Muzinda WaPurezidhendi: Kubatana Kwehurumende

Makore mana ari ose (kana kuti ari mumamiriro ezvinhu echienzi, kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru (United States inopupurira muitiro uyo uri zvose zviri zviviri wakakomba uye unomhanya: kutarisirwa kwemhiko youpurezidhendi yebasa. Uyu mutambo mupfupi asi wakadzama unopfuura zvikuru muitiro. Ichi chirevo chapamutemo nechokufananidzira icho kutsiviwa kworugare kwesimba. Mhiko, yakanyorerwa neBumbiro remitemo, inovimbisa kuti pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika, utungamiriri hwerudzi hunoramba hwakasungwa nenzira yapamutemo uye michina yehurumende inopfuurira pasina kudzorwa. Kunzwisisa ukurudzama hwegamuchidzanwa kunozivisa chikonzero nei kusati kuriwo zvako kutsiviwa kwomutemo asi dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwokuteramatongedzero yehurumende.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira mashoko chaiwoiwo emhiko muChikamu II, Chikamu 1: "Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, kuchengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States." Uyu mutongo mumwe unopfupikisa basa guru rapurezidhendi, kwete kubato, mutevedzeri, kana kuti kunyange muvhoti oga, asi kuBumbiro remitemo rimene. Chipikirwa ichi chenheyo chinobvumira hurumende kubatira nokutendeseka kubva panguva yokutanga chaiyo yokutarisira kutsva.

Muhara Sechinomira Chepamutemo Nechinoteko

Kurema kwapamutemo kwemhiko youpurezidhendi hakugoni kupfupikiswa. Nokuita mhiko, mutongi anotora nenzira yapamutemo masimba nemabasa ehofisi. Pasina iyo, hapana munhu anogona kushandisa chiremera choukuru. Bumbiro remitemo rinojekesa izvi: "Asati apinda paHofisi yake, achatora mutsetse unotevedzerwa kana kuti kusimbisa. Chinodikanwa ichi chinoparira chinjo yakajeka yapamutemo kubva kuvagari vomunyika yoga kuenda kumukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Ndiwo murayiro wemitemo unodzivisa mutongo upi noupi muchiremera chomukuru wehurumende, kunyange kwechipiri.

Mavambo Enhau Nevavambi Vacho Vakatsunga

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vainyatsoziva nezvengozi dzokuchinja kwomutemo kamwe kamwe kana kuti kukwikwidzana. Vakanga vapupurira kusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende munhau yose, umo rufu rwamambo kana kuti kuputsa hurumende rwaigona kupinza rudzi munyongano. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza chinodikanwa chemhiko murugwaro rwokuvamba, vakaumba gadziriro yakamanikidzira purezidhendi ari wose womunguva yemberi kusimbisa pachena kuzviisa kwavo pasi pomutemo. Uku kuita kuzvipira kwokutanga kwaGeorge Washington mu 1789 kwakagadza muenzaniso. Kumira pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City, akawedzera kutaura kwokuti "So betsera Mwari" pashure pemhiko, muitiro wakapfuurira nokuda kwapurezidhendi vazhinjisatevedzero, kunyange zvazvo kusingadikanwi nebumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kusimbisa kuoneka, kusimbisa nyika dzose dziri mbiri uye nyika itsva kuti yaizova yakasungwa nemitemo kupfurikidza nokuvamba kwayo.

Mhiko yacho inobatirawo sechenjero mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vanonyengera. Kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi kupika ku "chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira" Bumbiro reMitemo, vavambi vakagadzira mupimo wapamutemo uyo zviito zvoupurezidhendi zvingatongwa nawo. Kupa mhaka, somuenzaniso, kazhinji kazhinji kunonongedzera mhiko soufakazi hwokuti purezidhendi akaputsa basa ravo rinokosha. Uku kuzvidavirira kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu namamwe mapazu ehurumende.

Muhara Nokufambiswa Kwesimba Kworugare

Kutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba ndechimwe chezviitwa zvinozivikanwa zvehurumende inosarudzwa napurezidhendi weAmerica. Chipikiso ichi chikuru chebasa iroro. Pamasikati musi wa20 January (sezvakatangwa neApplinement yechi20), shoko rapurezidhendi anenge achienda rinoguma uye nguva itsva inotanga. Mhiko yacho inopiwa nokukurumidza kana panguva iyoyo chaiyo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana chinhu chisina purezidhendi. Kuchinja uku kwakaitika nenzira inowirirana kwemazana maviri emakore, kunyange munguva dzekakamukamu kezvamatongerwe enyika, hondo, uye njodzi yemari. Chipikiso chacho chinozivisa pachena kuti kutungamirira kwekare kwakarega chiremera uye kutsva kwakachitora nenzira yapamutemo. Iri murairo chakajeka, chinoitwa nomutemo unodzivirira simba rinopesana kuti rigove nokugadziridza nyika yose yehurumende.

Kutamisirwa hakusati kuchiwanzova kupfava mumudzimu, asi mhiko inovimbisa kupfuurira kwapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kusarudzwa kunokakavadzana kwa1800 pakati paJohn Adams naThomas Jefferson kwakapedza murutivi nemhaka yokuti mativi ose ari maviri ainzwisisa kuti mhiko yacho pakupedzisira yaizopedza nhau yacho. Nenzira yakafanana, pashure pekunge vakwikwidzwa sarudzo 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes akaita mhiko mumhemberero yapachivande zuva pamberi pekutsaurirwa kwapachena kusimbisira kupfuurira. Iyi nguva yenhau inosimbisa kuti mhiko yacho igwehedzero yokupedzisira yoururami.

Kuongorora Kuchinja Kusingatarisirwi Munguva Yokupinda Kwevasungwa

Chikamu II, Chikamu 1, Chikamu 6 chakagovera kuti Dare raigona kugadza mukuru mukuru kuti aite sapurezidhendi muzviitiko zvakadaro, uye Pendezhe ye25 gare gare yakanatsa muitiro uyu. Asi muchinoitika chiri chose, mutsivi anofanira kutora mhiko asati ashandisa simba rapurezidhendi.

Muti Wava Kuurayiwa Kana Kuti Kuumbwazve

Apo Purezidhendi William Henry Harrison akafa muna 1841 pashure pomwedzi mumwe bedzi muhofisi, pakanga pane kujeka kwebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuti Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi John Tyler akava purezidhendi kana kuti anongovawo zvake purezidhendi. Tyler akakurumidza kuita mhiko yebasa, nokudaro achitanga muenzaniso wokuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi Spireria Spiro Agro anenge azara, kwete mutevedzeriwo zvake wedanho. Apo Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akaurawa muna 1865, Andrew Johnson akapika mhiko mukati me maawa, achivimbisa kuti hurumende yenguva yehondo ingagona kupfuurira mabasa ayo. Nenzira yakafanana, kurambwa kwaPrezidhea Spire Agro mutsva muna 1973 naPrezidhente Richard Nixon muna 1974 akatanga muitiro wokuteverwa, uye Geraldd akatora mhiko yokutanga somuteshi mukuru wehurumende uye panguva dzehurumende. Muchinoitika chehurumende

Nguva yazvino uno yakaedzwawo gadziriro dze25 Amendment. Apo Purezidhendi Ronald Reagan akapfurwa muna 1981, Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi George H.W. Bush haana kukumbira kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kwokutora masimba kwechinguvana, asi White House yakagadzirira kuita kudaro. Kuvapo kwemhiko yemhiko yacho kwakasimbisa kuti kutsiviwa kupi nokupi kwesimba, kunyange kwechinguvana, kwaizoiswa mumitemo. Muna 2002 na 2007, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akachinjira kwechinguvana kuVice Dick Cheney kugadziriso dzemiitiro yokurapa, uye Cheney akatora mhiko seyamaumbishopidhi. Izvi zvinoitika zvakasimbisa kuti mhiko yacho iratidzire kuti chiko chipi nechipi chinovhura.

Mutezo Wechi 25 We Amendeji uye Basa Rechioko

Chikamu 2 chinogovera kuzadza chikamu chechitatu ne4 chePrefession yechi25 yakajekesa muitiro wenhevedzano yapurezidhendi neurema. Chikamu 1 chinosimbisa kuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi pakubviswa kwapurezidhendi, rufu, kana kuti kurega. Chikamu 2 chinopa chirongwa chokuzadza chikamu chapurezidhendi. Zvikamu 3 ne4 zvekero yechinguvana. Muzvinoitika zvose, mutsivi anofanira kuita mhiko yapurezidhendi asati ashandisa masimba api naapi. Chinodikanwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti kunyange apo purezidhendi anenge asingakwanisi kuita mabasa, purezidhendi anoshanda anosungwa nomutemo nemitemo. Chipikiso chacho chinobatira secherekedzo yechinguvana pahuvatongi upi noupi, chinovayeuchidza kuti chiremera chavo chinofanira kuita simba risati rakaitwa uye chinoganhurirwa neBumbiro remitemo.

Chinoitika chechi25 Amendment chakashandiswa kwenguva yokutanga muna 1985 apo Purezidhendi Reagan akavhiyiwa, uye Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi Bush akabatira saanoshanda sapurezidhendi kweanenge maawa masere. Bush akapika mumhemberero pfupi muWhite House. Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira kuti kugadziriswa kunoshanda sechinorongwa uye kuti mhiko inzira inobvumira kunyange kuchinjwa kwenguva pfupi. Kujeka kunogoverwa nemhiko kunodzivisa kusajeka kupi nokupi kana kupi pamusoro pouyo ane simba panguva ipi neipi inogoverwa muHwero yechengeteko yorudzi uye ukama hwamarudzi ose.

Kuratidza Kunaka Uye Mienzaniso

Kupfuura basa rayo rapamutemo, mhiko yapurezidhendi itsika ine simba yavose. Mutambo wokutsaurira, kubatanidza mhiko, unopinzwa namazana ezviuru paNational Mall ndokucherekedzwa namamirioni kupota nyika. Kudzokororwa kwapachena kwemhiko yacho kunobatanidza purezidhendi kwete bedzi kuBumbiro reMitemo asiwo kuvanhu veAmerica. Inhambo yechinzwano chorudzi chavose, zvisinei, sezvo mutungamiriri mutsva anovimbisa kubatira rudzi rwose.

Nzvimbo Negamuchidzanwa

Mapurezidhendi mazhinjisa anoita mhiko paU.S. Capitol, paWest Front, yakatarisana neNational Mall. Nzvimbo iyi inofananidzira kusununguka kwehurumende kuvanhu. Ruramisiro huru yeUnited States inowanzoita mhiko, inosimbisa kuzvimirira kwedare rejaji. Bhaibheri rinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwemhemberero ine renhau; somuenzaniso, Abraham Lincoln akashandisa Bhaibheri kubva kuDare Rapamusorosoro, uye Barack Obama akashandisa Bhaibheri raLincoln. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza purezidhendi mutsva nenhau yehurumende yekare uye zvibayiro zvavatungamiriri. Kunyange nguva yaishandiswa nokuda kwenhau yacho yakare. Kunyange musi wa20: $nos, yakanyorwa nebumbiro remitemo, kugadzira pfundo rakananga uye kuchinjika.

Kuzivisa Kworuzhinji uye Chiratidzo Chenyika Yose

Mutambo wemhiko unovimbisa vagari vemo kuti hurumende yavo inoramba yakatsiga. Munguva dzenjodzi, dzakadai sepashure pokuedza kuuraya kana kuti jambwa rinokakavadzana, vanhu vanoona kuchinja kwakajeka, kune rugare. Uku kusimbisa kuona kunobetsera misika yakaterama, kuchengetedza nhevedzano, uye kuratidzira kuvavengi vokumwe kuti United States haisati ichizopinda munyongano. Mhikowo inoratidzira kuvabatiri vamauto navagari vemo kuti nhevedzano yemurairo ndeyepamutemo uye kuti vanofanira kuteerera mutungamiriri mutsva anotonga. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru mukati mechinjo dzinokurumidza, dzakadai sokurega kwaPrezidhente Nixon, apo kupika kwokukurumidza kwaPrezidhente Ford yakadzorerwa chivimbo chavose mukuvimbika kwehurumende.

Muitiro: Kunyomba Kwazvino Uno

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, mhiko youpurezidhendi inoramba iri chishandiso chinokosha chokuva nechokwadi chokupfuurira, kunyange sezvo tyisidziro dzechibvumirano, zvirwere, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvinoedza kudzikamiswa kwehurumende. Mhiko yacho inogovera pfundo renguva dzose: pasinei zvapo nemigariro, purezidhendi anosungirwa namashoko mamwe chetewo akataurwa Washington. Uku kupfuurira kwokuzvipira kunobetsera bazi repamusoro kunzvera denho itsva mukati megadziriro yomutemo.

Kuronga Kugona Nokubudirira

Hurumende yehurumende ine udzame hwokupfuurira kwehurumende (COG) inoronga izvo zvinosarudza vatsivi vapurezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, pamwe chete nemitezo yekabati navamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru. Purezidhendi Wekupinda kwa1947 unogadza nhevedzano pashure pomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi: Mupi weNhare, Purezidhendi weDare, uye ipapo vakuru vakuru vakuru vedare munhevedzano yechisiko. Mutsivi mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuva akakodzera kuva purezidhendi (mugari wemo wechisiko, anenge makore 35 okukura, uye mugari wemo kwamakore 14 okugara) uye anofanira kuita mhiko yebasa asati atora masimba eplaces. Idzi dzino dzinovimbisa kuti kunyange chinoitika chine ngwavaira icho vatungamiriri vakawanda muvatungamiriri vehurumende havasiyi rudzi pasina mutengi wapamutemo.

Chipikirwa chacho chinoitawo basa mukupfupikisa kuchengeteka kwenyika uye kutarisirwa kwamashoko. Purezidhendi anoronzeswa zvakavanzika zvikuru zvenyika kubvira panguva apo mhiko inotorwa. Nzanga youchenjeri, mauto, uye vamiriri vose vanotsamira paidi rokuti purezidhendi akapika kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, iro rinobatanidza basa rokudzivirira nyika.

Kuenzanisa Kwamarudzi Ose Namativi Echienzi

Nepo marudzi akawanda ane mhiko dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwavatungamiriri vawo, shanduro yeU.S. yakasiana mungwariro yayo paBumbiro remitemo rimene panzvimbo pavanhu kana kuti pamambo. Somuenzaniso, Gavhuna Mukuru weCanada anopika ruvimbiko kuna mambo, nepo Purezidhendi weFrance achipika kuti "kuremekedza uye kuvimbisa ruremekedzo nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo." shanduro yeU.S. inoda kuti purezidhendi ade nenzira yakajeka ku "chengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira" Bumbiro remitemo, kusimbisa basa rinoshanda. Iyi inopa mhiko yacho muuyo wapamutemo wakapinza mutezo wapamutemo: Purezidhendi weSangano uyo anozvidza noune Bumbiro remitemo anogona kunzi aputsa mhiko yavo, achigovera zvikonzero zvokusadzidzwa nokubviswa. Iyi nzira inokosha yokuchengeta mutemo.

Dzimwe nyika dzakatorwawo pamuenzaniso weU.S. utongi hutsva hwamadokero huzhinji hunobatanidza mhiko yakafanana yebumbiro remitemo muzvinyorwa zvadzo zvokutanga, dzichiziva basa rahwo mukuchinja kunoitwa.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo, mhiko yapurezidhendi haisati iri isingatapurwi negakava. Mibvunzo yakamuka pamusoro pokuti purezidhendi anogona kubviswa nokuda kwokuputsa mhiko, pamwe chete nokushanda kwemhiko. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinotaura kuti mhiko yacho haimanikidzikidzwi paiyo yoga; inofanira kubatanidzwa nemitemo chaiyo kana kuti kusabvumirana. Vamwe vanoomerera kuti mhiko yacho inoparira basa rokuisa panzvimbo ringafungwa nematare.

Rimwe denho ndiro bviro yokuti purezidhendi anouya arambe kuita mhiko. Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richidudza chinoitika kana purezidhendi akadzokera. Muitiro, kuramba kwakadaro kungaonekwa sokurega, uye mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi aizotora hofisi. Zvisinei, chiitiko chacho hachisati chamboitika uye chingaedza kusimba kwetsika. Mhiko yacho inodawo kusimbiswa kwavose, naizvozvo purezidhendi uyo akaedza kuita mhiko yacho pachivande pasina zvapupu angatarisana nedenho dzakafanira. Kuzvidavirira kwapachena kunoitwa muchinoitika chacho.

Pakupedzisira, mhiko inogona kuva manyuko egakava rezvamatongerwe enyika apo mapurezidhendi anorondedzera mabasa avo nenzira yakasiana. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akakurumbira akashora chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa, sezvinoshumwa kuti, "John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino mubvumire kuita kuti chive chakarurama. Vatsoropodzi vakapokanidza iyi mhiko yake kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mapurezidhendi akashandisa kutaura kwokusaina kuratidzira kuti vangasaita mitemo yakati, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuvimbika kuBumbiro remitemo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhiko yacho haingoiti kuti ive inoita kuti itendetetetetetetevedzero; inogadza kuti mapazi ezvematongerw enyika anofanira kupfurikidza nokutarisira, kusarudza, uye kusataura.

Mugumo: Basa Remuhara Rinogara Richiitwa

Mhiko yapurezidhendi itsika yakapfava inonyengera ine miuyo mikuru. Ndiyo kiyi yapamutemo inozarura udzori, guruu rokufananidzira iro rinobatanidza kuchinja pamwe chete, uye muganhu webumbiro remitemo unorondedzera ganhuriro dzesimba roukuru. Kuvambira pakutangwa kusvikira kuzuva razvino, mhiko yakavimbisa kuti hakuna purezidhendi (hwupi kana upi noupi akasarudzwa, kana kuti kuiswa) anobatira chiremera pasina kutanga kuzviisa pasi poMutemo weMitemo. Ichi chinodikanwa chakavimbisa kupfuurira kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokuuraya, kubviswa kwehondo, njodzi dzemari, uye kusarukira. Chinoramba chiri chimwe chedziviriro chinokosha zvikurusa muhurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, mutsetse mupfupi womutemo womutemo.

Sezvo United States inotarisana nedenho itsva, mhiko ichapfuurira kubatira senzvimbo yokutanga nokuda kwegadziriro iri yose. Mashoko ayo haachinji, asi kushandiswa kwawo kunochinja napurezidhendi mumwe nomumwe nenjodzi imwe neimwe. Kupfuurira kwehurumende kunotsamira kwete bedzi pazvivako zvapamutemo nezvirongwa zvinowirirana asiwo pamusengwa womunhu oga womutungamiriri mumwe nomumwe kuchipikirwa chaakaita.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nerevo yapamutemo yemhiko yapurezidhendi, ona Nhungamiro yeConstitution Center yeIT] yeIndaneti kuChikamu II uye Threfu yeMari yeNyika yeBumbiro reMitemo yeBumbiro remitemo. Njerevo dzokuwedzera mu 25 Amendement dzinowanika kubva ku [[FLT:]] Institute yoRuzivo paCornell Law School [FLT]].