Mapazi Matatu eHurumende: Nhare Inodzivirira Pakudzvinyirirwa

Kuparadzaniswa kwesimba rehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana - siyana(*kushanda nesimba, kutungamirira, uye kutonga (icho ibwe redivi rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.) Iri purogiramu, yakavakirwa panzwisiso dzomufungi wokuvhenekerwa Baron de Montesquieu, inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu mumwe anogona kutonga chiremera. Gadziriro inovapo yokunzvera nokudzikamiswa inoshanda sedziviriro pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu nokuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anoshanda sei somunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kushandira pamwe chete kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kubatana nehurumende yake zvine revo.

Unyanzvi hwetsika yeAmerica hunova kwete bedzi mukukamuranisa simba asi mukurongera kuti chinzvimbo chikunde. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison mu [Federal:0] Federalst N. 51, "Kuzviwanira kunofanira kuitwa kukurira chinzvimbo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa zvishandiso zvokudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa navamwe, kuchiumba dzikamo ine simba yakakunda chiverengero chamazana maviri amakore chechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mibato ine udzame nemitoro yebazu rimwe nerimwe uye kunzvera kuti nzvero nemiraudzo mumibato murondedzero nomuitiro.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Gwero reLegislative Branch, rakaumbwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. idare guru rokugadzira mitemo. Imba yaro yeBasa nyoro neDare() yakaitwa nokusangwarira pakati penyika huru neduku. Imba, nemirairo yayo yamakore maviri yakavakirwa pavagari vemo, yakagadzirirwa kupindura nokukurumidza kumurangariro wavose. Dare, rine mashoko amakore matanhatu nomufananidzo wenyika wakaenzana, rakaitirwa kugovera dzikamo nemhizha huru zvikuru panhau dzorudzi.

Simba Nemabasa eDare

Dare rine mazita ane nhamba anobatanidza masimba emitero yepevy, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nevokumwe, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira, uye kuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" yokuita aya masimba. Imba yoga inotanga zvikwereti zvemari uye inoisa simba kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende. Dare rine chiremera bedzi chokuedza kuisa mitemo, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, uye zvibvumirano zveraifer kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji vaviri.

  • Imba yavamiriri:[[FLT: 1] Mitezo yokuvhota inogoverwa navagari vehurumende; inobatira mashoko amakore maviri; inovamba mutero nokushandisa mari; inosanangura Purezidhendi muchinoitika chechikamu cheElectoral College.
  • Sarudza: mitezo 100 (maviri pahurumende); inobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu; inosimbisa vanyori veKabhineti, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume; inofanira kuita zvibvumirano; inoedza bvumirano dzose.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Chisarudzo chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana pamberi pokupiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, kugadziriswa, uye mavhoti. Matare “‘ Akadai seDare reImba kana kuti Dare reSangano reMaruwa reRevolution(kutamba basa rinokosha mukunatsa nokutungamirira. Bazu reRegionation rinoshandisawo simba rechikwama, kudzora mari inoshandiswa neappries dzehurumende, uko kuri kunzvera kune simba pabasa rehurumende.

Kutarisira kweCongress kunobatanidza kutongwa, kuongorora, uye simba rezvinyorwa zvapapepa nezvipupu. Chiremera ichi chinovimbisa kuti masangano anotungamirira navakuru vakuru vanoramba vachizvidavirira kuvamiriri vavanhu. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kukura kwehurumende yokutonga kwakaita kuti kutarisira dare rakasimba kuve kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Rinochengeta Mutemo

Chikamu II chesimba rebumbiro remitemo muPurezidhendi weUnited States. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende, ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kutungamirira mirau yehurumende yokumwe, uye kuraira mauto ane zvombo. Bazu rinodzorwa rinobatanidzawo Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi, Kabhinezari, masangano akazvimirira, uye hurumende hurusa yavashandi vasiri varwi vanenge 2.1 mamirioni.

Mabasa aPurezidhendi

  • [[NHAU]] Kumanikidzirwa kweMitemo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anovimbisa kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress yaitwa "nekutendeka". Ikoku kunobatanidza kutungamirira Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro, Department of Homeland Security, uye mamwe masangano anotarisira.
  • Mutevedzeri Policy neNational Security: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotaurirana zvibvumirano (pamberi pekunatswa kweDare), anogadza nhume, uye anoshanda seMutungamiriri wemauto. Zvibvumirano zveGuru, izvo zvisingadi tendero yeDare, zvakava chishandiso chinozivikanwa navose chokuitisa kukurukurirana.
  • Kugadza nokubvisa: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadza vatongi vehurumende, vanyori veCabinet, uye vakuru vakuru, nezano nemvumo yeDare. Mutungamiriri weProfesi angabvisawo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vazhinjisa padano.
  • [ Masimba eRegistrative: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuisa mutemo, kurumbidza matanho kuCongress, uye kudana kuti Congress ive purogiramu chaiyo. Simba reveto icherekedzo yakananga pabazu remitemo.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri Nehurumende Yavatongi

Mirairo izviremera inhungamiro dzinopiwa naPrezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Nepo zvine simba romutemo, izvo zviri mudzorerwo yedare uye zvinogona kuchinjwa neCongress kupfurikidza nemitemo. Mienzaniso yefaume inobatanidza Purezidhendi Lincoln's Empication Proclation na Purezidhendi weTruman's deciont yehondo. Munguva dzazvino uno, mirairo yechiremera yakashandiswa panhau dzakavambira pamuitiro wemhoteredzo kuenda kukubuda munyika.

Hurumende yehurumende(kubatanidza madhipatimendi akadai seDefense, State, uye Education, pamwe chete namasangano akazvimirira akadai seEnvironmental Protection Agency neFederal Reserve(makambani anoramba kutarisirwa kwemitemo yehurumende kwezuva nezuva. aya masangano anopa mirau inotakura simba romutemo, muitiro unozivikanwa sokuita mitemo. Kudzora kwebazu guru rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokuitwa kwemiteo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Bhazi Rinotonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Dare redare rehurumende igadziriro yedare yehurumende inoumbwa nematare oruwa (matare edare redare), matare ematunhu okukwirira (matare ehurumende apakati), uye Dare Rapamusorosoro. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, pasi pomufambiro wakanaka, uyo unovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuchengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga.

Kupomera uye Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Ruramisiro

Matare eFederal anonzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, zvibvumirano, uye makakatanwa pakati penyika kana kuti vagari vemo venyika dzakasiana. Simba rehwirudzuro yedare() chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvisati zviri zvoustigal() yakagadzwa nenhau yenhau yenhau yenhau Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Simba rinoita kuti judicaria rive bazi rinowirirana nainokwanisa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri Congresssion and Pureal.

Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa murairo wechisarudzo, richisarudza mhaka dzinenge 100 kusvikira ku 150 gore rimwe nerimwe kubva kuzviuru zvezvikumbiro. Nhau dzinosarudzwa nemirangariro yavazhinji, nokupinda nokupesana kwemirangariro kazhinji kazhinji inoumba dudziro yapamutemo yomunguva yemberi. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvakagadza mipimo inosunga matare akaderera, zvichiaita muvambi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Dare Rakaderera Negadziriro Yokuedza

  • Dare reruwa: maruwa amatare ehurumende 94, achibata matare nenhau dzokutanga. Aya ndiwo mabhiza edare rehurumende, achinzwa zvose mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi.
  • Nhevedzo dzezvikwiriso: 13 matunhu (11 nharaunda, kubatanidza D.C. Dunhu neFederal Tturt). Vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare roruwa nesangano, vachinangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo panzvimbo penharo dzechokwadi.
  • Dare reMitemo: Hurumende pfumbamwe; udzori hwapakuvamba mugadziriro yakaganhurirwa yenhau (imo, gakava pakati pemitezo); simba rehurumende yose yedare rehurumende nerehurumende rinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa.

Matare eHurumende anogona kudzivisa zviito zvinoputsa kodzero dzemitemo kana kuti dzemitemo, sezvinoonekwa muzviitiko zvakawanda zvinodenha chinhu chiri chose chichibva pakurambidza kufamba kuenda kumira miganhu yemhoteredzo.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri rondedzero isingachinjiki; mutoo mupenyu unotamba munguva chaiyoiyo inodzora. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi akawanda kuganhurira mamwe, kuvimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinova guru.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • VETO Dzeshava: Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri, nzira ine simba yokuita mutemo pamusoro pokuramba kwaPurezidhendi.
  • Kupa mhaka: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wenyika, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi." Ipapo Dare rinotonga. Mapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump vakapinzwa mhaka neImba; hapana akapomerwa mhaka.
  • Advice neRevonso: Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba zvibvumirano zvoupurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Simba iri rakashandiswa kumisa kana kuti kunonotsa kugadzwa kwenharo munhau yose.
  • Simba rePurse: Congress inodzora ndyiko dzehurumende. Inogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru dzinodzorwa kana kuti kuisa migariro pamifungo.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Mapazi Apamutemo Neanotonga

  • Veto Power: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira kudzora kukuru. Ichi ndicho chishandiso chikuru chemitemo yehurumende.
  • Kugadzwa kwaVatongi: Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, anoumba mutongi kwamakumi amakore. Kugadzwa kwokutonga kuri pakati pemirairo yaPuerceria inogara.
  • [[FORT:0] Simba rePirato: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, chekero pasimba redare rekutonga.
  • Mirayiro yePromotence: Paunenge uchidenhwa, mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru inobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende pasina mvumo yapakarepo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mamwe Mapazi

  • [[FLT: 0] `JUdicial Review: Dare Gurusa rinogona kurova mitemo inopiwa neDare nezviito zvinoitwa naPurezidhendi sezvisiri pamutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954] (1954) kugumisa dzinza ne [[FLT:]] United States v. Nixon[FFF:5] [77])) inomanikidzira Purezidhendi kutenderera ma pamatepi eNyuta.
  • Kududzira mitemo: matare eFederal anodudzira mirau, uye mirau yawo ine simba romutemo. Dare rinogona kupindura kupfurikidza nemitemo inochinjika, asi kududzira kwokutanga kwematare kunomira kutoti kwachinjwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nguva yoUpenyu: vatongi veFederal vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kutonga mukurwisana nomufungo wakakurumbira kana kuti fariro dzine simba.

" Kuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi, mumaoko mamwe chetewo, angava omushomanene, kana kuti akawanda, uye kana iri nhaka, yakazvigadza, kana kuti yakasarudzwa, ingaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.. — James Madison, Murongi NHA. 47[FLT]

Kunetseka Kwemazuva Ano uye Matambudziko Anoenderera Mberi

Kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru, uye kuoma kwekutonga kwazvino uno zvose zvakaedza gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kuvimba nemirairo yavakuru vakuru nezviito zvokutungamirira kuti vasvitse nharidzano dzetsika apo Congress inodzorwa. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuva kunoshanda, vatsoropodzi vanoipikisa muitiro wewirirano. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Purezidhendi Obama's Defered Action for Childhowing Action for Childhow Presidential (DACA), kurambidza kufamba kwaPrezidhendi Trump, uye Purezidhendi Biden's rechikwereti chechikoro chekanganwiro yekanganwiro yenhau.

Kurovha Mumutemo Nechikwata Chinoyera

Zvikamu zvechikamu zvinowanzotungamirira kukusapindirana kwemitemo. Dare rinoda mavhoti 60 kugumisa gakava pamabhiri mazhinji-akawanda(*) zvazova mhinganidzo huru kukuita mutemo. Ikoku kwakakurudzira Mapurezidhendi kuita pasina kutsiva uye kwakatsinhanisa simba kubazi guru. Zvikarakadzo zveReformation, zvakadai sokubvisa kana kuti kugadziridza chigadziko, zvinoitiranwa nharo zvikuru, zvichiratidzira mibvunzo huru pamusoro pokuti bazu remitemo rinofanira kushanda sei munguva yakashatiswa.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Basa rakafanira rematare mukududzira Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri nhau inokakavadzana. Vatongi vanoshandisa zviito zvokutonga vanoda zvikuru kuputsa mitemo negadziriro yokugadzira; avo vanofarira kudzorwa kwemapazu akasarudzwa. Hondo dzokubvisa matare dzazova pfungwa dzakawanda, uye mativi ose ari maviri ari kutsvaka kugadza vatongi vanowirirana nemirangariro yavo. Kusimbisa kwacho pachakwo kwazova chigadzikiso, sezvinoonekwa mukutonga kunokakavara nokuda kweMutongi Brett Kavaugh uye kusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kweMutongi Amy Coney Barrett.

Hurumende Inotungamirira

Masangano eFoderal zvino anoshandisa simba guru kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo nebvumirano. Mamwe anotaura ikoku kunopesana nemabasa emasimba kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mitemo, kuva mukuru, uye kutonga mukati memasangano mamwe. Dare Gurusa rakataura izvi mumhaka dzakafanana ne Sebelius v. Clapper[ (202) uye [[FLT] West Virginia v. EPA] [2022], namano apashure eEPA anoderedza magasi okudzora magasi egreenhouse pasi pe "majeriore mibvunzo". Chitendero pakati pemite yemiteoresaidzo nenhovero yemishoni yemiteobhurosaidzo]

Mupeto: Chengeta Kudzikama

Mapazu matatu ehurumende haasati achingovawo hawo mirangariro isingaoneki; iwo idziviriro dzourongwa dzinodzivirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukusaiswa kwesimba. Vavambi vakagadzira gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuderedza chiito chokukurumidza, inoda batira pamwe, uye inogovera nzira dzakawanda nokuda kwokuzvidavirira. Savagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi miitiro inhano yokutanga kukuva inozvidavirira kuhurumende.

Muzera rekunzverwa kwevakuru vakuru, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemitemo, uye gakava rokutonga, nheyo dzechekedzo nedzinodzikamiswa dzinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kubatanidzwa nevagari vemo(--panongedzerwa, kusangana navamiririri, uye kufunda nhau yebumbiro remitemo iripo pachizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Kunzvera manyuko makuru apashure peichi chirongwa, varavi vanogona kunzvera magwaro akazara e [[FLT:]U.S. Constitution[ inobva kuNational Archivers, [[FLT:] Fireda] Mapepa anotsvaka [FLT] Mapapepa okunyorera paBibliclages, na [FFOLD] prof] profti yedare rehurumende [FF]