Mavambo Enhau Erwisano: Zvinetso

Kunzwisisa zvizere revo yeNorthern Ireland Assembly, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa rwisano huru yakarongedzerwa kupedza. Zvinetso, nhambo yesimba renyika, retsika, uye masimba masimba esekete izvo zvakapfuurira kuvambira mukupera kwama 1960 kusvikira paIrland yeChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu cha1998, zvakauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 uye zvakasiya nhaka yenhamo. Rwisano rwakakura rwechiPurotesitendi, urwo rwaida kuti Northern Ireland irambe iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, nevoruzhinji veKaturike, avo vakatsvaka kuva noruwa rwakabatana. Masangano enyika enyika, kusarura zvamatongerwe enyika, kutsakatika, uye rusaruro mudzimba namakumi amakore ebasa masimba masimba masimba akarongwa neRiphabliki reIreland (IRA) uye kuvimbika kwehondo huru kubva muUtomubatanidzwa weBritain.

Nhamburiko dzokuwana kugadzikiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika dzakatanga zvapachokwadi muma1970 nama 1980, asi dzakadzokororwazve. Chibvumirano cheAnglo - Irish cha 1985 chakapa Republic of Ireland basa rokubvunza munhau dzeNorthern Ireland, asi chakarambwa navabatanidzwa. Muitiro worugare wakava nesimba muma1990, wakadzorwa nehurukuro dzakavanzika, kumira kwemoto, uye vatungamiriri vemifananidzo yakadai saJohn Hume, David Trimble, Gerry Adams, naAlbert Reynolds pakupedzisira wakabvumirana pa 10 April 1998, unozivikanwa seChishanu, apo chibvumirano cheBelfast Adgiment (chinowanzonzi Chishanu Chakanaka) chakasainwa nehurumende dzechisere dzeBritain nedzechiIrish nedzechisere kubva kuNorthern Ireland.

Chibvumirano chacho ipapo chakabvumwa nehemikoro: 71% yavavhoti muNorthern Ireland uye 94% muRepublic yeIreland yakachitendera. Uku kuraira kwedemokratiki kwakanga kuchikosha. Chibvumirano cheGood Friver Applice chakagadza chivako chine mirakatira mitatu: Strand Omwe yakatanga British Northern Ireland Assembly neConference yeBritish Irrish. Saka Gungano ndiro gurusa rehurumende yomukati , rakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuti Dare reNorth-Southern-Ministerial reMasterin liuniverse riungane nehurumende yeIrish; uye Strand Th 3. akatanga British-Irish Communmentation.

Hwaro Hwechishanu Hwakanaka

Good Founder Agreement ibvumirano yakaoma, ine magariro akawanda inogara panheyo dzakawanda: kubvumira, kudzora simba, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuremekedza. Kutendera kunoreva kuti Northern Ireland inoramba iri rutivi rweUK kusvikira voruzhinji vevagari vayo vavhota. Mutemo wesimba rinodzivirira kuti mubatanidzwa mukuru zvikuru nevemasangano enyika yose uva hurumende yebatanidzwa pamwe chete. Chibvumirano chacho chinobatanidzawo migove mikuru pakuchinja kwemapurisa, kubvisa zvombo zvechiuto, uye kubudiswa kwevasungwa.

Chikamu chikuru chinoitwa nesangano rinowirirana reGurukota Rinodzora. Gurukota rokutanga nemutevedzeri weSanihenzi Rokutanga vanosarudzwa pamwe chete neGungano pahwaro hwemuchinjikwa, zvinoda kutsigirwa nehurumende kana vakabatana nechikwata chenyika. Masangano 11 okushumira anopiwa mapoka achishandisa nzira yed'Hondt, yakavakirwa pamigove yavo yezvigaro muGungano. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kunyange mapoka asina kuhwina zvigaro zvakawanda achava nebasa muhurumende kana akasangana nechikumbaridzo. Magungano acho amene anoshandisa mubatanidzwa webvumiranowirirana (voruzhinji vose vari vaviri vakabatana neverudzi) uye anorema vanhu vakawanda (60 muzana yemitezo yose iri pa40 muzana yezvirongwa) nokuda kwemutemo mumwe nomumwe nomumwe, achidzivisa kuti vasarumbirwe panzanga imwe chete paboka racho.

Chibvumirano chakatangawo boka idzva remitemo: "Zvisarudzo zvinokosha" zvinoda tsigiro inodzorwa neboka. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kusarudzwa kweScoumer, kuchinja kumira, uye kutenderwa kwemari. Masangano aya akarongedzerwa kumanikidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokubatira pamwe. Kubviswa kwezvombo zvehondo yakanga iri nhau inokakavara zvikuru, yakapedzwa pakupedzisira pa 2005 mutarisiro yemitumbi yakazvimirira. Policia yakachinja nokusikwa kweProce Service yeNorthern Ireland (PNI) uye kuitwa kwerumbidzo yePatten Report, kukuramura nokutungamirira kweKaturike zvivako zvokuzvidavirira.

Masimba Nemabasa Egungano RokuNorthern Ireland

Dare reNorthern Ireland idare remitemo reuncameral rine 90 vatenzi veLegislative Assembly (MLS), rakasarudzwa nevhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV) kubva pa 18 yemitezo mishanu. Gungano rine kukwanisa kwakazara kwemitemo pamusoro pe "kusimudzwa" nhau: kurima, dzidzo, utano, mabasa enzanga, dzimba, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, kuvandudzika kwemari, tsika, uye mutambo. Rinogonawo kuita mitemo pamusoro penhau "dzinoshandira" (dzikadai seruramisiro yeutsotsi nerongedzero yeUK Paramendime, uye "Profeta" nhau (se nhau dzenzanga dzokunze kwedzimwe nyika, dziviriro, dziviriro) dzinoramba dziri pasi pokudzorwa kwaSmistern.

Gungano rinonzvera basa reMutungamiriri kupfurikidza namatare anonzvera shongwe yedhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende. Matare aya anonzvera zvikwereti, anorangarira muitiro, uye anorangarira kuti vashumiri vazvidavirire. Gungano rinewo zvikumbiro zveCheches common system, zvinobvumira 30 sezvinoda vhoti yemichinjikwa pamutemo unokarakadzwa, achidzivisa voruzhinjiwo zvavo kuti vasanyanyotsigira fariro duku. Ikoku kwave kuchishandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kumisa mutemo unorwisana, zvikurukuru muroorano yezvene chokuita namagariro okubvisa mimba, kutozosvikira chinjo dzamanikidzwa gare gare gare nomutemo weWesterman.

Kubva pamirau, Gungano rinogovera nzvimbo yavose nokuda kwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, inomirira mirangariro yakasiana-- siyana. Rinoitisa mibvunzo, kunzvera kugadzwa kwavose, uye kurukurirano dzoukoshi hwenyika dzakadai setapuro yeBrexit. Mutungamiriri (Mutauri) anovimbisa kusasarura. Commission inotarisira zvinhu zvesangano, vashandi, uye bhajeti. Gungano rinewo basa muukama hwamarudzi ose, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neBritiname Separamende yeBritain nesangano rakabatana neEuropean Union.

Kushandisa Simba: Mukuru

Chiremera cheNorthern Ireland Chinodzora chinoumbwa noMutungamiriri weHurumende weChibatanwa Chokutanga, mutevedzeri woMufundisi wokutanga (ari vakuru vehurumende pamwe chete), uye vakuru vakuru 10 vamadhipatimendi vakagadzwa nomutoo wed'Hondt. Mubatiri wokutanga nomutevedzeri woMufundisi wokutanga vanosarudzwa pamwe chete neGungano pavhoti remuchinjikwa. Vane nzvimbo yakaenzana uye vanoita pamwe chete pazvisarudzo zvakawanda, zvakadai sokuisa mari kana kuti vashumiri vanoisa. Iyi gadziriro inoratidzira nheyo inokosha yokuti nzanga haigoni kudzora mumwe.

Mukuru mukuru anogona bedzi kuumbwa kana mapoka makurusa evabatanidzwa uye ezvourudzi akabvumirana kutora rutivi. Kana mumwe munhu akarega, kuputsika kwose kweGurukota. Ikoku kwakaitika kanoverengeka: nhambo dzinocherekedzwa zvikurusa dzekudzinga dzakaitika muna 2000, 2002-2007, uye nguva pfupi yapfuura kubva muna 2017-2020 paIncentive (RHI) inonyadzisa. Dambudzi rimwe nerimwe raida kutaurirana kukuru pakati pehurumende dzeUK neIrish kuti dzigadzirise masangano. Simba rehurumende dzinodzoro, nepo risingataniki, rakamanikidzira mapoka kubatira kana kuti kutarisana zvakananga neLondon, izvo zvisingafarirwi zvikuru.

Zvisarudzo zvemabhangi zvakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti Mutungamiriri anofanira kugovera zvinhu mumadhipatimendi ose nepo achigutsa nzanga dzose dziri mbiri. Kushaikwa kwechishoro chetsika mumuenzaniso wapakuvamba kwakatsoropodzwa, asi 2022 Demian Millen, chibvumirano chitsva chokushorwa chapamutemo nokuda kwamasangano anosarudza kusatora mabasa oushumiri.

Kugadzira Nokugadzira Michina Munharaunda

ML sezvinofanira kuzviratidzira vamene semubatanidzwa, mubatanidzwa, kana kuti zvimwe apo vanosaina mubatanidzwa wemitezo. Iyi chiratidzo chinoraira gadziriro yokuvhota yomuchinjikwa ne 40% yezita rimwe nerimwe (vakuru). Iri mauto anofanira kupfuvura sechisarudzo che "key," anofanira kugamuchira zvimwe (a) ruzhinji rwemitezo yose pamwe chete nembiri yemibatanidzwa yevhoriyano yenyika yose (kubvumirana kwechikwata chenyika) kana kuti (b) inenge 60% yemitezo yose ine 40% yezita rimwe nerimwe. Mumuitiro uyu mativi anofambidzana muboka. Mubasa, murairo wakawanda zvikurusa unopfuudza voruzhinji, asi nhau dzinorwisana nemireza, maratidziro, uye chiziviso chetsika kazhinji kazhinji.

Gadziriro yokunyora yave ichitsoropodzwa nokuda kwokukamuranisa mapoka esekete, sezvo MMS ichimanikidzirwa kuzivisa kuzivikanwa kwenzanga panzvimbo pepfungwa imwe. Mamwe mapoka, kufanana neAlliance Party, akapikisana nokuda kwokubviswa kwayo. Zvisinei, gadziriro inoramba iri ibwe rekona reChibvumirano, ichigovera dziviriro nokuda kwevaduku. Zvikumbiro zveContents actal, izvo zvinobvumira 30 MMAS kukumbira vhoti yemuchinjikwa panhau ipi neipi, yakashandiswa nenzira yakakodzera; somuenzaniso, Democratic Unionism Party (DuP) yakaishandisa kuvhara roorano imwe cheteyo yamakore, kusvikira Westminster.

Denho Nekugadziriswa: Kupera Kwemvura, Brexit, uye Kudzorerwa

Gungano racho rakatarisana nenjodzi dzakawanda. Kuchinja kwokutanga kwakaitika muna 2000, mwedzi mishomanana pashure pokunge masangano atora chigaro, nokuti IRA yakanga isina kupedza zvombo. Pashure pokukundikana kweMitchell Review, Peter Mandelson, aizove Munyori weHurumende yeNorthern Ireland, akarembedza Gungano. Rakadzorerwazve muna May 2000 pashure pokunge IRA yaita chibvumirano chokubvisa basa. Kuwedzera kwehondo kwakawedzera kwakaitika kubvira muna October 2002 kusvikira muna May 2007, zvichitevera kupomera kwebasa rokuunganidza kwouchenjeri hweIRA paSponsont. Munguva ino, Northern Ireland yakadzoserwazve nomutemo wakananga kubva kuSminstern.

Gungano reSt Andrews Agreement ya2006 rakatanga nzira yokudzorera, richida kuti Dup igamuchire simba rinodzorwa neSinn Féin kuti itsigire mapurisa neruramisiro. Democratic Unionism Party, yaitungamirirwa naIan Paisley, uye Sinn Féin, yaitungamirirwa naGerry Adams, yakabvuma kugoverana simba, uye Gungano rakaita kuti rizobatanidzwa muna 2007 nePaisley soMufundisi wokutanga naMartin McGuin semun Semutenzi Mukuru Mukuru weSangano Rokutanga. Nguva iyi yokugadzikana kwakaramba kuripo kusvikira muna January 2017, apo chikanganiso chitsva cheIntenativei yeInteveritivei yakaderera. Chitsotsiro chaibatanidza chirongwa chegirini chakashatsa mamirioni chaipira mamirioni emakiro chaidya mazana emakiro.

Chikanganiso chamakore matatu akatevera yakanga iri nhambo refusa pasina hurumende. Hurumende dzeUK neIreland dzakaparadza Gumi reMiredzi Itsva, chibvumirano cheNew Approach muna January 2020, icho chakadzorera masangano nechinjo dzakabatanidza chishoro chakasimba, mutauro mutsva nepasuru yetsika (kubatanidza dziviriro dzemutauro weIreland nemumiririri weUlster-Scots), uye chinjo kuMutezo weChespect wokudzivisa kubata zvisina kufanira. Gungano rakatangazve pana 11 January 2020.

Brexit akamutsa denho huru kuChibvumirano cheGood Wenday. Kubuda kweUK muEU kwakaita muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa cheIreland, uko kwakakanganisa gadziriro yorugare. Northern Ireland Protocol, yakatsiviwa neWindsor Framework, yakachengeta Northern Ireland iri mubatanidzwa nemitemo yeEUC, kuvamba muganhu weIrish muIrish Sea. Masangano eUnion, zvikurukuru Dupu, akaona ikoku setyisidziro kunzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland muUK uye pakupedzisira kushandisa Chikumbiro cheConcarlent uye pakupedzisira mukomana weGungano kukwikwidza pashure peMay 20222, akadzivisa kuumbwa kwechitengidzo yeGeneti kusvikira February 2024, apo chibvumirano chakasvikwa panhau itsva inonzi "Univering'ity UK uye chitsarusanwa chibvumirano chemitemo yomunguva yemberi.

Munjodzi idzi dzose, Gungano rimwe nerimwe rakaratidza kusimba.Kudzorerwa kumwe nokumwe kunosimbisa kuzvipira kwemapati ose – kunyange avo vanoshora Porotocol – kunheyo dzeChibvumirano chaGood Chishanu. Sangano racho rakapukunyuka nemhaka yokuti hakuna imwe nzira inoshanda. Kutonga kwakananga kunoonekwa sokukundikana kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yomunzvimbomo, uye vanhu vanoramba vachitsigira zvikuru kubviswa kwechinjo.

Kutapura Munzanga Nezvemari

Kuvapo kweGungano kwave kune miuyo mikuru kupfuura zvamatongerwe enyika. Kukamuraniswa kworugare kwakaunza kugadzirwa kwemari kukuru, kukura kwezvokushanyira, uye kuvandudzika. Guta reBelfast rakashandurwa, nehotera itsva, maresitorendi, uye nzvimbo dzetsika dzakadai seTitanic Kartimeter. Guta Guru ratarisira zvirongwa zvikuru zvepfuma, kubatanidza A5 yakakura yeBelfast City Airport. Kuvandudza dzidzo, kuvandudza kwemibato yezvoutano, uye mapurogiramu edzimba dzenzanga zvakabetsera vagari vemo.

Zvisinei, kusarurana kwemasekete kunoramba kwakavakirwa mudzimba, dzidzo, uye upenyu hwenzanga. Munenge 90% yavana vanopinda zvimwe zvikoro (zvikurukuru zvePurotesitendi) kana kuti zvikamu zveKaturike. Masvingo orugare achiri kuparadzanisa nzanga muBelfast. Gungano rakaedza kukurukura nhau idzi kupfurikidza neBothernet: Kuvaka sangano reUnited Community uye mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemuchinjikwa. Hofisi yeMumiririri wokutanga nomuteveri weMufundisi wokutanga inoronga Purogiramu yeCohesion, Huwation, uye Integration.

Gungano rakapawo mutemo unokosha panhau idzo dzakambovharwa neChikumbiro cheConnecticut, zvakadai seroorano yevatano yapamutemo (yakarongwa muna 2020 pashure pokupindira kweWestminster) uye kubvisa pamuviri (kwakapiwawo neWestminster). Kushaikwa kwoMutungamiriri kwenhambo refu kwakareva kuti nhau dzakawanda dzenzanga dzakasiyiwa dzisina kugadziriswa, asi dzangodzorerwa bedzi, Assembly yakaratidza kuti inogona kushandura misoro inotaro apo inenge iri madikanwa.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Aripo Iye Zvino Nekariro Dzenguva Yemberi

Kusvikira muna 2025, Gungano reNorthern Ireland rinoshanda pashure pechisarudzo chakarebesa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende wazvino ndiMichelle O'Neill (Sin Féin) uye mutevedzeri woMufundisi Wokutanga ndiEmma Little-Pengelly (Dupelly), anoratidzira rukundo rwenhau sebato gurusa mujaho re 2022. Mukuru mukuru anotarisana nezvinetso zvikuru: basa routano rakaoma, mapepa akamirira, njodzi yedzimba, uye ndyiko dzezvitambudzo dzinopfuurira. Nhaka dzaVarombo dzinoramba dzichiramba dzichigadziriswa, namapoka evanyajambwa vanoshushikana zvikuru kubva paRelegious Act (io yakapfuudzwa neWestmin asi anotarisana nedenho dzapamutemo).

Windsor Framework na 2024 "Kuchengetedza Union" basa rakarerutsa zvichemo zvokubatana, asi kusawirirana kukuru kunopfuurira. DuP inoramba ichingwarira kurongeka kupi nokupi nemitemo yeEU, uye Sinn Féin anopfuurira kunhimbe nokuda kwokuvhota kwakabatana kweIreland. Gungano inhandare apo izvi zviono zvinokwikwikwidzana zvinofanira kuyanana. Kukwanisa kushanda kunotsamira pakuda kwemativi ose kushanda mukati mezvivako zvefaindi yeChirungu.

Kuvimba nevoruzhinji mumasangano aya hakuna kusimba. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda muNorthern Ireland vanoodzwa mwoyo nokusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, Gungano rinoramba riripo panzvimbo inobvumirwa nehurumende inobviswa. Kuvapo kwaro kunodzivisa kudzorwa kwomutemo unotungamirira uye, pamwe chete nawo, ngozi yemasimba masimba akamutsidzirwa. Peace Process haina kukwana; inoda kuramba ichigadziridzwa. Gungano injini yeidzoro, uye kupukunyuka kwaro kunokosha nokuda kworugare, rubudiriro, uye nguva yemberi yeNorthern Ireland.

Mugumo: Basa Rinotsungirira

Northern Ireland Assembly inopfuura zvikuru boka romutemo; chiratidzo chebudiriro yeGood Friday Agreement mukushandura nzanga yakaparadzwa nerwisano kuva iyo inokwanisa kuwirirana kworugare. Nepo yakagumbuka, yakarembera, uye yakadzongonyedzwa pamhenderekedzo, haina kutongokundikana zvechigarire. Dambudziko rimwe nerimwe rakanangana nekurukurirano itsva, kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza hurumende dzeBritain neIreland dzinoshanda savatsigiri. Simba reGungano rinovarira kugadziridza, rakasimbiswa munheyo dzebvumirano neruremekedzo, rakabvumikisa kuva rakasimba rakakwanisika kumamiriro okunze emisi yokunze, kuurayana, uye kushora kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gungano haripedzi mapoka ose akadzika muNorthern Ireland. Inzira yokuadzora, kupinza rwisano mukurukurirano yeparamende nehurumende inobatana panzvimbo pamasimba masimba. Nokuda kwavanhu veNorthern Ireland, Gungano rinopa inzwi – risina kukwana, rinokangaidza, uye kazhinji kazhinji rinovhiringidza – asi inzwi. Chero bedzi inzwi iroro richireva magamuchidzanwa ose ari maviri, Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chichapfuurira kubata. Gungano isati iri nhaka bedzi yorugare; itsika yezuva nezuva, muitiro mupenyu worugare.

Kutenderana hachizi chigadziko asi ibasa; masangano haagumi asi chinhu; Kuungana ndiko kunoitirwa vanhu vaviri, netsika mbiri, neshungu mbiri.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza pawebsite yeNorthern Ireland Assembly, rugwaro rweChibvumirano cheBelpy[, uye nzvera kubva mu [[FLT:] Times Good Frive Authment

Nguva yemberi ichaedzazve Gungano – nokunzvera muganhu, chinjo yechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye nhaka yeBrexit. Asi kana nhau iri nhungamiro ipi neipi, masangano achachinja. Gungano reNorthern Ireland rinoramba riri chinhu chikuru chegadziriro yorugare, chiratidzo kuinobvira apo utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika hunosarudza simba rinodzorwa pasimba, uye apo nzanga dzinosarudza kuvaka nguva yemberi inogoverana.