanowo zvadzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1791)

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kwaizivikanwa seBill of Rights, kwainyanya kuva mugariro wekuparadza kweBumbiro reMitemo. Vatsigiri vazhinji veAnti-Federalist vakaramba kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo idzva pasina kunyorwa kwakananga kwerusununguko rwomunhu. James Madison, pakutanga mushori wekodzero, akafudza idzi panzvimbo dzeChibvumirano Chokutanga. Vanovimbisa kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, mutsigiri, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfaka, uye kururama maruramiro kumuedzo wakarurama. [[FLT:] Chiteshinga che10] muganhu wePreftware yose isina kupiwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu, chiziviso chehurumende.

Kugadziridza Kuitwazve Kwemisi Yemisi Yemashoko (13, 14, 15)

Iyi gadziridzo nhatu dzinomirira chinjo hurusa yeBumbiro reMitemo munhau yeAmerica. Yapfuudzwa mushure meHondo yavagari vemo, yakarondedzerazve zvikuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, uye yakatambanudzira dziviriro dzeBumbiro remitemo kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. 13th Amement [13] Development [[FL:1]] yakaparadza uranda. [[FLT]] 14th [14] [[FLT]] ndiyo inotambira kugadziriswa kunokosha zvikurusa kusingatongotenderwa. Yakapiwa vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakaitwa muUnited States, yakatanga dziviriro inowirirana, uye yakaita mamiriro ezvinhu anenge akaitwa pazviuru zvenhau, dare rehurumende, [FF] [5]

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Inodzorwa (16th, 17, 18th, 19)

Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 kwakava nemhesano yezvibvumirano zvakasundwa neNhengedzo inofambira mberi. [FLT]16] Amendment (1913) yakabvumira hurumende kugadza mutero wakananga wemari, zvikurukuru kuchinja mamiriro emari nesimba. [[[FLT:]] 17th Amendment [[FLT:]] [1913]] yakatanga kusanangurwa kwakananga kweU.S. Santerss inobvumirwa navanhu, inobviswa nemitemo yehurumende uye inoita kuti Dare rigamuchire zvikuru. [[FLT]] [FLD]] [FLD:] [FLD] [5] [19] [19]

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvino Uno (Kwechi20 kusvikira kuma 27)

Hurukuro dza 20 ne 21 dzakananga nhau dzehurumende nokukundikana kweChinjo. [[FFUN] [FLT:] 20th Amendment yakapfupikisa nguva ye "dandemutande" pakati perusarudzo nemisingi. [FFFF:] .[FFF:5]] [Nhanho] yapamber-rongedzero [[193] [193] (33]) yakapfuudza chimupidiso che 18, ichiiita kuti chigadziro chive chimwe chete. [FFFF:]] 222] Isitemutemu yapa. [FFFFFFFF:55] [end: 5,1] (1]) yagaramushonga yemagaro.[12]

Kuoma Kwokuongorora Bumbiro Remitemo

Chinetso cheChikamu V chinonyanya kukonzerwa nezviuru zvezvikarakadzo zvakatangwa muCongress gore roga roga, ndechokuti kuoma kweChikamu V ndicho chikonzero chikuru, asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvematongerwe enyika zvinowedzera kuoma uku.Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwazova nyajambwa wokubudirira kwakwo; kunoshanda chaizvoizvo sokuda kwevagadziri vacho, kubvisa zvose asi zvinotsigirwa zvikuru.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Munhambo yazvino uno, kuderera kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuwana simba gurusa ramatatu rinodikanwa muCongress. Zvikamu zvePartisan zvinowanzodzivisa kunyange mutemo wetsika kupfuvura nenhau dzakapfava, kusatongoruramisa. Chikarakadzo chokuchinja chinowanzorangarirwa nenyumwiro neboka rimwe, kuonekwa sesimba rinobatwa nerimwe. Iri simba rinoreva kuti kugadziridzwa kuduku kunotokuita kuti kuve kubuda mudare. Chikumbaridzo chokutsiva chinenge chakakwirira zvino kupfuura zvave zvino zvinobudirira munhau ipi neipi yeAmerica, kunze kwenhambo yenjodzi yenyika sehondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo kana kuti yoKuderera Kuora Mwoyo kukuru. Kusvika mamiriro enyika makuru enhau akafanana neyezvematongerw ezve mari, kubvisa pamuviri, kubvisa pamuviri kana kuti kuoma kwedare guru rezvamatongerwe enyika kunoratidzika kuva kusingabviri kubudirira.

Muitiro we “Mhedziso Yechinjo"

Nemhaka yokuti kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kwakaoma kwazvo, yakawanda yemhindumupindu yeBumbiro remitemo yakaitika kupfurikidza nenzira isina kurongwa. Ikoku kunowanzonzi "bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa. Simba reDare rokutonga [ injini ine simba gurusa yeinjini yemakemikoro. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FLT:] Brown v.[FLT] [FT]] [FT]] [FLT]] (idzose chikoro), [[FLT:] ev].[FLT] kana kuti [FFFFFFFFFFFFF]) inobvumira . [FFFFFFFFFFF:5]). [om] [imo] [i kana kuti isati iri pamutemo remo youmbiso] [ma] mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende] akaoma anokwira zviri pachena. Marudzi ose anoshati, anochinjawose, [ma ari kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kutongete, anoshandurwa kwamato mukuru, anoparira

Kuenzanisa Zvirongwa Zve Amendeji Munyika Yose

United States ine mumwe wemiitiro yakaoma zvikurusa yekugadziriswa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi inoiisa pamugumo wakakomba wemasvomhu. Nhamba yenyika yose inosimbisa zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasiyana zvakapinzwa muU.S. Constitution. CFSTITITINE Project[ inogovera shopu yakakwana inoratidza kuti marudzi akasiyana - siyana sei mitemo yawo mikuru.

Mitemo Inochinjika

A "rigid" bumbiro remitemo nderimwe rakaoma kushandura, rinoda muitiro chaiwo netunhu twakawanda. Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. muenzaniso mukuru. Vamwe, kufanana noMutemo waSinei weGermany, vakaomawo, vanoda kuti voruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, uye vanobatanidza "kudzosa" kunorambidza kugadziriswa kwechiremera chomunhu negadziriro yehurumende. Hurumende yeINFLT] [[FFF:1], imwe yedzirefu refusa munyika, inewo muganhu wakakomba, inodawo chiverengero chakati rete, inoda chiverengero chikuru nechaiko chete yetenziyo inochinjwa nehafu yemitemo yemitemo. [5] Chinjo hurusaidzo dzakashandurwa zvikuru] [[5]

Kudzora uye Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Musiano mumwe mukuru pakati peU.S. namamwe mademokrasi akawanda chinodikanwa nokuda kwekuvhota kwenyika. United States Constitution haigoveri vhoti yakananga inoitwa navanhu pamwero wehurumende nokuda kwokunatsa. Panzvimbo pezvo, inotsamira padzivoka dzehurumende kana kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende. Musiano, [[FLT:] Australia] [[FLT]] Australia] inoda kuti apendixum nokuda kwechinjo ipi neipi yebumbiro remitemo. Chinjo inokarakadzwa inofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji vavokidzo inodzorwa munyika yose, uye nevoruzhinji vevoruzhinji vari munyika 4 kubva mu 6). "ya kabiri" inodikanwa kuita kuti muitiro mukuru weAustralia uve wakaoma zvakafanana kuU. S., kunyange zvazvo ichichitsamira pamitengo yakakurumbira zvikuru. [FRET] [FRET] [3] inotongedzerwa nokuda kwemite yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeIsvo. inopfuuni inopfurira kudzo huru idzo inopfurira zvikuru kupfurikidza kupfurira kupfurira kupfurira kupfudza nzanga dzehurumende.

Nguva Yemberi Ye Amendement dzeBumbiro reMitemo

Nhau yokuti Chikamu V chichiri kushanda kupedza zvinetso zvikuru zvenyika ikurukurirano huru mumutemo weAmerica. Nepo muitiro wacho wave usingashandi kwamakumi amakore (Memeterment yechi 27 wakasimbiswa muna 1992), dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yechinjo panzvimbo dzinoverengeka yakakomba. Chinetso chegadziriro yacho chinoreva kuti kugadziridzwa kunofanira kuva netsigiro yakafara zvikuru uye inopfuurira.

Kupokanidzana Kwepanguva Ino

Zviidzo zvakawanda zvakakarakadzwa muCongress. [[FLT: 0]] Banced Demendition ivavariro ichiripo yemafashoni, inoda kuti hurumende irege kutora mari inopfuura yainowana. Yakasvika pedyo zvikuru nokupfuura Congress muma 1990. [[FLT:]] Mitemo yeEmplimendi yeIndaneti [[[FLT: 35]] nokuda kwemitezo yeCongress, yakakarakadzwa, nekangaidzwa naverongedzero yakakurumbira naveri, kunyange zvazvo ichitarisana nechishongo chenyika huru. Nhungadzo dzinoparwa muidzo dzemisi mitsva ino. [FFF] Njongengedzero] inopanuro dzezvisaruso: [FF]

Nguva yemberi yechinjo yebumbiro- pamutemo muUnited States ingavimba zvikuru nomuitiro wetsananguro yedare nerokugadza panzvimbo pekugadziridza. Dare Rapamusoro richapfuurira kududzira rugwaro rwuripo muchiedza chemigariro mitsva, nokuda kwezviri nani kana kuti zvakaipa zvikuru. Mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika achapfuurira kusunda miganhu yamasimba awo anorongwa kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yemiitiro. Kugadziridzano yetsika, zvisinei, inoramba iri nzira yokupedzisira. Ndiyo bedzi yokukunda chisarudzo cheDare gurusa kana kuti kuchinja chose chose chose chivaradziro chehurumende. [[3][1][FF]]