Murangariro wokuparadzana kwamasimba unokosha kukushanda kwehurumende dzehurumende dzedemocracy. Irori rinokamuranisa mitoro namasimba ehurumende kuva mapazi akasiana kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuwana simba rakawanda zvikuru. Iyi nheyo inokosha nokuda kwokuita gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, iyo inodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo uye inochengeta kutonga kwomutemo. Munhambo yokuwedzera kwekuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nemibvunzo pamusoro poukombiso, kunzwisisa kuti simba risati rambova rinokosha zvikuru sei uye nei pakati pamapazu ehurumende nokuda kwezviwirirano nedzikano.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Chii?

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunonongedzera kumukamurano wemitoro yehurumende mumapazu akasiyana, zvikurukuru anoziviswa semutungamiriri, wemitemo, uye wedare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba aro rimene nemitoro, uye rinoshanda nenzira yokuzvimirira. Iri sangano rakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwapamberi kwesimba nokusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rinofanira kukwanisa kuita, kugombedzerwa, uye kutsanangura mitemo panguva imwe chete. Apo mabasa iwayo akabatanidzwa, ngozi yokutonga kwounyengeri inokwira zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokuachengeta akaparadzana, hurumende dzinoita gadziriro umo chishuvo chinorwisana, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe rine sundo yomuzvarirwo yokudzivirira chiremera charo paringana navamwe.

Chitsama chamashoko chimene chinowanzonzi chakabva kumuzivi weFrance Montesquieu, asi mufungo mukuru une mavambo ekare. Aristotle, mubhuku rake Politics, akacherekedza kuti hurumende dzakasanorongwa dzinokombamira kuva dzine mativi akasiana, magsterial, uye masangano amatare. Roman Republic yakashanda zvakafanana negadziriro yakaoma yemasimba akaparadzana pakati pemaconult, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwazvino uno kwamasimba, zvisinei, kunopa iyi pfungwa dzakarevedzero huru kugadziriro inoumbwa nemitemo yenyika inotonga nyika yose.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kunzwisisa mabasa ebazi rimwe nerimwe kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kukosha kwokuparadzana kwemasimba.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Bazu iri rinowanzoumbwa neparamende kana kuti musangano, uhwo hunobatanidza gakava, kugadziridza, uye kupa mutemo. Mumiitiro yebidaral yakadai seUnited States Congress, chigaro chinokamurwa kuva makamuri maviri — imba yakaderera (Imba yeVamiririri) uye imba yapamusoro — rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana uye masangano. Bazu remitemo rinofanira kusimbisa kurongwa kwemitengo: rinodzora mitero nemari inoshandiswa nehurumende, izvo zvinoipa simba guru pamusoro pemitemo. Magraslature anewo masimba okutarisira, zvinoreva kuti anogona kuongorora zviito zvebazi guru, rinoita kuti vanzwe, richengetedze, uye rinofanira kutsigira kurongwa kwevakuru vakuru vakuru. Mugadziriro dzakawanda, chibvumirano chehurumende uye kugovera mamwe masangano ehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo. Iri bazi rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo anotarisira kuitwa kwomutemo uye kutarisirwa kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende. Bazu guru rinobatanidza gadziriro huru yamadhipatimendi namasangano anoita mabasa ehurumende, kubva kudziviriro yenyika kusvikira kumiraudzo yemhoteredzo. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru anosarudza panzvimbo yapamutemo uye anobatira nguva yakatarwa. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru mukuru anoitwa kubva kuhurumende uye anogona kubviswa namavhoti echivimbo. Mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anogara ane masimba makuru munhau dzokunze dzokunze kwedzimwe nyika nechengeteko, asi masimba iwayo anoganhurirwa nokutsigira pamutemo uye kupfurikidza nokuongorora dare.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare rine mutoro wokududzira mitemo. Iri bazi rinobatanidza dare, iro rinopedza gakava, rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose. Mugadziriro dzine kuparadzana kwakasimba kwemasimba, matare ane chiremera chokuongorora — simba rokuzivisa mabasa emitemo kana kuti mabasa evakuru vakuru asingatsivi. Iri simba rinoita kuti judicariary ibazu rinowirirana pane kuti rive ruoko rwehurumende. Vatongi vanogadzwa nenzira yetsika kupfurikidza negadziriro inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazi ehurumende nemitemo, uye kazhinji kazhinji vane nzvimbo dzavo mukati momufambiro wakanaka (upenyu gumi) kuti vasimbise kuzvimirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa redare rejudiary harisi kuita muitiro, asi kutsanangura mutemo wakanyorwa uye kuvimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nemitemo.

Nhoroondo: Kubva kuMontesquieu Kusvika kuBumbiro Remitemo

Pfungwa yokuparadzana kwemasimba ine mavambo ayo munguva yeKuvhenekerwa, zvikurukuru mumanyoro avazivi vakadai saMontesquieu.Montesquieu akarangarira kuti kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, masimba ehurumende anofanira kukamukana pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana. Uyu murangariro wakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri veUnited States Constitution, avo vakatsvaka kuparira hurumende yakadzikama yaizodzivisa zvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri hwamambo noudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.

Kubatsira Kwamavambo kweMontesquieu

Montesquieu's 1748 basa, Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo, wakaisa mavambo ehurumende yedemokrase yazvino uno. Akakarakadza kuti hurumende inofanira kuva namapazu matatu, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana raigona kunzvera mamwe. Njere dzake dzaiva rokuti "ruzivo rwamanguva ose rwakatiratidza kuti munhu ari wose apiwa simba ane mufungo wokuibata zvisina kufanira, uye kutakura chiremera chake kusvikira paichaenda.. Chigadzikiso, Montesquieu chakadavira, kuti chakanga chisati chichitsamira parunako rwava vatongi asi kuronga kuti "simba rinofanira kuva nzvenga." pfungwa iyi yakanga iri tsika yokuchinja uye yakava inotungamirira mukuumbwa kwe. Hurumende yeMontescoution.

Mavambo eBritain Nechinoitika Chekokoroni

Nepo Montesquieu akagovera gadziriro inofungidzirwa, vagadziri vakakwevawo zvikuru pamuitiro webumbiro remitemo reBritain noruzivo rwavo vamene rwokutongwa. MuBritain, simba rakagoveranwa pakati peHurumende, Imba yaMadoda, uye House of Commons, kunyange zvazvo mitsetse yakanga iri kure nokuchena. Vagari veAmerica vakanga vawana icho vakaona sechidzori vakuru vakashorwa zvikuru naMambo George III, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwechitima choumambo, kubviswa kwedzimba dzamambo, uye kushandiswa kwesimba rokutonga naMambo mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Ikoku kwakavaita kuti vanyumwi zvikuru nesimba guru guru uye kuda kuita gadziriro yakajeka nemiganhuro pakati pamapazu. Hurumende yacho yakanyorwa pashure pokuedza kuzvitonga kwakasiyana - , uye uku kuedza kuzivisa magadzirirwo ehurumende yokupedzisira muna 1787.

Mapepa Akarongwa Nemadhigirii

Mukati mekurukurirano dzekubatanidza, Alexander Madison, achinyora mu [Foderal Papers, akagovera dziviriro ine udzame zvikurusa yokuparadzana kwamasimba sezvaairatidzirwa muBumbiro reMitemo rinokarakadzwa. MuFederaln No. 47, Madison yakananga kushora kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo harina kuparadzanisa chose chose chose. Iye akapikisa kuti nheyo yechokwadi yakanga isiri yokuti mapazu haafaniri kuva nechinhu chinosasarura muzviito zverimwe, asi kuti simba rose redhipatime rimwe harifaniri kushandiswa namaoko mamwe ane simba rose reimwe. Mumubatanidzwa wePunist. Nhaka, Madiane anonyorwa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "Mbambo inofanira kuitwa kuti atsinde kukunda chinzvimbo" uye kuti chirongwa chehurumende chinofanira kugovera uku. — Kunzwisisa kwakarongwa kwesimba rokuparadzana kunoreva kuti simba rakakwana.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Nheyo Dzinowirirana

Nzvero nedzikamo igadziriro dzinova nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rinova nesimba zvikuru. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mano okuganhurira masimba avamwe, kuvamba gadziriro yokudzorana. Ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta pesvedzero yehurumende yehurumende nedziviriro. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokamura mabasa; kunzvera uye ganhuriro zvinopa zvombo zvebazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivirira nzvimbo yaro imene yakavakwa napakudzorera kudzongonyedza kudzokororwa navamwe.

Mienzaniso Yakakwana Yemakemikari Nedzikamo

  • .Legislative Checks pa Hurusarudzo: Congress inogona kukurira vhoti yapurezidhendiriti nembiri netatu dzevoti mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, kubatanidza mitezo yeBhabhii, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamiririri. Congress inodzorawo simba rokusairira — Imba inogona kubvisa, uye Dare rinogona kubvisa, purezidhendi, muteveri mukuru mukuru, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokupandukira, chioko, kana kuti dzimwe mhaka dzakakwirira. Kuwedzera, Dare rinodzora kubhadhadhakisa mari yehurumende uye rinofanira kubvumira ndyokero yose.
  • Mitemo Nzvero paMasimba: Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutemo unopiwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo veto vachigona kuva vasingashandurwi. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokugadza Congress nokuda kwamarusando chaiwo uye, mune dzimwe gadziriro, kukarakadza mutemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yeSangano reUnion uye mamwe mashoko. Bazu rinewo chiremera chokududzira mitemo pakuishandisa, uko kunogona kuumba nenzira inokosha nzira iyo mutemo unoshanda nayo mumashandire.
  • Jehodicial Checks paMapazi Ose ari maviri: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kurongwa kupfurikidza nesimba rekuhwirudzura. Iri simba rakatangwa mudare guru reU. Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1] [1803] uye rakashandiswa zviuru zvenguva chifo che. Vatongi vehurumende vane kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, vachivadzivirira mukutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • .Legislative Checks pa Judia: Congress inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti ipedze tsananguro dzokutonga dzeBumbiro reMitemo. Dare rinogadzawo ukuru hweDare Gurusa ndokugadza matare ehurumende akaderera. Dare rinosimbisa dare rose rehurumende, uye Congress inogona kubvisa vatongi nokuda kwetsika dzakaipa.
  • Mitemo Yecheki dzeJudia: Purezidhendi anodonongodza vatongi vose vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Gurusa. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokupa kukanganwira nokudzorera mhaka dzehurumende, idzo dzinogona kunzvera miuyo yekutonga ine utsinye kana kuti isina kururama.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunokosha nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Kunobetsera kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kusimudzira kuzvidavirira, uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti simba harina kuiswa mukati mebazu rimwe, rinotsigira hurumende inogamuchira zvinodikanwa nekodzero zvavagari vayo. urwu rutivi rwebumbiro remitemo harusati rwuri dziviriro inoshanda — ine miuyo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwenzira iyo vanhu vanowana nayo hurumende muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.

Kudzivirirwa Kwoudzvinyiriri

Rimwe ramadonzo makuru okuparadzanisa masimba nderokudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Apo simba rinoiswa mubazu rimwe kana kuti mumunhu mumwe, rinogona kutungamirira kukutonga kwechisimba. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba pakati pamapazu akasiana - siana, hurumende haisati iri sezvingabvira zvikuru kushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera chayo. Irori rakanga riri itiro hanya huru yavarongi, avo vakanga vararama mukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende dzamambo wakakwana uye vanzwisisa kuti kunyange zviremera zvikuru zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvaigona kuva zvinodzvinyirira kana zvikadzorwa. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba masimba kunoparira mikoto mizhinji mukuita mitemo, kuchikuita kuti kuomerere kuda kwayo kupi nokupi kwaro. Nepo ikoku dzimwe nguva kuchigona kutungamirira kurumano, kupfurikidza nokuzvidzora, uye kutsigira kwakafara pamberi pokugona kuita hurumende.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Nebazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana nemitoro, kunova kuri nyore zvikuru kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Kana bazu rimwe rikakundikana kuita mabasa aro, rimwe rinogona kupinda kururamisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kana bazu rikapfuura simba raro, matare anogona kukunda chiito, uye Congress inogona kuongorora ndokuderedza kutsigira mari. Uku kutarisira kunoreva kuti vavhooti vanogona kuziva zviri nyore kuti ibazu ripi rine mutoro wokubudirira kana kuti kukundikana. Panobviswa simba, vagari vemo vane nzira dzakawanda dzokutsiva: vanogona kuvhotera vapi vemitemo vatsva, kukumbira chiito chikuru mudare. Iri basa rokuzvidavirira rinosimbisa kudzora kwoutongi hwehurumende.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzouduku Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunodzivirirawo maruramiro maduku kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna boka rimwe rinogona kudzora hurumende yose. Vatongi, zvikurukuru, vanoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira vanhu namapoka maduku pamitemo inoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. dare rakasununguka rinogona kurova mutemo uyo unodenha mapoka asingafarirwi kana kuti kudzongonyedza rusununguko rukuru. Chinodikanwa chokuti mapazu ose matatu anofanira kubatira pamwe kubudisa mutemo unosunga — Congress anofanira kuupfuudza, purezidhendi anofanira kusaina kana kuti kuva asingakurwi, uye matare haafaniri kuuputsa — chinokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwezvikuru zvikuru zvokushandisa zviito zvinodzvinyirira. Ichi chikanganiso chechinguvana.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuparadzana Kwemasimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba ichinhu chinokosha pakudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kunotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichivapo.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kushanda Kwomutemo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowedzera kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaomera bazi remitemo kushanda nenzira inobudirira. Kukakavadzana kwemitemo kunogona kutungamirira kuruvara, apo zviito izvi zvingava zvishoma kumutemo unopfuudzwa, zvichidzivisa simba rehurumende rokupindura nhau dzinomanikidzira. Apo Congress isingagoni kuita chiito, pane muedzo wokuti bazu guru riite pasina muganhu nokutungamirira, kuronga mitemo yokutonga, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvehurumende mumiitiro yokumwe. Nepo izvi zvingava zvinobvumirwa nomutemo mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, zvinogona kudzosera muganhu wesimba kuvakuru vakuru kana Dare reSakasasimbisazve chiremera charo. Kuchinja dare rezuva rinotapurawo kusimbiswa nedare, pasina kutarisana nokushorwa kukura, izvo zvinogona kusiya matare pasi pechikaruvakwa.

Kunyanyodzora Uye Kuita Zvisina Kurongwa

Padzimwe nguva, purezidhendi vangaedza kukudza masimba avo kupfuura izvo zviri zvebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dare rinotenderwa. Ikoku kunogona kuva chimiro chemirairo yakafara yevakuru vakuru iyo inogadzira nenzira inobudirira muitiro mutsva pasina tendero yomutemo, kurongwa kwemari dzakakodzera, kana kuti kutanga kwechiito chehondo pasina mvumo. Mabasa aya anogona kutungamirira kurwisana namapazu emitemo nedare rinotonga, achimutsa itiro pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba. Dare rapamusoro ramava kudzokera shure panhambo nenhambo nenhambo nenhambo nenhambo nechinhu chamakemiitiro akashata, somuna 1952 [[FLTL:0]] Prown per & Tube. V. Sawter[FLTY:1] mhaka iyo Purezidheliendia yedare rehondo mukati me Hondo kwehondo. Zvisinei, matare anodzosaidzorwa kazhinji muzvinhu zvenyika zvenyika yose, seyamakurukurukuru muzvinhu zvenyika, uye seasina kunzvera Dare renyika yose. — Sarserserserongedzero.

Kutanga Kwehurumende Yokutarisira

Rimwe redenho dzinokosha zvikurusa dzenguva imwe cheteyo kukuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kukura kwehurumende yokutarisira — mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano ehurumende anoita mitemo, anogombedzera mitemo, uye anoisa bvumirano. aya masangano anobatanidza mitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye mabasa okutonga nenzira ingadai yakanetsa varapi. mirau yemitemo ine simba romutemo (simba rokutonga), inonzvera nokuunza zviito zvokuchengetera mutemo (simba rokubatanidza simba), uye inochengeta kutongwa kwehurumende kupedza gakavaradzisa (simba redare redare rehurumende), nepo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mamiriro ezvinhu akati, pane gakavariro inopfuurira pamusoro pokuti kana kuwirirana kwetsika dzamasimba emitemo. Zvisarupo, kubatanidza simba rokutarisira masangano okutsanangura, kuratidzira kubetserazve, migariro yedare rinotonga pakati pamapazuro.

Kuzvimirira Mukutonga Mudzvinyiriro

Kuzvimirira kwedare redare kunokosha nokuda kwokuparadzana kwemasimba kuti ashande, asi kwave kuri mudzvinyiriro inowedzera munyika dzakawanda. Apo vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanodenha matare, vanotyisidzira kudzorwa navatongi pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvisingadiwi, kana kuti kuramba kuwirirana nemirairo yedare, vanosekesa mano edare okubatira senzvero ine revo pamamwe mapazu. Mumamwe marudzi, vakuru vakuru vakuru vama vakabudirira kurongedza matare, vachibudirira kunzvera nenzira isingatsigiri. Kudzora kuzvitonga kunoda kwete bedzi dziviriro dzomutemo dzoga dzoupenyu gumi asiwo tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inoremekedza mutemo uye kuzviisawo pakutonga kunyange apo vanogamuchira zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvisingafarirwi.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mukuona Nyika Yose

Nepo gadziriro yeAmerica iri muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru, kuparadzanisa kwamasimba kunova nezvimiro zvakasiyana munyika dzakasiana. Gadziriro dzeParamende, dzakadai sedziri muUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye Germany, dzine kubatanidzwa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo, nabhishopi makuru nedare rinoyera. Kunyange zvakadaro, aya masangano achiri ane matare anozvimirira uye ezvokuongorora simba revakuru, kubatanidza vhoti dzekusavimba, nhambo dzemibvunzo, uye matare emitemo. Nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzechimbichimbichimbi - shambadza dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvemubatanidzwa zvemupinikota nemichina yeparamende. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera kuisa nheyo yenheyo yesimba — zvinodzivisa kuwanikwa munzira dzakawanda. Zvinhu izvi hazvisizvo kuumba gadziriro chaiyo asi kana ganhurro yegadziriro inodzivirira zvakanaka yetsika imwe neimwe nzira.

Mugumisiro: Kudzivirira Nguva Yemberi Yokutonga Kwehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Kuparadzana kwemasimba inheyo yehwaro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inobetsera kudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga ndokuchengeta gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo. Kunzwisisa uyu murangariro kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vadzidzisi navadzidzi sezvavanobatikana noukukutu hwehurumende nenhau. Nheyo yacho haisati iri chinhu chisaririra chezana ramakore rechi 18 — rutivi rupenyu, runoshanda rwehurumende dzazvino uno dzinoda ngwariro inopfuurira nedziviriro. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo yakagadzirwa sei yakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vachengete vatungamiriri vavo vanozvidavirira, kuziva apo simba riri kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, uye kutsigira chinjo dzinosimbisa masangano edemocracy.

Kupfurikidza nokusimudzira nzwisiso huru nokuda kwokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvinotsigira idzi nheyo dzinokosha dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Ikoku kunoreva kudzidzisa kwete bedzi nzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo asi chikonzero nei yakarongedzerwa — uye chiri padziri apo dzikamo inochinja. Munyika umo udzori huri pakukwira uye tsika dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zviri mudzvinyiriro yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa zvikurusa, kuparadzana kwakafanirwa nengwariro itsva sechimwe chezvishandiso zvinobudirira zvikurusa chati chamboitwa nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu muchimiro chendangariro chisingadzivisiki chesimba rokupa ngwariro.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, Constitution Center yeNational inopa tsananguro dzine udzame dzebazu rimwe nerimwe serinorondedzerwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU. U.S. Dare repawebsite ye rinogovera kupetwa kwebasa rejudicariary mukati megadziriro yechekero nedziringa. Vadzidzi verondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika vangabetserwawo nokunzvera [[FLT:] Minquieuts's's's's.[FLT]