Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ikokumira panzvimbo yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwechiremera chehurumende mubazu ripi neripi risingadzorwi. Nepo ngwariro huru inopiwa kumwero wehurumende muUnited States, hurumende dzinotonga dzinova dzakaenzana kuidzoro kuichi chirongwa. Hadzingoenzanisi bedzi chimiro chemitauro pamwero wamarudzi ose asi dzinobatanidzwawo mutsinhirano yehurumende yeAmerica inorondedzera Hurumende yehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rehurumende muparadzano yamasimba, kubva panheyo dzadzoro dzadzoro dzadzosero kumabasa adzo ezuva nezuva, uye kunzvera kwadzinochengeta sei kunzvera nokuenzanisa zvose zviri zviviri mumapoka adzo ose ari maviri muhurumende yavo vamene uye mukuwirirana nehurumende yenyika.

Mavambo Enhau Okuparadzana Kwesimba muUnited States

Nheyo yokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende inoronda mavambo ayo ouchenjeri kuVakangwara vakafanana naMontesquieu, vane Syevo Mitemo yeMitemo yakataura kuti rusununguko runoda pamutemo wakasiana, mukuru mukuru, uye mibato inotonga. Mabumbiro eMitemo akaisa iyi pfungwa mugadziriro yehurumende, asi vakazivawo kuti mitemo yavo vamene inodikanwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Panosvika nguva apo Bill of Rights yakatenderwa muna 1791, miganhuro yenyika yakatobatanidza paradzano yakajeka yemasimba. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts akarongwa naJohn Adams, akazivisa kuti mutemo, mukuru, uye masangano edare anozivisa kuti aparadzane, uye kuti aparadzane, kusvikira kumugumo ungava usati uri mutemo wehurumende.

Mumazana amakore, matare ehurumende akamanikidzira izvi gadziriro nesimba. Kusafanana negadziriro yomubatanidzwa, umo kuparadzana kwamasimba kunowanzorehwa muchimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo, mabumbiro emitemo anokombamira kuva nomutauro wakajeka unoda mapazi akasiyana. Ikoku kwakaparira mubatanidzwa wakapfuma womutemo wehurumende unoumba kuti vatongi, vagadzi vemitemo, uye matare anoshandira pamwe sei pahwaro hwezuva nezuva.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Hurumende iri yose ine bumbiro rayo imene, uye inodokuva yose ine nyaya yakatsaurirwa kana kuti chikamu pakuparadzirwa kwamasimba. Idzi gadziriro dzinoratidzira zvikurukuru gadziriro yehurumende asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza dzimwe dziviriro. Somuenzaniso, mabumbiro enyika akawanda anorambidza munhu kubatira muvanopfuura bazu rimwe panguva imwe cheteyo, uye mutemo unoratidzira kupesana kweBumbiro reMitemo reSinato reChiviko raClaus asi unoshandiswa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai saVirginia, dzinokamuranisa zvakajeka simba "pakati pomutemo, mukuru mukuru, uye masangano okutonga" uye dzinorambidza kuti munhu arege kushandisa masimba api naapi aripo anoshanda. Vamwe, kufanana naTexas, yakabvisa kuparadza masimba eGodheaity yekodzero dzadzo dzavo.

Manyorerwo akaitwa mashoko akajeka eidzi zvitsama ane chokuita zvikuru. Apo gavhuna anoedza kunyora chinhu chomutsetse mumutemo wemitemo kana kuti mugavhuna ane sangano ravakuru vakuru mukuzvidza, matare ehurumende anofanira kuturikira miganhu yakagadzwa nebumbiro remitemo rawo amene. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuhurumende yemitemo yakatanhamara yakawanda inonatsa dzidziso. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamusoro pokuti mumwe murairo wemitemo unobatanidza sei nheyo idzodzi, unogona kuhwirudzura kupfupikisa kupfupikiswa kwemitemo yenyika [ BALTPP], uko kunogovera rutivi rwezvisarudzo kumativi eparadzaniswa kwamasimba ose 50.

Bazi Romutemo Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Kuvakwa Nesimba

Hurumende ndiyo mitumbi mikuru inogadzira mitemo munyika imwe neimwe. Kunze kwedare remitero reNebraska risati rasvika, nyika dzose dzine gadziriro yebimeral neimba yapamusoro (inowanzonzi Dare) uye imba yakaderera (kazhinji kazhinji Gungano, Imba yaVamiriri, kana kuti House of Nhume). Iyi mitumbi ine simba rokuita mitemo, mitero yelevy, inodzora bhajeti rehurumende, uye inotarisira bazu guru kupfurikidza nebvunziyo nezvinosimbiswa.

Nzvero yakakomba yokuti masangano emitemo ane simba rechikwama. Pasina chibvumirano chemitemo, hapana sangano rehurumende rinogona kupedza mari. Gavhuna vangakarakadza bhajeti, asi mutemi wemitemo pakupedzisira anodzora kufambiswa kwemari. Ikoku kunopa vaiti vemitemo chishandiso chine simba kuganhurira kunyengera. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wemitemo unogona kubvisa murayiro wechiremera waunoona seusiri wapamutemo kana kuti usina uchenjeri, unomanikidzira gavhuna kukurukura.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Kwechiremera

Kupfuvura kuronga, masangano ehurumende anoshandisa matare anotarisira kushandiswa kwemitemo. Anogona kukumbira vakuru vakuru vebazu kupupurira, kuraira magwaro, uye kubudisa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, dzimwe matare ehurumende akatanga mahofisi okutarisira azvimirira kuti aone kushanda kwesangano pahwaro hunokosha. Basa iri rokuparadza masimba rinovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru wacho haashandi munzvimbo isina chinhu uye anofanira kupindura vamiririri vakasarudzwa vavanhu. Nokuda kwemuenzaniso chaiwoiwo wenyika woutarisiri hwemitemo mubasa, rangarira basa re Reveauniversement of State State graclatures (NCS)[FLLF:], iro rinogovera mibato yakanakisisa nokuda kwokutarisira.

Vatungamiriri Vebazu Namasimba Okugadzira Zviwitsi

Gavhuna Somukuru Mukuru

Gavhuna anobatira somusoro webazu guru munyika imwe neimwe. Kufanana naPurezidhendi, gavhuna ane simba rokuita mitemo, kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kuraira vadzori vehurumende veNational Guard, uye kupa zvirango zvehurumende. Zvisinei, mabumbiro emitemo anowanzoisa dzimwe nzvero pachiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, maruwa mazhinji anoda kuti kugadzwa kukuru kusimbiswe nehurumende yehurumende, uye mamwe maruwa ane vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira (vakadai somumiririri mukuru kana kuti munyori wehurumende) vanogoverana simba ravakuru vakuru vakuru. Uku kugovera kwoumambo mukati mebazu rimene rutivi rwechienzi rwehurumende inosimbisa kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba.

Simba Revha Neganhuriro Dzaro

Magavhuna mazhinji ane simba rokupa mutemo unopiwa nedare. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa chinhu chinenge chatendwa, dzichibvumira gavhuna kurova mitsetse kubva pamirayiro isina kuramba chiyero chose. Iri simba icherekedzo yakananga pakuwedzera kwemitemo. Zvisinei, dare remitemo rinogona kukunda chivhoti chenhete-pei kana kuti chiteshi chikuru chemifungo kana vachichinja ndangariro dzavo dzisati dzasainwa. Kuisa pakati pevhoti nemutengo wemipimo muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemiedzo nereve pamwero pamwero yenyika. Mune dzimwe nyika, chibvumirano chinogonawo kuyeuka chirevoti chinobva muchibharo chagaro chagaro kana vachichinja ndangariro dzavo kuti kuisanwa pamberi pekutonga kworuvarati yemibatanidzwa.

Gadziriro Dzoutarisiri Nokuparadzana Kwesimba Zvinetso

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakabudiswa namagavhuna yazova manyuko anowanzoparadzana kwamasimba. Apo gavhuna anopa murairo unoratidzika kuva unobvuta chiremera chehurumende (_Somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuchinja pasina nguva yapashure mutemo kana kuti kuisa mutemo wokuti mutevedzeri wedare rakaramba noune kupfuvura) matare ehurumende anofanira kusarudza kana murairo wacho uchipinda munzvimbo yavakuru vakuru. Mukati medamutande reCOVID , mirakato yakawanda yakadenha mirairo yavakuru vakuru vakuru pakuparadzana kwemasimba. Mumaganhuro mazhinji, matare akatsigira mirairo yekurumidziro yechinguvana asi akanyevera kuti kushandiswa kwemirayiro yechiremera kungagona kuputsa miganhuro yemitemo. Uku kunopfuurira kunosimbisa ukoshiyo yorugwaro rwakajeka nemitemo.

Mapazi Anotonga Nematare Ehurumende

Basa Negadziriro

Dare rehurumende rinoumba bazi rechitatu rehurumende. Vanodudzira mitemo yenyika nebumbiro remitemo, vanopedza nharo pakati pemasangano ehurumende, uye nyaya dzinobatanidza masangano ehurumende. Hurumende zhinjisa dzine mitsetse yematare edare akarongwa: matare okutonga (anowanzonzi matare makuru kana kuti eruwa), matare epakati pedare, uye dare rapamusorosa (zvinowanzonzi dare rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo muNew York dare rapamusorosoro rinonzi Dare rezvikwidzo).

Kuongorora Kutonga Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Dare reHurumende rine simba renzvero yedare, kureva kuti dzinogona kuzivisa chiito chomutemo kana kuti chokutonga chisati chiri chehurumende pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinozviisa kuchiremera chedare rehurumende pasi pe . Madison. matare ehurumende anogona kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu kupfuura U.S. Dare guru rinodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende, nemhaka yokuti mabumbiro emitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ane zvipikirwa zvakakura. Somuenzaniso, matare makuru enyika akawanda akawana kodzero yokutsigira dzidzo pasi pemitemo yawo, kunyange zvazvo Dare guru rehurumende rakaramba kuziva kodzero yemubatanidzwa. Iri chimiro chakasimba chinoshanda che “chinjo youchangamire.

Dare rehurumende rinoitawo basa rinokosha mukusimbisa kuparadzana kwemasimba mukati mehurumende. Apo gavhuna anopfuura chiremera chake, kana kuti apo mutongi anopindira pamibato yokutonga, matare ehurumende ndiwo madzoro enhau. Nokuda kwefundo ine simba, ona chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reCalifornia mu [FLT: 0] California Asn. yeHealth Facianatic v. Department of Health Services, iyo yakaputsa mutezo webazu rehurumende uyo unorwisana nomutemo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira kuti kuparadza masimba masimba haisi dzidziso inotaurwa kuva iri yenharo asi ichiri dzidziso inoshanda inoitwa navatongi vazvimiriri vazvizvigaro.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Ukama Hwehurumende

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakuna kuganhurirwa mukati memiganhu yenyika. Mufungo wehurumende unotanga paradzano yakakwirira yamasimba(pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende) iyo inoshanda pamwe chete nokuparadzana kwapakati pehurumende imwe neimwe. Dare reMitemo reU.U.S. rinochengeta masimba akati kunyika (anodanwa kuti “masimba ehurumende”) nepo richipa masimba anodudzwa kuDare rehurumende. Iri boka rinoparira uchangamire huviri uhwo Dare rapamusorosoro rakatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Zvisinei, kusawirirana kunomuka apo mitemo yehurumende kana kuti miraudzo inodzorwa panzvimbo dzinodzorwa namagamuchidzanwa, dzakadai sedzidzo, nyika, kana kuti utano hwavose.

Kuedzwa Neganhuriro Dzako

Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inobonderana, Supremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inoraira kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ushande. Asi kutema kana Congress yakaitirwa kusunungura chiremera chehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inhau yakaoma. MaDare anoshandisa fungidziro mukurwisana nokusunungurwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzeitiro hanya yegamuchidzanwa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende dzakadenha mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pokutama, ganhuriro yemhoteredzo, uye tarisiro youtano, achisimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yakadarika miganhuro yamasimba ayo anodudzwa. Idzinokakava dzinogombedzera matare kuti atsigire paradzano yamasimba pakati pamadzimambo maviri.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, migariro yemari yehurumende inogona kutaura kuti igamuchire miitiro yaizoshora. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende yakaisa mari mumugwagwa mukuru pahurumende dzinokwidziridza zera rokunwa kusvikira ku 21. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira muitiro uyu mu South Dakota v. Dole, inoramba iri muenzaniso unopesana wekudzika mitsetse yokuparadzana kwesimba rehurumende. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana kwederefiti yomubatanidzwa, ona [[FLT:] Construction Institute yeGeneactive Information Institute [FLT:]].

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba Muhurumende yeHurumende

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Munhambo yamakwikwi makuru okusarura, masangano ehurumende namagavhuna kazhinji kazhinji anozviwana amene asina kuwirirana. Hurumende yakakamuraniswa.(apo boka rimwe rinodzora imba yomutemo uye rimwe rinoita kuti pave nehurumende) ringatungamirira kuronga kumira, kunonozeka mumikana, uye kazhinji kazhinji. Nepo magiratisi anoonekwa secherekedzo yakanaka pamutemo usina kuchenjera, kunyanyisa kugona kudzongonyedza kunogona kudzongonyedza mabasa anokosha ehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kuti dziite zvisarudzo zvemari zvinopfuurira zvinochengeta hurumende ichishanda kunyange apo chirongwa chemitemo chinorega kupfuudza mabhii mabhii mabhii anodzorwa nguva. Vamwe vakagamuchira masangano matsva anozvimirira kuti aderedze kuderedza kuchengetera mari inodzo inodzorwa kusha.

Kubudirira Kukuru uye Simba Renjodzi

Kushandiswa kwamasimba ekurumidziro anoitwa namagavhuna mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru mukati mengwavaira dzomusikirwo nenjodzi dzoutano. Nepo mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende achipa chaizvoizvo vatongi chiremera chikuru chokutarisira migariro yakakomba, nguva yemasimba iwayo inogona kuva yenharo. Mitemo inoverengeka yemitemo yakapfuudza kuganhura urefu hweziviso dzekurumidziro pasina mvumo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pekunaya yaCHOID , nyika dzakawanda dzakagadziridza mitemo yadzo yokutarisira nguva yakakomba kukumbira kunzvera masimba ehurumende pagabernera pashure penhambo yakati. Iyi chinjo inomirira kudzokororwa kwemasimba anoparadzanisa h_srenghena kutenderwa kwesimba rehurumende rokudzora mukati medzo dzomugariro wemigariro mikuru inofambira mberi.

Kutonga Nokusaremekedza

Matare ehurumende akatarisanawo netsoropodzo nokuda kwokudarika basa rawo. Zvimwe zvisarudzo, zvakadai semitemo pakutsigira mari yechikoro kana kuti kugadziriswa kweruramisiro youtsotsi, zvinopomerwa kuita muitiro kubva pabhenji. Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti apo mamwe mapazu anokundikana kuita chiito nenzira yebumbiro remitemo, matare ane basa rokupindira. Kuoma pakati pokudzora kwedare nokushanda kwechiito rutivi rusingagumi rweparadzano yamasimba. Munzvimbo umo vatongi vanosarudzwa, uku kunyanduka kunofanira kukura nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanofanira kudzikamisa kuzvitonga kwavo nokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa rokusarudza muparadzano yemasimba makuru ndiwo musoro unoenderera mberi kumutsa nharo dzedzidzo nenhamburiko dzokuvandudza.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomubatanidzwa uye Kudzivirirwa Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Chikonzero Nei Muchato Uchibatanidzwa Muzvinhu

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakurevi kuzvirongera. Kunotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo uye vanodisa kuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo. Apo vavhoti vanodzidziswa pamusoro pemabasa echirongwa chemitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye mapazu okutonga, ivo vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kunzvera vadaviri nemitemo. Kuvimbisana kweCUPU kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: kupinda misangano yehoro yetaundi, kunyorera vatongi, kutora rutivi mumitemo inokarakadzwa, uye kubatira pamajeri. Mibato yose iyoyi inosimbisa macheki nedziro zvinodzivirira rusununguko.

Kudzidzisa Kuparadzana Kwesimba Muzvikoro

Makirasi anoita basa rinokosha mukutsigira kuparadzanisa masimba. Nokudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti hurumende dzinoshanda sei uye nei mapazi achifanira kuramba akasiana, vadzidzisi vanobetsera kusakurira kukoshesa uko ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvikamu zvizhinji zvehurumende zvinobatanidza zvidzidzo pamapazu matatu, asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinonangidzira ngwariro bedzi pamwero wehurumende. Kuisa pachena mienzaniso yehurumende. Yakadai semashandire anoita gavhuna wehurumende, kana kuti kuronga kwechidzidzo chinofukidza hurumende nemasimba anoparadzanisa.

Basa Revenhau Nevanhu Vari Muhurumende

Vatori venhau namasangano anorinda vanobatirawo senzvero dzamasanga pasimba. Kushuma kwokupa mishumo kunogona kufumura kuvhozhokera kuvhozhokera kupfurikidza nagavhuna kana kuti uori mukati mesangano rehurumende. Mapoka ezviwanwa avanhu anganyora mitemo inodenha inoputsa kuparadzana kwemasimba. Ava vatambi vehurumende vasiri vapahurumende yehurumende vanokwanisa kunzvera kwomuitiro unovakirwa mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Hurumende hadzisi mativiwo zvawo okutarisira egadziriro yehurumende; idzo masangano anodzora ane paradzano yawo amene yamagamuchidzanwa. Kuvambira pagadziriro dzakajeka dzebumbiro remitemo muchata iri yose yehurumende kusvikira kubatano yezuva nezuva pakati pavatongi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatongi, dzidziso yamasimba akaparadzana inoumba sei mitemo inogadzirwa, inoitwa, uye inohwirudzurwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro huru yehurumende iyo inowedzera rutivi rwakarerekera kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nechamasimba (*kusarudza chiremera chinovakwapakati penyika nehurumende.)

Kunzwisisa basa rehurumende dzehurumende mutsika ino kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuoma kwakazara kwehurumende dzeAmerica. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vakaronga vagari vemo vanobetserwa zvakafanana nokuziva kuti kunzvera nokudzikamiswa kwavanosonganirana naWashington, D.C., vapenyu uye vakanaka munyika dzavo vamene. Sezvo denho dzakadai sokuva nomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyengera kwevakuru vakuru, uye chiito chokutonga chinopfuurira kuedza iyi miganhu, kudikanwa kwekuziva nzanga kunova kunokomba zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kuparadzana kwamasimba pamwero uri wose, tinodzivirira nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti bazi anofanira kutongova nesimba risingadzorwi.