Pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa (hwukuti vatongi havasi vakakwana uye kuti vagari vemo havana kodzero dzehurumende inogona kuputsa,) ndeimwe yepfungwa dzinoguma dzavapo munhau yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nheyo haina kuumbwa zvizere murugwaro rumwe kana kuti chiziviso; panzvimbo pezvo, yakashanduka kwemazana emakore kupfurikidza nekurukurirano dzouzivi, kupandukira, mitemo, uye kuedza kwemitemo. Kunzwisisa nheyo dzenhau dzehurumende yakaganhurirwa kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuvakwa kwehurumende dzazvino uno dzinosarudzwa namasimba enyika uye kurwisa kunopfuurira kudzikamisa chiremera nerusununguko. Kubva kumaRepublicblicscs yekare yekare kunharo dzenyika inowirirana nemitemo yehurumende, kusvokuedza kutsanangura nokushandisa miganhuro yesimba rehurumende kunoramba kuri denho huru yedenho yokuzvitonga.

Mavambo Ekare Eganhuriro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Kare pamberi peshoko rokuti "hurumende yakaganhurirwa" yakapinda muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, pepuko dzakare dzakaedza nokunzvera kwesangano pachiremera. MuBhaibheri rechiHebheru, murangariro womutemo wakakwirira unosunga kunyange madzimambo unooneka muchinodikanwa chokuti vatongi vanokopa ndokutevera Torah (Deuteromy 17:18-20). Mambo weIsraeri nokudaro akanga ari pasi pomutemo woumwari, pfungwa huru yokuti hakuna mutongi womunhu akamira pamusoro pekuzvidavirira kwetsika kana kuti kwapamutemo.

MuGreece, guta reAtene rakatanga masangano ehurumende yedemocracy ayo akaparadzira simba pakati pamagungano, madare, uye matare. Nepo hurumende yehurumende yetene yakanga iri kure nemipimo yazvino uno .(kubvisa vakadzi navaranda) yakasima mbeu iyo chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chaigona kugoveranwa ndokukwikwikwidzana. Aristotle, mumasangano ake , inokamura miganhu yemitemo yemitemo ndokunyevera kuti simba risingadzorwi nenzira isingadzivisiki rinova chitsoroso chinoparadza. Iye akareverera nokuda kwehurumende ye "mixéd" inobatana yehurumende youmambo, yechikuru, yechikuru, uye yedemo yehurumende kuti idzivise chinhu chipi nechipi. Chitendero chaAristotletis omutemo womutemo unova mukuru kukutonga mumwe nomumwe nomumwe wemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Roma yakagovera mufungo we [[FLT: 0] republic nemasimba akaparadzana. Roman Republic yakabudisa maviri egore negore akasarudzwa kuva communists, Dare rinomirira vabati, uye magungano akakurumbira. mos maiorum [tsika dzechinyakare] [nemitemo yakanyorwa] (tsika) nemitemo yakanyorwa yakadai semaTabless dzakaita gadziriro yokudzora kwapamutemo. Chigqebhebheti yeRoma Cicero yakataura kuti hurumende yepamutemo inotangira mutemo womunhu womuzvarirwo, [1]an gare gare gare yadzokororwa nenyanzvi dzendangariro dzeMiddle C. Kunzvera uku kwakaredhindwa kwakaratidza kuti simba rakanga risingabviri bedzi risingabviri asi rakakodzeri, rinodzore.

Magna Carta Nokutanga Kwokutonga kwoMutemo

Kusaina kweMagna Carta paRunnymede muna 1215 kunowanzodudzwa segwaro rimwe rinokosha zvikurusa mukukudziridzwa kwehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Rakamanikidzirwa pana Mambo Johane namabhiro anopandukira, dhipatimendi racho rakabvuma zvakajeka kuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo. Claus 39 akaziviswa nenzira yakakurumbira: Hakuno munhu akasununguka uchabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa pakodzero dzake kana kuti zvinhu zvake, kana kuti kubviswa mudhudhudhu, kana kuti kunyimwa kwake mune imwe nzira ipi neipi, kana kuti hatisati tichizopfuurira kumurwisa, kana kuti kutumira vamwe kuti vaite saizvozvo, kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwakaenzana naye kana kuti nomutemo wenyika."

Iyi nheyo (_kuti hapana munhu, kubatanidza mambo, aigona kunyima zvake mumwe upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu (*-katangwa hwaro hwe [[FLT: 0] hwakatanga muitiro [ uye mutemo womutemo[[[[FLT:]]]. Nepo Magna Carta pakutanga akadzivirira bedzi ropafadzo dzevakakwirira, mutauro wavo wakabvumikisa kuva unochinjika zvakakwana kupfurikidza namazana amakore gare gare gare, vaparera, uye vaAmerica. Nokufamba kwenguva, chibvumirano chamapepa chakadzorwa uye chakuwedzerwa, chinodzora mapepa akafanana nechiNgezi chakarurama cheR1628) uye chinoitwa nechiNgezi chinopfuudzwa naMaflah [5].[5] Chinyorwa chawo chiUS chiSivisciso chinozivikanwa nomutemo cheUniversaltic for Genetical Decratic (F]

Kujekeswa: Kodzero Dzemuzvarirwo Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Mazana emakore echi17 ne18 akaita kuchinja mune zvematongerwe enyika kwakaumba zvakananga kuvaka hurumende yakaganhurirwa.

John Locke Nebvumirano Yenzanga

John Locke’s [[FLT: 0] Treasumo mbiri dzeHurumende [1689]) yakagovera ruramiso youzivi yokuganhura simba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuisa hurumende mubvumirano yavadzorwi. Locke yakataura kuti vanhu vose vane [[ kodzero dzomusikirwo] kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu (marurami aripo pamberi napazvigaro zvehurumende ipi neipi. Apo vanhu vanoumba nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika, vanopa simba rakakwana bedzi kudzivirira kodzero idzodzo; hurumende ipi neipi inovaputsa chibvumirano chavanhu uye ingaparadzwa nenzira yapamutemo. Pfungwa dzechiAmerica dzinopesvedzera zvikuru, zvikurukuru Thomas Jeffeny, uyo akadzokorodza chibvumirano choKuzvitonga.[Foct: Frust][5]

Montesquieu Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Baron de Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo , akanyevera kuti "simba rinofanira kumisa simba. Akacherekedza kuti muhurumende ipi neipi, kombamiro iripo yesimba kuunganidza nokushatisa. Chigadzikiso chake chakanga chiri kuparadzanisa chiremera chehurumende mumapazu matatu akasiana: chigadziko, mutungamiriri, uye mudare. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rizvimiririre uye rikwanise kunzvera vamwe, rusununguko rungagona kuchengetwa. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakava purani yeU.S. Bumbiro remitemo, uye James Masmagemonection rakakweva nejekero pamsoro pakero yake apo kuronga gadziriro yehurumende. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba anoramba kuri rimwe regadziriro inobudirira zvikurusa yehurumende yokuumba.

Chinjo yeAmerica neBumbiro Remitemo Rinotonga Nyika

Chinjo yeAmerica yakanga isiriwo zvayo hondo yorusununguko; yakanga iriwo chinjo yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nouchangamire husina kuganhurirwa.Vacolonist vaidavira kuti Paramende yeBritain naMambo zvakanga zvapunza maruramiro avo egamuchidzanwa savanhu vechiNgezi (8) zvikurukuru maruramiro okubhadharwa bedzi navamiriri vavo vamene.Apo uku kunyunyuta kwakafuratirwa, nyika dzakazivisa kuparadzana kwadzo, kuchiparira ruramisiro muLocken maruramiro omuzvarirwo.

.U.S. Constitution, yakanyoreswa muna 1787, yakanga iri kuedza kwamaune kugadzira hurumende yakanga yakasimba zvakakwana kushanda asi isina kusimba zvikuru zvokutyisidzira rusununguko. Vagadziri vamafream vakavaka gadziriro ye machecks neres[ .Bazu rimwe nerimwe raigona kuvhara mabasa avamwe. Purezidhendi aigona kubvisa mitemo, Congress angagona kuisa mitemo, uye mubatanidzwa wemitemo waigona kuzivisa zviito zvisingatengwi, (simba rakatangwa gare gare gare [[FLT:]]]].]).

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu Sechinodzidzwa

Kunyange sezvo Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga richitenderwa, vatsoropodzi vaida dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu. Muuyo wakanga uri Bill of Rights --idzo dzokutanga gumi dzinotenderwa muna 1791. Idzi mhedziso dzinodudza zvakananga nzvimbo umo simba rehurumende riri [[[FLT:]] rakaiswa padziri kubva painenge:

  • Mutemo wePrefence wePfusion:[[FLT: 1] Dare harigoni kutanga rudzidziso kana kuti kudzivisa kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka, kana kuti rusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, gungano, kana kuti maruramiro okukumbira.
  • mendurusoment: inodzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo.
  • Foundation: Kungwarira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari; kunoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chingabvira.
  • Fith Amendment: inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri, uye dziviriro pakuzvidzora.
  • [[FLT: 0] mendurutsiro yoUtsinye: inopa mari yakanyanyisa, faindi, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose.

Bhizi reRevotion rakashandura pfungwa isina kujeka yehurumende yakaganhurirwa kuva inokodzera, ganhuriro dzinochengetwa. Mumazana amakore, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa idzi gadziridzo kuputsa mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rukuru, kubva pakunzvera kusvikira pakunzvera kusina pamutemo. Bhishopu yekodzero inotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende yakaganhurirwa haisati ichingova bedzi pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba asi pamusoro penzvimbo dzinorondedzerwa zvakajeka umo hurumende isingagoni kupinda. ( Kurava Bill of Rights ]).

Matambudziko Ezana Rechi19 C.E.: Kubudirira Mumabasa Okugadzira Zvinhu uye Kodzero Dzako

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakaedza ganhuriro dzehurumende yakaganhurirwa munzira itsva. Chinjo yeIndustrial yakaparira kusaenzana kukuru kwezvemari, kuchisunda chiito chehurumende chokudzora migariro yokushanda, kushandiswa kwavana, uye mamiriro ezvinhu okutonga. iyi kurukurirano yaiwanzorwisana navadziviriri vamadiro vakasununguka veLaissez-faire mukurwisana navachinji avo vairamba kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi rwaida dziviriro musimba remari rapachivande uyewo simba rehurumende.

Sangano rokuparadza rakadenha zvakananga kupindira kwehurumende muuranda. Chisarudzo chaDrede Scott weUnited States (1857) chakaratidza kuti matare aigona sei kuratidzira nheyo dzehurumende dzakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokutsigira kodzero dzezvinhu dzavaranda pakodzero dzomusikirwo dzevanhu vakasungwa. Hondo yeChiviko neReconstructon igadziridza (kugadziriswa kwe13th, 14th, 15) akaedza kusimbisazve basa rehurumende mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu mukurwisana nokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende.

Munguvayo, sangano ravakadzi rakarwiwa kufutunura nhambo, richitaura kuti hurumende inomirira haibvumirwi painenge ichibvisa inopfuura hafu yavagari vemo.

Gakava Romuzana Remakore Rechi 20: Nhamo Norusununguko

Hondo mbiri dzenyika, Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, uye Hondo Yemashoko zvakakonzera kuwedzera kusingaenzaniswi kwesimba revakuru vakuru, kudzora upfumi, uye midziyo yokuchengetedza nyika.

Mukati meHondo yeNyika I, hurumende yeU.S. yakapfuudza Espionea Act (1917) neSedition Act (18), ichipinza kusabvumirana kwoutsotsi uye kuchitungamirira kukuiswa mutorongo kwavatsoropodzi zvakadai saEugene V. Debs. Dare Gurusa mu Scheck v. United States [19] [19] [19] yakatsigira iyi mitemo, kuparira "kukanganisa nokuvapo kwe" muedzo wakanetesa dziviriro dzerusununguko rwokutaura. Hondo yeNyika II yakaona kupesana kwevagari veJapan pasi peGenetic Grect 906] (6) kutvonerwa kwakananga kwomuitiro uyo Dare rakashurikidzwa gare gare gare gare asi panguva yakatsigirwa [FVT.KDEM] United States [194]

New Deac Era yakaratidzira shanduro inogarisa muukuru hwesimba rehurumende. Dare Gurusa rokutanga rakaputsa gadziriro huru dzeNew Deac sedzinopfuura shopu yeChommer Claus, asi pashure pe "court-packing" tyisidziro, yakakudza zvinoshamisa chiremera chehurumende inoraira. Pakasvika 1960, hurumende yehurumende yakanga yaita mutoro nokuda kwegarikano yenzanga, kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, uye kutarisirwa kwezvemari kwaizodaive kusingafungiki kuvavaki vatangi. Bvawo kuti Hurumende yeChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo hachireviwo chirevo chehurumende yakaganhuridzo: Kupindira kwehurumende kwakanga kuri madikanwa kuputsa mitemo yenzanga yenzanga nokudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota.

Munhambo yapashure pe9/11, nharo pamusoro pokunzverwa, kusungwa kusingachinjiki, uye matare ehondo dzakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba rapurezidhendi nedzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko. Patriot Act, NSA metameter program, uye Chibvumikiso cheUsendry of Military Force zvose zvakanyandura kunzvera kwechiito choukuru hwehurumende.

Mirangariro Yenguva Ino Pamusoro Pehurumende Ine Miganhu

Nhasi, nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa inoramba ichipokanidzwa zvikuru. Vamwe vanotaura kuti hurumende inodzora ($ne masangano ayo makurusa, masimba okutonga, uye zviremera zvisina kurongwa) zvinobatira pamiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanopikisa kuti zvinetso zvazvino uno zvakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, zvirwere, uye kuderera kwekombiyuta kunoda kukurumidza, chiito chehurumende chine simba chisingagoni kuganhurirwa nezvivako zve 18 zvezana ramakore.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nzwisiso huru yegamuchidzanwa renhau inopfuurira: simba rakakwana rinoshatisa chose chose, uye dziviriro dzesangano (mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa), kuparadzana kwamasimba, hurumende, kunyorwa kwamaruramiro, matare akazvimirira () ndiyo dziviriro yakanakisisa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Mibato yazvino uno yeganhuriro dzemashoko, ganhuriro dzakadzikama dzemari, uye kudzorwa kwedare kunoswedera zvakananga pamutauro nomufungo zvavavambi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsigiri nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro yenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoraira kuti hurumende irarame mukuwirirana nezvipikirwa zvayo zvakakwirira zvikurusa zvedziviriro negadziriro yakafanira.

Mupeto: Chengeta Kudzikama

Nhau yehurumende yakaganhurirwa haisati iri nhau yefambiro mberi yakatsiga kurusununguko rukuru rusingaperi. Inhau yekusawirirana kwenguva dzose pakati pekudikanwa kwenhevedzano nengozi youdzvinyiriri. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuwanazve ndokudzivirira miganhu yesimba rehurumende, kudzidza kubva mukubudirira nokukundikana kwenguva yakapfuura. Magna Carta, Kuvhenekerwa, kutanga kweAmerica, uye rwisano dzezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 zvose zvinonongedzera kufundo imwe inogarisa: hurumende inoremekedza ganhuriro dzayo imene muchengeti akavimbika zvikurusa werusununguko rwomunhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakafanana, kunzwisisa idzi nheyo dzinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta dzikamo isina kusimba rakakomba pakati pechiremera norusununguko munyika inochinja.