Pfungwa yokuongorora nokudzikamisa zvinhu inokosha mukushanda kwehurumende yeUnited States. Inovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe richava nesimba zvikuru, nokudaro richidzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo nokuchengeta utongi hwemitemo. Iyi gadziriro haisati iri dziviriro yefungidziro chete — igadziriro inoshanda yakaumba zvematongerwe enyika eAmerica kwemazana maviri amakore. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo kunoda kuongorora kuti mapazi matatu anoshandira pamwe sei, mamiriro enhau echisiko chawo, uye kushandisirwa kwayo chaikoiko kwenyika mukutonga kwazvino uno. Vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo, vanonyora pamusoro pezana ramazana amakore epfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinoitika zvavo vamene, vakaumba hurumende yakagadzirwa nesimba rinofanira kupesana nesimba. Nyaya iyi inogovera kupfupi kupfupikisana kwegadziriro yetsika nokuenzana, nemienzaniso yazvo, uye vagari vezvizvarwa venguva inowirirana.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende: Kukurumidza Kuongorora

Pamberi pokupinda mukunzvera nokudzikamisa, kunokosha kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ebazu rimwe nerimwe. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakasimbiswa muna 1788, richikamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa ayo makuru nemabasa. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba inheyo apo gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo zvinova.

  • Bazu reRegional: Yakaumbwa neCongress (Imba yavamiriri neDare), ine mutoro wokuita mitemo, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kudzora mari yehurumende. Chikamu I cheMitemo yeMitemo inoisa masimba ose omutemo muDare.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi reBazi reBazi reBasa: rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rinomanikidzira nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende, rinoraira mauto, rinoitisa muitiro wokumwe, uye rinogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende (vanozviisa kusimbiso yeDare). Chikamu II chinorondedzera simba revakuru.
  • Jodicial Bazu: Kutsigira Dare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera, kunodudzira mitemo, kunohwirudzura kumirairo yebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru, uye kunopedza gakava pakati pehurumende. Chikamu III chinosimbisa simba rokutonga.

Kupfurikidza nokugovera masimba akasiyana kumapazu akaparadzana, vagadziri vakava nechokwadi chokuti hakuna sangano rimwe raigona kudzora hurumende.

Mavambo Emakepi Nedzikamo

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nomuzivi weChenjero Baron de Montesquieu, ane basa ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [ vakarangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu akazvimirira. James Madison, kazhinji kazhinji aidana kuti Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, anodzokorora iyi pfungwa muFederalist No. 51: "Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisane gwinyiro." Vamiri vakaona kusha kwesimba mukutonga kweBritain uye pasi peMitemo isina simba yeConfederation, uye pasi peSangano dzakasimba, uye ivo vanotsvaka hurumende yakadzikama yaigona kutsungirira zvose zviri zviviri tyisidziro mukati nekunze kwenzvimbo inoteverwa. Muteveri anoparira kupfurikidza nomutemo upi noupi unosimbiswa nechiremera.

Kuongorora Murairo Pabazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Dare rine maturusi akasimba okutarisira uye kuganhurira simba raPurezidhendi nedhipatimendi rapamusoro.

Veto Asingadi

Kana Purezidhendi akapfuudza musengwa neCongress, mutungamiriri wedare anogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza kuti nevhoti yembiri muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru haagoni kutongova nounonangana muganhu unonangana netsigiro huru yakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020, Congress arrode Purezidenti Trump’s de de de National Defense Leact Act — wechipiri bedzi kukunda unziri wake (kwokutanga kwakaitika muna 2016 neSahluleriarati A Dest Sponsers of Terror Act pasi poust Obama).

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Chikamu II, Chikamu 4 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba rimwe chete kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende kubatanidza Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Treason, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakangamidzi". Dare ipapo rinotonga uye ringasungwa nevhoti mbiri shanu, kubvisa mukuru mukuru mukuru pahofisi. Varidzi vehurumende vakashandisa basa mukurwisana ne vatatu veU.S. Vatungamiriri vehurumende: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (19, naDonald Trump (hice, muna 2019 ne2021). Hapana akapomerwa mhaka nedare redare, asi muitiro wacho umene wakashandiswa sechinorwisana nokusazvibata kwomufambiro wetsika.

Kusimbiswa Kwedare Kwezvirongwa Zvokugadza

Simba raPurezidhendi rokugadza mitezo yeKhabhinet, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru venzvimbo yakakwirira vanonzverwa ne "basa reDare re "divivi nebvumo". Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba vamirine kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji (kunyange zvazvo Hurumende inogona kukumbira mavhoti 60 nokuda kwemifungo mizhinji). Uyu muitiro wazova unova anopesana zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uye vamirinei kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokunzvera kukuru. Somuenzaniso, kuramba kwa2016 kweDare reSanihena kuti ribakishate tende nokuda kweMerick Garland, Purezidhendi Oma’s Supreme Court nomine, wakaratidzira kuti Dare redare renyika renyika yeMiteveri renyika ino rinoshamba kwamakumi amakore.

Simba Rezvidyiro

Congress inodzora kushandiswa kwose kwemari yehurumende kumari yayo yakakodzera. Mukuru mukuru haagoni kupedza mari pasina mvumo yemitemo. Ikoku kunopa Congress nzvero ine simba pamusoro pezvinokosha zvaPurezidhendi — inogona kubvisa mapurogiramu kana kuti masangano, kuisa migariro yemari, kana kuti kushandisa gadziriro yemari yokushandisa kupesvedzera mirau. Hurumende 2018-2019 yokudzima, nguva refu zvikuru munhau yeU.S., yakaitika nemhaka yokuti Congress Congress yakaramba kubhadhadhairira Purezidhenti Trump chikumbiro chomuganhu, zvichienzanisira muuyo chaiwoiwo weiyi chechekedzo.

Treaty Retation

Pasi peChikamu II, Chikamu 2, Purezidhendi anogona kutaura ndokusaina zvibvumirano, asi zvinoshanda bedzi kana mavhoti maviri ane mativi matatu eDare akavhota kuti azvitsive. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti misengwa mikuru yamarudzi ose inoratidzira bvumirano yakafara, kwete bedzi kusarudzwa kwomukuru mukuru. Kurambwa kweTreaty yeVersailles muna 1919-1920 uye kundikano yeComrehensive Nyuc - Astle - Ban muna 1999 mienzaniso yeChibvumirano cheDare chinodzivisa kugadzira purezidhendi.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Bazi Rine Mitemo

Purezidhendi anewo nzvero dzinoverengeka pamusoro peCongress, dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa kwemitemo ndokuvimbisa mukuru mukuru wacho kuti anogona kuita mabasa ayo ebumbiro remitemo.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi angapa mari ipi neipi inopiwa neCongress, achiidzosa nokuramba. Kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kudzorwa, vhato chishandiso chine simba nemhaka yokuti kupfuvura kunoda zviito zvikuru. Pakati pa 1789 na 2020, Purezidhendi akapfuudza mari dzinopfuura 2 500, ne4% .vetoes inobatanidza Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's devience Selformation Bill muna 1944 naPrezidhendi George W. Bush’s deteto of the St Cellem Research Iffreace Act muna 2006.

Kudana Zvikamu Chaizvo

Chikamu II, Chikamu 3 chinobvumira Purezidhendi Kuronga Congress panhambo dzinoshamisa. Nepo isingawanzoshandiswi munguva dzazvino uno — yokupedzisira yakanga iri Purezidenti Harry Truman's 1948 chaiko kuti akurukure nezvemari — iyi nzvero inobvumira mukuru mukuru kumanikidza chiito chemitemo apo Congress inenge iri munhambo yokuranga.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira kuti mitemo iitwe sei kana kuti kutungamirira hurumende. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inogona kudzorwa neDare kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti nematare kana ikapfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Mirairo ine chiremera yakashandiswa naPrezidhendi ari wose, kubva kuStemetic Proclation (1793) kuna Purezidhendi Biden's zviito zvechiremera chokuchinja mamiriro okunze nokubuda munyika. Iyi nzvero inobvumira Purezidhendi kuita nokukurumidza munhau dzakafanana nechengeteko yorudzi kana kuti gadziriro yokudzora, asi haina kuganhurirwa.

Simba rePardon

Chikamu II, Chikamu 2 chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokupa reprievs nekanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende (kunze kwokusatendeseka). Iyi nzvero inogona kukurira mitongo yekutonga nechisarudzo chomutemo choutsotsi, ichigovera mutoo wokururamisa nawo ruramisiro kana kuti kusimudzira chinzwano chenyika. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa ndiPurezidhendi Gerald Ford's anokanganwira Richard Nixon muna 1974, asi simba rinoramba richiitirana nharo apo rinoshandiswa nokuda kwevatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mapazi Ane Mutemo Neane Simba

Bazu redare, kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare, rinoita secherekedzo yakakomba pazvose zviri zviviri Congress naPurezidhendi. Kuhwirudzura kwoMutongi — chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kubvumirwa mubumbiro remitemo — harina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rakatangwa neDare Gurusa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Chifo chaipapo, matare akahwirudzudza zviuru zvemitemo yomubatanidzwa nehurumende, achirovanya avo vanoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Kushatisa Mitemo

Apo Congress inopa mutemo uyo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoona kuti hauwirirani nemitemo, mutemo unova usina chinhu. Mienzaniso yeLandmark inobatanidza rown v. Board of Education [1954], iyo yakabvisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose, uye United States v. Lopez [19595], iyo inoganhurira simba reHurumende pasi peClaus kupfurikidza nokusashanda kweGun-Free School Act.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvechiremera

Matare anogonawo kuraira kuti zviito zvapurezidhendi zvipfuure chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chirevo. Somuenzaniso, mu Profet Comment Comment Commentauch (). Nev. Sawiter (12017], Dare Gurusasa rakataura kuti kubatwa kwezvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kwakanga kusingawiriraniswi nemhaka yokuti Congress akanga asina kuzvibvumira. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakavhara zvikamu zvechirambidzo chaPrezidhente Trump muna 2017 uye Purezidhendi Biden’s chirongwa chechikwereti chavadzidzi muna 2023, richiratidzira kudzoresa basa ramakurukota mukuru webasa.

Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rine chirevo chokupedzisira pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro reMitemo, kubatanidza ukuru hwechekedzo nedzikamo rimene. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvaro, Dare rinorondedzera miganhu pakati pamapazu, zvakadai seukuru hweropafadzo yokutungamirira (g., United States v. Nixon, 1974]) kana kuti ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende yose (umr. Muzinda weBoerne v. Flores, 1997).

Kuongorora Pakati Pemapazi Ane Mutemo Neanotonga

Nepo dare redare richigona kurovanya mitemo, Congress ine kunzvera kwayo imene pamatare. Dare rinosimbisa vatongi vose vehurumende, kubatanidza Ruramisiro yeDare rapamusoro rehurumende. Mukuwedzera, Congress inogona kuchinja udzori hwematare epasi pevhu, kuchinja ukuru hweDare Gurusa (simba rakashandiswa muma1860 kudzivisa Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson kuita marusaro, uye kubvisa vatongi vose vehurumende. Vatongi vehurumende gumi navaviri vakasarudzi muU.S. nhau, neyakaoma. Mitemo inogonawo kukarakadza magwenyuro emitemo yemitemo yemitemo iyo, kana ibvumira, inogona kudzora zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusaro. — sezvakaitika neDengula rePleteeting ([FL: 0]]CPremeterm v.[FFF]]]]

Mubatanidzwa Wavakuru - vakuru uye Kusagadzikana

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, asi kugadza kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Pakare, vatongi vehurumende vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu (pakufamba zvakanaka), uko kunovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yapurezidhendi. Zvisinei, Purezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera mutongi kupfurikidza nokugadza vatongi vane mirangariro chaiyo yepfungwa dzakananga — nzira yazova iri pakati pehondo dzazvino uno dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukuru mukuru mukuru anodzora angaitawo kuti kutonga kwedare kuitwe, naizvozvo Mutongi aigona kurwisana nenhevedzano yedare. Mutoo wakadaro, kuzviisa pasi pemitemo yedare kwave kuri muitiro, necheroteko, napamberi kwakatanhamara saPurezi Andrew Jacksonson, "John Marshall aita chisarudzo chake; zvino amubvumire, pamusoro pa [FOct:] Wcester.[FFF] [121]

Kunetsa uye Matambudziko Emazuva Ano

Kumuka kwamapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwehurumende, uye wedzero musimba rokudzora (zvikurukuru muzvinhu zvokumwe nechengeteko yorudzi) zvakaedza gadziriro yapakuvamba. Nhasi, miitiro mizhinji inosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwetsika.

Kuvhakacha Nokubatana

Kana masangano akasiyana - siyana achidzora White House neCongress, kuongorora uye kudzikama zvinogona kutungamirira kutsika. Hurumende inomisa mamiriro emitemo muna 2013, 2018-2019, uye njodzi dzinoda kugadziriswa pasirin yechikwereti dzinoratidza kuti gadziriro inogona sei kumisa chiito panhau dzinonetsa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti kunyanyisa kwemifungo yedemokrati kunoderedza kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichiikwikwidza kuti iratidze vavariro yavagadziri vemibato yokuderedza hurumende ndokuita kuti ibvumirane.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri akavimba nenzira inowedzera nezvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kuti vasadzore zviito zvemitemo. Nepo vachifanira kuhwirudzura nokuchinja dare, mirairo yevakuru vakuru inogona kuita chinjo huru dzemiitiro pasina vhoti, sezvinoonwa naPrezidhendi Obama's Defect for Childhow Applications (DACA) naPrezidhendi Biden Biden anotaura kuti ikoku kunokanganisa nzvero yemitemo, asi vadziviriri vanoramba kuti imhinduro iri madikanwa kukudzokororesa kwechiteshi.

Kutongwa Kwemitemo

Kutsigira kunoitwa vatongi veDare Repamusorosoro kwave kutowedzera. Kuramba kwa2016 kurangarira Merrick Garland, kusimbiswa kwa2018 kwaBrett Kavaugh pashure pokutonga kwokupopotera, uye 2020 kumhanyira kusimbisa Amy Coney Barrett mavhiki mashomanana dare risati rasarudzwa kune pfungwa dzakawanda dzokuti mutongi ava dare rezvematongerwe enyika.

Kubatanidzwa Pachena Nedzidzo Yechibvumirano

Nzvero nedzikamo kuti zvishande sezvakarongwa, vagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa nokudzivirira tsika. Kuziva kwavose nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuri kuderera, mukuwirirana nenzvero dzakaitwa neAnnenberg Public Policy Center. Pasina vavhotisi nenzanga yavagari vemo yakaziviswa, mapazi angapfuura pasina kuzvidavirira. Kudzidzisa vacheki nenhau dzechekedzo nedzimwero zvinokosha mukuchengetedza republic.

mhedziso

Nzvero nedzikamo inhau huru yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rinoparadzirwa uye kuti hurumende iyoyo inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu. Kunzwisisa tsika ino kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vadzidzisi navadzidzi sezvavanoshandisa zvinhu zvakaoma zvehurumende yeAmerica. Kubva kumitemo inodzorwa nemitemo uye mirau yedare. Kubva kusimbisa kuongorora nokuronga kwedare, bazi rimwe nerimwe rine midziyo ine simba yokuderedza vamwe. Kunyange zvakadaro tsika yacho haichinjiki — inochinja netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dare, uye zviito zvevashandi vakazvitsaurira. Vagadziri vemitengi vemitemo vanoisa mukuita chinzvimbo chinopesana nechinzvimbo, asi chinoramba chiripo. Nokudzidza zvinhu izvi, tinozvishongedzera kuzvitarisira kuzvidavirira uye kuchengetedza kwakaenzana kweAmerica kwemakore 230.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Cuntitution kubva kuRaibhurari yeCongress, Cornell Information Institute yeSangano remitemo reparadzano yemasimba[, uye [[FLT]] National Center for Constitution Studies's wistom redzidzo.