Kurondedzera Kutanga Senheyo Yebumbiro reMitemo

Kurerekera kumavambo kwakabuda seimwe yerondedzero dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa nedzinopanikirika zvikuru dzedudziro yebumbiro remitemo muAmerican jurisprudence. Pamavambo payo, uzivi hunoti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yokuti rugwaro rwaro panguva yarakatenderwa. Ikoku kunopesana namaune nedzidziso dze "Bumbiro remitemo ripenyu" rinobvumira revo yebumbiro remitemo kushanduka nokuchinja mitemo nemitemo. Nokuda kwavana vokutanga, chinyorwa hachisi midziyo isina chinhu inofanira kuzara nemipimo yazvinotendwa asi chinhu chinosungirwa pamutemo chine revo inogadziriswa kusvikira kuchinjwa nomutoo unorongwa weChikamu Vandekisi chemitemo.

Chimiro chazvino uno chekuvamba, chinowanzonzi "revo yavanhu vokutanga," chinonangidzira pakunzwisisa kwaizoita mutezo une mufungo wavanhu panguva yokuita kuti rugwaro ruve rwakasiyana. Ikoku kwakasiana neshanduro yapakuvamba yakare("icho donzo repakuvamba") iyo yakatsvaka kuwana sundo dzendangariro dzetsika dzavanhu vamene. Kuchinja kwakanga kuri kwakafanira uye kwouzivi. Sezvo Justice Antonin Scalia akapikisana, mutemo une revo yakazvimirira pachivande chevavariro dzavo chakavanzika. Ikoku kunochinjira kurevedza kurevo yapachena kubatira serondedzero yechokwadi yokududzira magwaro panzvimbo yokufungidzira muruzivo rwenhau. Inogoverawo hwakavakirwa zvakasimba nokuda kweparadzano yamasimba, senzvimbo dzokutonga muwirirano yakagadzwa.

Chirango chikuru chetsika dzapakuvamba chinotsamira pamisengwa miviri mikuru: kuvimbika kwamagwaro nokudzora kwokutonga. Kupfurikidza nokunamira mitemo mukunzwisiswa kwenhau kworugwaro, vatangi vanoramba kuti vari kutevera mutemo panzvimbo pokuuita. Ikoku kunonyanya kutsoropodza mukuparadzana kwemasangano, apo mapango anobatanidza kuvakwa kwehurumende. Apo mutongi anoregeredza revo yapakuvamba yeClauses muZvikamu I, II, uye II, vari kuisa miganhuro yezvivako yakaiswa pabazu rimwe nerimwe. Sezvinyorwa naGijhebe Gor Rove, "Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kusiri chinhu chinokosha; idziviriro inorwisana noudzo."

Kunzwisisa mavambo somutoo wokududzira wakaoma kunokosha kukunzwisisa basa rawo mukuparadzana kwamasimba azvino uno. Kunogovera magirazi ayo rwisano zhinji dzeDare dzinokosha zvikurusa dzinopedzwa.

Kuumbwa Kwesimba: Kunzwisisa Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba igadziriro inoshanda yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Panzvimbo pokuisa chiremera muchiremera chimwe kana kuti muviri, vaFramers vakaputsa noune simba rehurumende mumapazu matatu akasiana: Legislative (Article I), Mutungamiriri (Article II), uye Jujion (Article III). Iyi dzidziso haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yesimba rehurumende; idziviriro yoga yorusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba, Bumbiro remitemo rinoparira rwisano yomukati mukati mehurumende, richiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweidi ipi neipi kana kuti fariro yokudzora chishandiso chose.

Manyuko oungwaru etsika ino anosanotsaukwa zvakananga kumuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Montesquieu, ane basa Mudzimu weMitemo wakapesvedzera zvikuru chizvarwa chakavambwa. Zvisinei, kudzivirira kune chiremera zvikurusa kwedzidziso kunobva kuna James Madison muFederalist Papers. Muna Federalist. 47, Madison akashora zvakajeka pomero yokuti Bumbiro reMitemostiki harina kutsaurana pamutemo, achisimbisa kuti "kugadzwa kwamasimba ose, chigadziko, muchadenga, uye mumaoko mamwe chetewo... kungaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene yechirevo." Muchikamu chinonzi No.

Simba Romutemo (Njeremba I)

Dare rinoiswa "Masimba ose emitemo anopiwa" Kubva mumurangariro wapakuvamba wemitemo, ichi chibvumikiso chakazara uye chinoronga. Masimba akarongwa; Congress haagoni kushandisa chiremera kupfuura izvo zvakarongwa (kana kuti aya "anokosha neakafanira" nokuda kwokuauraya). Uku kunyorwa ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro mukurwisana nohudzori hwehurumende kana kuti kodzero dzavanhu. Muitiro wemitemo umene / "kudzora nokupa mutendi wehurumende) wakarongedzerwa kudzosa muitiro wokuita mutemo, kuvimbisa bvumirano yakafara pamberi pokunge mutemo watangwa.

Simba Rinotungamirira (Article II)

Rugwaro runoisa Clause yeChikamu II rwakasiana zvikuru neChikamu charwo I. Iro rinoisa "Guhu guru" muMutungamiriri mumwe, panzvimbo pokuronga masimba akananga nokukurumidza pamberi pokuaisa. Uku kusiyana kwamashoko kwakatungamirira kukurukurirano yakasimba pakati pavatangi. Mamwe, achitsigira "mukuru mukuru weChikamu II," anopikisa kuti uyu mutauro unopa Purezidhendi chiremera chapachivako, chiremera chapamhene pakuitwa kwemitemo, chinongozviisa bedzi kuganhuriro dzakananga dzinowanwa kumwe chete murugwaro. Vamwe vanowana murangariro wakaganhurirwa zvikuru, vachiramba kuti basa guru raPuerrente ndi "Tarirai kuti Mitemo inourawa nenzira yokutendeka," musengwa uyo unowirirana zvakananga nechiremera chake pakutora mitemo muBhungaro.

Simba Rokutonga (Article III)

Simba redare rinotambanukira bedzi ku "Madare" na"Masangano. Uyu mutauro unoisa zvinodikanwa zveruramisiro zvakasimba: kumira, kuibva, uye kuzvipira. Vazivi vemavambo vanowanzorangarira izvi ganhuriro sedzinokosha mukuchengeta basa rakafanira rejaji. Matare haasi masangano anodzivirira Dare padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi anovapowo kuti apedze gakava rapamutemo pakati pemapati akakomba. Uku kuganhurirwa kunodzivisa bazu redare kubudisa mirangariro yemifungo kana kuti kupinda mumagakava emitemo anopedzwa namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Naizvozvo kuparadzanisa Dare rinodzivirira Dare padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi rinodzivirirawo Dare kunzvimbo yarongeri.

Upakuvamba Huri Mumuitiro: Kuratidzira Kuparadzana Kwamasimba

Apo mutongi wemavambo akanangana nokuparadzana kwamasimba egakava, kunzvera kunovamba uye kunoguma norugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo namashoko akwo enhau. Marudzi akarongwa anowanzodiwa kupfuura kuedza kuchinjika. Mubvunzo hausi wokuti chiito chebazu rimwe i "ne mufungo" kuchinetso chorudzi, asi kana chiri mukati memasimba anogoverwa kubazu iroro neBumbiro remitemo.

Dzidziso Isina Kutenderwa

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinoshingaira zvikurusa dzeparadzano yamasimba makuru idzidziso isingabvumirwi. Chimiro chakapfava: kana simba rose remitemo rikapiwa muCongress, ipapo Congress isingagoni kupa simba iroro kuBazu reChirefu rinopa chiremera. Kwezana ramakore rechi20, Dare rakarega nenzira inobudirira iyi dzidziso, richibvumira kuti Congress igoves kurongedze chiremera chikuru kumasangano anotonga chero bedzi rakagovera nheyo ye "ingatendiswa" kutungamirira kungwariro yavo. Vatongi vekare vakarevesa mhaka yeChirati Gorwritisssss vaireasssssss. Mukupy yake inopesana mu [Foct:] . [Foct0] v. United States [Fct1:] [Flact1] [9], Gor, Gorthrogn, naMasai Robert, anotongawo Makurukota enhau anoona nhauro, anorangarira kuti vatsigiriki vatsigiriki vatsi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoramba kubvumira kubvumira kubvumira kuti vatsiridziri.

Chiremera Chinodzora Nechinotungamirira Chikamu

Vazivi vemavambo vave vari pamberi pakureverera rondedzero youkuru hwesangano. Iyi rondedzero inodavira kuti Purezidhendi ane udzori hwakasimba pabazu guru. Sangano ripi neripi rakasununguka rinoshandisa simba routungamiriri asi rakadzivirirwa kubva kudzororo yapurezidhendi (zvakadai seFederal Trade Commission kana kuti Securities and Exchange Commission) rinomutsa itiro yakakomba. Rugwaro rweChikamu II runopa "Simba reChikamu II" kuMutungamiriri wehurumende mumwe, uye Mutarisiri Creace Classia anomumanikidza kusimbisa kutendeka mitemo. Securiature muKupesana kwake mu [Foct:]. [FOLD: 1198] [8], "Ichichino chakafanira simba. , pakati pematare edare rehurumende, uye kurangaridza kutendeka kwamashoko omutemo (pam) apo dare rekare rakareverwa gare gare gare gare gare gare gare.

Chiremera Chokutonga Nemibvunzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chirevo chouziviso chedare remitemo chinozivisawo kunzwisisa kweganhuriro dzaro rimene. Dzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo isati iri nguva dzose yapakuvamba zvikuru mukushanda, inonzwika nepfungwa yokuti kusawirirana kwamabumbiro emitemo kunopinzwa mumagwaro kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, chipikirwa chaClaus (Article IV, Chikamu 4) chakarangarirwa kuva mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchisiya kuCongress kusarudza icho chinoumba "Republican Form of Government" vanodavira zvikuru kuva vanorerukirwa zvikuru namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro penhau dzedzimwe nyika nedzi, apo rugwaro runogovera yakafara yechisarudzo kuDare rehurumende kana kuti mutungamiriri wedare anoganhurirwa.

Zviratidzo Zvenhau Kupfurikidza Nezvitsinga Zvekare

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kuzvipira kumashoko akanyorwa, manyorerwo anoitwa zvinhu, uye kusava nechokwadi kwakanaka kwokuchinja zvinhu.

INS v. Chadha (19983)

Nyaya iyi yaibatanidza "regislative ," muitiro uyo imwe imba yeCongress yaigona kuputsa nawo chisarudzo chebazu guru (munhau ino, kudzingwa kwemitemo). Dare Gurusa rakairova. Mutongi mukuru Burger akanga ari muenzaniso wetsika, rugwaro. Dare raidzorosa kuti chibvumirano chiputse chiPineice nebidaralism yeChikamu I. Kana Congress ichida kuita nesimba romutemo, inofanira kupfuudza mutemo mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye kuupa kuna Purezidhendi. Chibvumirano chakanga chiri mugumo wakadzorwa pamusoro peidziro dzakajeka zvakajeka dzemitemo, uye Dare rinoramba chisakafanira chemitemo yakatanga kunzvera, chinoratidzira kuti mabazu acho anenge achikwanisa kupfuudza.

Clinton v. City of New York[[FLT] [1998]

The Line Int Inter Veto Act ya1996 yakapa Purezidhendi chiremera chokudzima gadziriro dzakati dzokushandisa kana kuti dzemitero mukati megweta rakakura. Dare rakatonga uyu wakanga usingatsivi mutemo. Murangariro weMutongi Stevens waidavira kuti Mutemo unoputsa Chipo chaClaus. Basa raPrezidhenti nderokutendera kana kuti kuramba mutemo wose; haagoni kuunyorazve nokudzima zvikamu zvakati. Kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwakanangidzirwa pamasangano akarongwa kuti aise mitemo. Bumbiro reMiteo remitemo rinopa, rinosanoronzesa, uye Purezidhendi haana chisarudzo chokugumisa mutemo pashure pokunge kwapfuudzira Dare. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba anodzivirira basa guru remitemo uye kurondedzera basa rePrenteenteercial’s.

Thrown mapeji & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (11952)

Kazhinji kazhinji yakarangarirwa kuva kuparadzana kukurusa kwenhau dzamasimba munhau yeDare, pwere dzakamuka apo Purezidhendi Truman akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kuti adzivise. Mutongi Black’s Black’s revolutionsived digistism. Akavamba nerugwaro: "Simba raPresidente, kana ripi neripi, rinofanira kuvamba chiito chichibva muchiito cheCongress kana kuti kuBumbiro remitemo pacharo. Kuwana chibvumirano chemitemo (Chonagrory (Chakaramba zvakajeka kusvika muTaft-Hartley Acty) uye hapana simba ravakuru vakuru vapakuvamba rokutora zvinhu zvapamhiro, Black'sciast yakataura chiito chokusaririra. Japson'sw's Const'sct, inoumba mufambiro wakakurumbira zvikuru nhasi, uye rugwaro rwamanyoro rwapakuvamba, sezvinotevera rugwaro rwamanyoro rwapakuvamba.

Zvibvumirano Nezvinopesana Muhurukuro Yazvino Yebumbiro Remitemo

Vashori vanotaura kuti kusatendeseka mundangariro kana kuti kusingashandi, zvikurukuru kana kukashandirwa kuzvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru zvokuparadzana kwamasimba azvino uno, pasinei zvapo nokukura kwazvo.

Chinetso Chokufa

Zvichida chitsama chinopfuurira zvikurusa ndicho "chinoparira kufema" chinetso: nei chaunga chamatomupiki chazvino uno chichifanira kusungwa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye chiono chakaganhurirwa chenyika cheboka duku ravachena, vanochera vanhu kubva muzana ramakore rechi18? Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rinofanira kuva gadziriro mhenyu inokwanisa kuchinjika kumigariro isingadeyi kutemwa, zvakadai sokumuka kwehurumende, kunzvera kwemichina yemagetsi, kana kuti ugandanga. Vaprista vanopindura kuti Chikamu V arendetendiro chinogovera muitiro wapamutemo wokuchinja. Kubvumira vatongi kuvandudza Bumbiro remitemo yemitemo yehurumende pasina kutenderwa kwehurumende yehurumende ndokuparadza mutemo.

Kusaziva Nhoroondo

Chitsama chinoshanda zvikuru chine chokuita nerevo huru yenhau. Mutongi anganaya zvirokwazvo mumwe, angadzivisa kunyorwa kwa "revo yapakuvamba" nokuda kwamashoko akajeka akafanana "kufamba,"" kana kuti "Simba rinotambudza"? Vanyori vanowanzosabvumirana pakati pavo vamene pamusoro perevo yemashoko makuru. Mutongi Stevens, mutsoropodzi wedzidziso dzapakuvamba, akataura kuti kutsvakwa kwerevo yapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji ndiko ku "sesvudza nhau dzenhau." vazivi venhau vanobvuma kuti ufakazi hwenhau hunogona kuva husinganzwisisiki asi hunochengeta kuti kunzvera kunorangwa zvikuru kupfuura kuita dare. Vanopa nharo kuti kuvapo kwezvinoitika zvakaoma hakururamisi mutoo wetsika unoshatsa.

Kukosha Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo ripenyu, rakadai seMutongi Stephen Breyer, vanotaura kuti mashoko akafara eBumbiro reMitemo anokumbira vatongi kuti varangarire mipimo yenhambo nemiuyo inoshanda. Mukuparadzana kwamasimba akapoteredza, ikoku kungatungamirira mutongi kutsigira chibvumirano chemitemo kana kuti sangano rakazvimirira nemhaka yokuti rinopedza chinetso chehurumende chazvino uno. Vazivi vemavambo vanodzosa kuti uku kusvika kunoputsa musiyano pakati pomutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana Bumbiro reMitemo richireva chipi kana chipi chaicho icho vatongi vanofanira kurangarira, ipapo kuparadza masimba kunongovawo zvako chikarakadzo, mupfuudzo chamaumbiso cheDare. Chirango chekare chinopiwa semhingano chaiyoiyo bedzi mukurwisana nejudicarea jitary.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutanga uye Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo

Mutevedzeri weDare Rapamusorosa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya anokarakadza kuti chitendero chapakuvamba chichapfuurira kuita basa guru mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru muparadzano yenhau dzamasimba. Wedzero yeRuramisiro Gormoth, Kavanaugh, uye Barrett (vose vane zvibvumikiso zvakasimba zvapakuvamba namagwaro) zvakasimbisa boka rakapiwa kuuyu mutoo. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinoratidzira iri chinja.

Mu [[FLT: 0] Virginia v. EPA [202]), Dare rakakumbira "Major Question Doctrine," ichida Congress kutaura nenzira yakajeka yechienzi pakugovera chiremera kumasangano makuru panhau dzemari nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo dzidziso yacho isiri yapakuvamba bedzi, inowirirana neparadzano yemasimba makuru anowirirana nemufungo wapakuvamba: kuchengeta chiremera uye kuganhura simba ravakuru vakuru. Chisarudzo cheDare mu [[FLT:] Right Enption in .[5]

Kurerekera kunzvimbo yapakuvamba hakusi rondedzero yakakwana kana kuti yakakwana. Inoshanduka - shanduka kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yomukati nechekunze. Bva ngwariro yayo parugwaro, mugadzirirwo, uye nhau inopa gadziriro yakasimba nenheyo yokupedza zvinetso zvisingagumi pakati pamapazu ehurumende yehurumende. Sezvo hurumende inopfuurira kudenha mapoka egamuchidzanwa, kuomerera pamitsetse yakajeka, masimba akacherwa, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende kucharamba kuri simba guru mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Gakavaradhenidzo pamusoro pezvapakuvamba uye kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba nde, mukati maro, kurukurirano pamusoro porudzi rwomutemo umene: kana uri murairo kuti unofanira kuteverwa kana kuti chishandiso chokuumba.