Zvikamu zvemitemo zvehurumende inhambo huru umo vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanoungana kuti vatange, vataurirane, uye vaise mitemo inodzora upenyu hwemamiriyoni evaAmerica. Kusafanana neUnited States Congress, iyo inotevera karendara yakafanana, nyika imwe neimwe((inogadza purogiramu yayo, mitemo, uye kudzorwa kwainoitwa. Kunzwisisa mipimo yamarusando emitemo yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutevera purogiramu dzemitemo, kutsigira chikonzero, kana kuti kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei. Kubva muchivhurumuko chegore negore chechibvumirano chenguva yakazara seCaliforniai, mitemo yedare renguva yezvikamu sewayom, mascrea egadziriro aya marusaitirwo emitemo nechimiro chomutemo.

Marudzi Ezvirongwa Zvemitemo

Marusando ehurumende emitemo anopindwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana, chimwe nechimwe chine chinangwa chakati uye mitemo yakarongwa.

Nguva Dzose

Marusando enguva dzose inguva dzose, apo masangano emisi yomutemo anoitisa bhizimisiwo zvaro. Aya akarongwa mukuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende imwe neimwe, uye anoitwa pahwaro hwegore negore kana kuti hwegore negore. Kusvikira muna 2024, ruzhinji rwemasangano ehurumende anosangana gore negore: maruwa 44 anoita marusando enguva dzose, nepo nyika nhanhatu dzegore negore, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, ne Wyoming(hillill inonamatira kugadziriro yegore negore, kusangana kamwe chete makore maviri oga oga oga. Kunyange pakati penyika dzegore, kudzokerwa kungaputswa mumarusando maviri pamanhu maviri (g.g.66, gore rimwe nerimwe) kana kuti zvikamu zvegore zvakabatanidzwa. Dare reNational State Res Legals (Esclation) richengetedzwa basa rimwe nerimwe.

Zvikamu Chaizvo

Marusando chaiwo, pane dzimwe nguva anonzi marusando echienzi, anorongwa kunze kwekarenda kuti ape nhau dzokukurumidzira dzisingagoni kumira kusvikira musangano wenguva dzose unotevera. Kazhinji, gavhuna ane chiremera bedzi chokudana rusando chairwo uye kugadza mapurogiramu(zvinoreva vaiti vemitemo) angangotora nhau dzakazivikanwa nagavhuna. Mudzimwe nyika, vatungamiriri vemitemo vangadanawo rusando chairwo kana vachigona kuvhotera runetso, kana kuti kana mupari wemitemo amene akakumbira nokuda kwomumwe munhu. Zvikonzero zvinowanzobatanidza kudzokorora, njodzi, mhinduro yenjodzi, kana kuti purogiramu yemitemo inodzorwa zvikuru sekugadziridza ruramisiro yemitero. Marusarusando anowanzo kupfupikiswa kupfupikisa mazuva mashomanene kana kuti mavhiki mashoma chete.

Gadziriro Dzesangano

Hurumende dzakawanda dzinoita rusando rupfupi rwesangano pamavambo chaipo pechikamu chitsva chegore negore chemitemo. Marusando aya akaganhurirwa kumabasa emitemo: kupika mumitezo ichangobva kusarudzwa, kuvhota utungamiriri (mutoo, mukurukuri weimba, purezidhendi wedare, zvigaro zvedare), kugamuchira mitemo yenzvimbo, uye kugadza mitezo yedare. Marusando esangano haawanzobatanidza sumo dzemashoko kana kuti nharo dzenguva dzose, asi anogadza nzvimbo yebasa renguva dzose kuti riteve. Somuenzaniso, mugadziri wedare reCalifornia anowanzotanga rusando rwesangano pakuvamba muna November, nepo kugadzwa kweNew York kunoitwa pazuva rokutanga repurogiramu muna January.

Zvikamu zveVeto

Muzvirongwa zvishomanana, purogiramu yeveto inguva yakasiyana, yakarongerwa kuti igadzire kuti irangarire zvikwereti zvakatemwa nagavhuna. Kana gavhuna akaramba chiyero pashure pokunge purogiramu yenguva dzose yapera, mutezo wedare ungadzoka pamusi wakatevera kuti aedze kudzora. Nguva nemiitiro inosiyana: dzimwe nyika dzinoronga purogiramu yoga yoga mavhiki anoverengeka pashure pepurogiramu yenguva dzose, apo vamwe vanoda kudanwa. Somuenzaniso, Illinomeo General Assembro rinoputsa purogiramu gore rimwe nerimwe muna October kana kuti November, apo ingavawo nezvimwe zvinhu nokubvumirana kwevatungamiriri.

Nguva Yezvidzidzo Zvacho Nenguva Yazvinotora

Nguva nenguva yezvirongwa zvehurumende zvemitemo inodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemitemo, uye zvinosiyana zvikuru(kuratidzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana enhau, enzvimbo, uye ezvematongerwe enyika enyika enyika imwe neimwe. Zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira kana bumbiro remitemo richigadza musi wakananga wokutanga, nguva yakaoma yokutonga, kana kuti nhamba huru yemazuva ekarenda kana kuti mazuva emitemo.

Zvirongwa Zvepagore Negore

Sezvataurwa, nharaunda dzakawanda zvinosangana gore negore, asi marusando enguva dzose anoenderera mberi munyika nhanhatu. Zvirongwa zvegore negore zvinotanga mumakore akasiyana - siyana uye zvinogona kupedza mwedzi inoverengeka (zvichimboreva, purogiramu yenguva dzose yeTexas mazuva 140 ekara, kubvira muna January kusvikira muna May). Mumaruwa egore negore, marusando angakamurwa: somuenzaniso, rusando rurefu mumakore akatowanda zvikuru kuti vabate mari yakarongwa uye muitiro mukuru, uye rusando rupfupi nohupfupi mumakore anotova ne “kuchengeta imba” kana kuti miganhu. Somuenzaniso, Colorado, runoita 120 purogiramu rwegore negore, neapo kusara mazuva 60 mumakore 60 asina kujairika uye mazuva 30 mumakore kunyange 30.

Mamisi okutanga akachinjika

Dzimwe nyika dzinotaura musi wokutanga mubumbiro radzo remitemo: Rusando rwenguva dzose rweKentucky runovamba paChipiri chokutanga muna January; kutanga kwaIndiana paChipiri chechitatu pashure pezuva resangano. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira chibvumirano kugadza karenda yaro mumitengo yakafara. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogadzawo musi apo zvikwereti zvose zvinofanira kutangwa (musi wekusuma) uye musi wokupedzisira wekuvimbisa ( “chidimbu chinofa), pashure pacho hapana rimwe bhizimisi ringaitwa kunze kwokunge purogiramu chaiyo yadanwa.

Dzinogumira Nguva Yakareba

Kudzivisa purogiramu dzemitemo dzehurumende dzinodzorwa kana kuti dzinotiza, nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa miganhu yakaganhurirwa pamusoro pemisi inosvika nguva refu yerusando rwenguva dzose. Iyi ganhuriro inowanzoratidzirwa mumazuva ekarenda kana kuti “mazuva anoparirwa pamutemo” (mazuva ano chirongwa chenguva dzose cheFlorida chinoganhurirwa kumazuva 60 enguva dzenguva yegore reWashington imazuva 105 uye kunyange purogiramu yegore negore 60. Sangano reAlaskan rinoganhurirwa kumazuva 121 ekarenda, nepo New Mexico inobvumira mazuva 60 bedzi ekarenda mumakore asina kurongwa uye kunyange 30 mumakore. Mukupesana, kufanana neNew York, Pennsylvania, uye Michigan haina muganhu worusando kana kuti yorusarusarusarusa rwenguva inosangana negore ra56, 0669, neProtabertic, uye mazororo enguva dzose dzebasa bedzi. Zvirongwa zvenguva zvamaSangano zvenguva inodzororoteshipi zvakagadzirwa zvikuru zvinoshandiswa zvikuru.

Tapuro yeNguva neMitemo yeNguva yakazara

Nguva inoita mitemo inogona kupa kubasa ravo kusanowirirana nerudungwe. Dzimwe nyika dzine “nguva yakazara” inoitwa nedzimba dzomutemo dzinosangana rinodokusvika gore rimwe chete dzichibhadhara mitezo yadzo nenzira inowirirana (mutoo, California, New York, Pennsylvania). Dzimwe“ dzakapererwa” kana kuti “panhambo nenhambo” dzine marusando mapfupi nemubhadharo wakaderera (g., Texas, Colorado, Maine, Wyoming). Zvikamu zvenguva zvinowanzovimba nematare anodzidza pakati pemarusando, naizvozvo basa rose rinoita mukati mechirongwa chenguva dzose. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwavatsigiridzi navagamuchiri navagamuchiri, sehwindo rekupesvedzera zvikuru mumugwagwa.

Maitirwe Anoitwa Zvikamu

Zuva rinogadzirwa nepurogiramu yemitemo rinotevera muitiro wakasanogadzwa, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakananga netsika zvichisiana nenzvimbo nehurumende. Pamwero wakakwirira, muitiro wacho unobatanidza kutanga, kuhwirudzura kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye kuvhota. Hurumende zhinji dzine mativi maviri egore emitemo ( “binium”), uye zvikwereti zvisingapfuuri panozopera denderedzwa iroro zvinofanira kutangwazve murumbidzo runotevera.

Kutanga uye Kutanga Kufamba

Bills anogona kutangwa bedzi nemitezo yedare remitemo (mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna angakarakadzawo mutemo wegadziriro, asi mutezo unofanira kuutsigira nenzira yakarongwa). Mitezo mizhinji inobvumira vagadziri vemitemo ku “pamberi pezvikwereti zvisaririra” zvisainwa purogiramu, kuitira kuti vagadziri vedare pazuva rokutanga. Preplafilting vabatsire vaiti vemitemo kudzora kukurumidza uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti matanho akaoma anogona kunyorwa ndokuhwirudzurwa wachi isati yatanga kurira. Nhamba yezvikwereti inopinzwa ihuru zvikuru purogiramu imwe neimwe (ko muenzaniso), Texas Leglature inoona mabhiri anopfuura 6 000 anogara achichengetwa muchirongwa chimwe.

Basa reDare

Pakangotangwa bedzi, mabhiri anonongedzerwa kumatare mamwe kana kuti akawanda akamira ayo anonzvera mumiitiro yakananga (muremu, kurima, dzidzo, zvokufambisa, zvifambiso). Matare mabhiridhi ebasa egadziriro yomutemo: anochengeta kunzwa, anonzvera mirangariro, mutauro wokudzosa, uye anovhota kufambisira zvikwereti kuuriri kana kuti kuzviuraya chose chose. Gadziriro yedare rinobvumira kunzvera kwakakwana kungava kusingabviri pauriri hwakatsvikinyinyinyiwa. Mune dzimwe nyika, chirati chinganonge chanongeridzirwa kumatare akawanda, icho chinogona kunonotsa fambiro mberi kana kuti kuparira miganhuro. Migaro yedare inoita simba guru mukusarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinowana kunzwa uye kupera.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Pashure pokunge dare rapfuura, bhii rinoendesa kuuriri hwekamuri raro rakabva (Imba kana kuti Dare). Vhoti yemitezo yakazara inokakavadzana pamusoro pechibvumirano, ingapa kugadziriswa, uye pakupedzisira kuvhota parikupfuura. Kukwikwidzana kwemitemo kunogona kuva kwakatsiga zvikuru(dzimwe nyika dzinoisa miganhu yenguva pamukurukuri mumwe nomumwe, dzimwe dzinobvumira kurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa. Vhoti inodikanwa nokuda kwokutora inowanzova yakapfava yemitezo iripo nevota, asi mimwe mipimo (umhiko, mitero, mibatanidzwa, kugadzirirwa kwemitemo) inoda kuganhuriro yemubato mukurusa (2 76) kana kuti perrum. Paimwe dare rinongopfuura imwe imba, inoenda kune imwe imba, apo muitiro unodzokorokororo. Kana matare edare rakasiana, dare rinopfuura, dare rinobva mumapoka ose ari maviri anobvumirana kudzo.

Makarenda Apamutemo Nemitsetse Yakafa

Kuti chirongwa chirambe chichiitwa, vaiti vemitemo vanotsamira pakarenda inogadza zviitiko zvinokosha: misi yesumo yemitemo, chikamu chedare, chikamu chouriri muimba inobva, uye chikamu chokupedzisira. Iyi “kanafa” inobatsira kudzivisa logjams. Somuenzaniso, muColorado, “Chember Semission yeNguva yeNhembe” ine musi wokutanga , musi wekutora nguva unosvika 30,“ nguva yokuita basa” pazuva ra60, uye “nguva inoperera . Muzuva ra80 pazuva. Kana chirevo chitsama chimwe chete chikabhuro, chakafa zvakanaka pasina kudzorerwa nomutemo chaiwo, unowanzoda kuvhota.

Misiyano Pasi Pose peUnited States

Hapana matare maviri okugadza pamutemo akafanana chaizvoizvo, uye misiyano inotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura nguva yerusando. mamwe masangano makuru anobatanidza unyanzvi hwesangano racho, mwero wokubvisa, kuvapo kweganhuriro dzeshoko, uye basa ragavhuna mukarenda yemitemo.

Mitemo yeNyika Yakazara Nemitemo Yevagari Vomunyika

Sezvadudzwa, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York zvine nguva yakazara, matare anobhadharwa zvikuru ane vashandi vakawanda, achigonesa kusangana nounodokusvika gore rimwe nerimwe uye kuronga. Kune rimwe divi remiitiro yakaoma. Kuno rumwe rutivi rwemitsetse, kunoti seNew Hampshire, South Dakota, uye Wyoming inoshanda se “masangano emisika,” apo marusando mapfupi, mari iri pasi, uye mitezo mizhinjisanoita mamwe mabasa. NCSL inoumba masangano ehurumende muzvikamu zvitatu: nguva yakazara (chimbichimbichi), mivhenganiswa, uye chikamu chakati (chidikarudzwa), zvakavakirwa parusando, muripo, uye zvishandiso. Uku kuro zvine miuyo mikuru nokuda kwekufambira mberi kwomutemo, rudzi rwokunzvera nokunyora nokupesvedzera.

Kuganhurira Nguva Nekuchinja Zvigaro

Muzvinhu zvine ganhuriro dzenhambo imwe (mutoo, California, Michigan, Florida, Oklahoma), gadziriro youtungamiriri nezivo yesangano zvinozorodzwa nguva dzose.Vagadziri vemitemo vatsva vangasarovedzana nemiitiro yemitemo, kuchitungamirira kumarusando okutanga akareba zvikuru uye kuvimba zvikuru navashandi. Nenzira inopesana, maruwa asina ganhuriro dzenguva refu kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anovamba mupimo wavaiti vemitemo vagara nebasa avo vanotungamirira ndokuchengeta nhevedzano mumarusando.

Basa raGavhuna

Chiremera chagavhuna pakarenda yemitemo chinosiyana zvikuru. Mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna ane simba chairo rokudana marusando chaiwo ndokutanga purogiramu dzawo. Mune dzimwe, mutezo wedare unogona kuzvidanira murusando chairwo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokukumbira. Uyezve, magavhuna akawanda ane simba romutsetse ‛item vento nokuda kwezvikwereti zvemitero, zvinogona kuva zvisingadzorwi nevhoti mbiri. Chityisidziro cheveto(kana chipikirwa chorusando chamarusando chaicho (8) chichava chishandiso chine simba mukati mechisarusando chenguva dzose.

Kuzorodzwa Uye Sine Zvinofa

Rusando rwuri rwose rwemitemo runofanira pakupedzisira kupera. Rusando rwemitemo runofanira kupera. Rusando rwenguva dzose rungava rwechinguvana kana kuti rwokupedzisira. Chinoyera chokupedzisira chinonzi “fa” (chiLatin nokuda kwe“pasina zuva”), kureva kuti mutezo wedare unonyaurirwa nokuda kwerusando irworwo uye hapana rimwe bhizimisi rinogona kupedzwa kutozosvikira purogiramu inotevera yenguva dzose yapera. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogadza chisarudzo chaicho chinorayirwa nemitemo kuti chivi chinofa musi; somuenzaniso, Oregon Legastislature inofanira kudzoswa pagore raJuly 10 mumakore anosvomhina. Kana chibvumirano chikakundikana kupedza basa racho panguva iyeyo, gavhuna angadana rusarudzo chazvo kuti chipedzei.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvirongwa Pamitemo uye Kutonga

Gadziriro nokuronga marusando emitemo zvinotapura zvakananga vhoriyamu, kunaka, uye kumhanya kwemitemo. Marusando mapfupi anomanikidza vagadziri vemitemo kuisa miganhu, kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko yokufunga kwokungwarira. Marusando enguva dzose anogona kutungamirira kukumhanya kwokupererwa nezano mumavhiki okupedzisira, sezvo mazana emari anokwikwikwidzana nguva yapauriri hwakaganhurirwa. Nenzira inopesana, matare okutonga enguva dzose ane marusando marefu anogona kukwanisa kuchengeta kunzwa zvakawanda, kubudisa zvikwereti zvakanatswa zvikuru, uye kutora rutivi mukutarisira zvikuru, (*) asi zvinozviisawo mungozi yokumhanya kwemitengo yemari yakaderera.

Nokuda kwavose uye nokuda kwemapoka efariro, kunzwisisa apo rusando rwehurumende runotanga uye runoguma kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kunobudirira. Vagadziri vemitemo vanoronga marusando avo parusando rwechikamu, uye vatsigiri vanoziva kuti kutanga kwapakuvamba nebasa redare kazhinji kazhinji kunopesvedzera zvikuru kupfuura chiito chouriri. Kuwedzera, kuziva mitemo yamarusando chaiwo naveto kungagovera mukana wechipiri wokufambisira mberi kana kuti kumisa mutezo. Zvakawanda zvakadai se [[FLT:] NCS] mapeji echirongwa chomutemo weSangano reSangano reSangano rePT[FLT][FLT] uye miraidzo yehurumende imwe neimwe. [FLT]

mhedziso

Masangano makuru emitemo yehurumende (8) apo anenge aitika, kuti inogara kwenguva yakareba sei, uye kuti imirairoi inotonga sei inova inokosha kunzwisiswa kwechibvumirano cheAmerica mumabasa. Nepo gadziriro yeU.S. inowanzorondedzerwa se “basa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” kuti rabhoratopia rinoshanda panhambo dzakasiana zvikuru munyika imwe neimwe. Kunyange uri nyanzvi yemiitiro, mutori wenhau, mudzidzi, kana kuti mugari wemo anoitira hanya, kuchengeta nhano yekarenda yako yomutemo inhanongerwo rwokuita mutemo. Sezvo kutaura kuti kupfuurira kushandura zvirongwa zvavo zvepurogiramu yeBilyciery kuendesa kugore negore, vamwe vanoisa miganhuro mitsva kana kuti vanokura mabanza okutora rutivi ruri kure kwemitengo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo kucharamba ichishanda uye kusimba.