Hurumende yeUnited States inovakirwa panheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba, pfungwa inoparadzira chiremera mumapazu matatu akasiyana: chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iri sangano, rakagadzirwa nokungwarira naVagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, rinovimbisa kuti hakuna chinhu chimwe chinogona kudzora hurumende yehurumende. Kuwana nzwisiso yavazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika seMontesquieus uye zvinoitika zvinoshanda pasi peMitemo yeChibvumirano, vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo vakavaka gadziriro umo bazi rimwe nerimwe risina mitoro yaro yoga yoga asi rinewo mutoo wokunzvera nayo dzimwe. Iri chiyero chakaoma kunzwisisa ireti yesimba reAmerica yedemocracy, chengetera vanhu uye kudzika kwamabasa oudzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu ose ari maviri eUbati ushe uye munzanga dzose dzinodiwa zvikuru kuti ashande muhurumende.

Bazu Romutemo: Simba Rokuita Mitemo

Sezvo bazu rokutanga rehurumende rakadudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo (Article I), bazu remitemo, rinozivikanwa seCongress, rinopa chiremera chikuru kugadzira mitemo yehurumende. Congress idare rebimeral, rakakamuraniswa kuva Imba yavamiriri neDare. Iri boka rakanga riri kubvumirana kwemaune pakati penyika huru neduku, richivimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri kuratidzirwa kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo nemufananidzo wenyika wakaenzana zvinoita basa mukugadzira mutemo.

Dare Guru Guru Rematare

Imba yeVamiririri, ine mitezo inovhota inogoverwa nechiverengero chavagari vemo chimwe nechimwe, inomirira vanhu zvakananga. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko ane makore maviri, vachiaita kuti agamuchire zvikuru murangariro wavose. Dare, rinoumbwa nemitezo ine 100 (hurumende paiviri), rinomirira nyika zvakaenzana. Masangano anobatira mipimo yegore rechitanhatu, achigovera mirangariro mirefu nepesvedzero inodzikamisa patsika yenyika imwe neimwe. Mabasa akasiyana ekamuri rimwe nerimwe (h.* Sasimba reimba bedzi rokutanga zvikwereti uye chiremera chakatanhamara cheDare rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa zvemo yehurumende.[1] Kupa mirairo yechekedzo yomukati inobvumira pamutemo isati yatopfuura.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo

Kugadzira mutemo wehurumende muitiro murefu, une nhanho dzakawanda dzakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokurangarira kwokungwarira. Chibvumirano chinogona kutangwa mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, umo inogoverwa kudare nokuda kwefundo, kunzwa, uye kuisa. Kana dare richibvumira, pamutemo unoenda kuimba yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano nevhoti. Pane imwe kamuri, inoenda kune rimwe, apo muitiro unodzokororwa. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri achipfuvura shanduro dzakasiyana, dare rokupedzisira rinoyananisa misiyano. Shanduro yokupedzisira ipapo inoenda kuna Purezidhendi. Kuoma kwerwe urwu (kubva pakusuma basa, uriri, kurukurirano, uye kuyanananisa kudzokorodza kupfurikidza nokudzokorodza kupfurikidza, kukurudzira nokungwarira.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubatsira

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zveCongress i “simba rayo rechikwama.” Bhuku reMitemo rinopa Congress chiremera chapose cherevy chemitero uye chokugovera mari yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wegore negore wekukarakadza, Imba neDare rinosarudza kuti mari yomutero inopedzerwa sei pachinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yenyika kusvikira kugadziriro dzenzanga. Uku kudzora kwemari kunobvumira kuti Dare ripedze mabasa ebazi guru. Kuramba kubhadhadharira kutora nzvero yebasa rehurumende ichenjedzo ine simba guru pasimba rapurezidhendi.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Paramende ine mutoro unokosha wokutarisira bazu guru nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoitwa sezvinodiwa. Kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, zviputu, uye kunzvera, Congress inogona kuongorora zviito zvokudzora, vakuru vakuru vemasangano, uye kufukura tsvina, kunyengera, kana kuti kushatisa. Conreg.gov website inogovera mukana wavose kuzhinji zveizvi zviito. Iri basa rokutarisira rinobetsera kuchengeta kujeka nokuzvidavirira mukati mehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Kumirira uye Kuitira Vamwe Mabasa

Kupfuura kuita mutemo, mitezo yeCongress inobatira sebatano yakananga pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yehurumende. Inoita basa rokutonga rimwe nerimwe(kubetsera vamiririri vehurumende vanotungamirira, kukumbira betsero, kana kuti kupedza nhau dzehurumende. iyi midzi youswa inovimbisa kuti manzwi omunzvimbomo nezvinoshushikana zvinonzwiwa pamwero wenyika, kusimbisa nheyo yedemocracy yebazu rewiti.

Bazu Raitungamirira: Simba Kumitemo Inomanikidzirwa

Chikamu II chesimba rechiremera reBumbiro reMitemo muPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo ane mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo yakanyorwa neCongress. Bazu rapamusoro ndiro bazu gurusa rehurumende, rinobatanidza mamirioni avashandi vasiri varwi mumazana amadhipatimendi, masangano, uye mamirioni.

Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende

Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri semusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Akaiswa muElectoral College makore mana ari ose, Purezidhendi anogadza purogiramu yenyika, anoraira mauto ane zvombo, uye anomirira United States kune imwe nyika. Vice Prezidhendi, akasarudzwa patiki imwe cheteyo, anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare reSangano (rokuparadza tayi) uye anomira akagadzirira kutora denderedzwa kana kuchidikanwa. Bazu repamusoro rinobatanidzawo Hofisi yaPrezidhendi, Hofisi inodzorwa yaPrezidhesi weNyika yeUnited States (iyo inobatanidza vamiriripurendi veSangano reVachena nekishina shopu yeSangano yeSangano reNational Security neH Office of Decuriciotime).

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Kuti aite ukuru hwemitoro yehurumende, Purezidhendi anotsamira paCabinet yemisoro yedhipatimendi uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano akazvimirira. Madhipatimendi makuru ane gumi namashanu akadai seMabasa okudzivirira, Ruramisiro, uye State (Associality) ane mabasa ebasa anokosha. Pansi pawo, masangano akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency, Federal Bureautarial Agementa urongwa hwePrefestigation, uye mabasa. Masangano aya anoshandura mitemo yemitemo yemitemo mikurumikoro kuti ishate zviito zvezuva nezuva zvinotapura upenyu hwevaAmerica. [[FLT:]]

Kuitwa Kwemitemo

Basa guru rebazu rinotonga nderokushandisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress.Izvi zvinobatanidza kududzira izvo mitemo iyoyo inoreva mukushanda, kugadza mirau yokuzadza udzame (muitiro unodzorwa neAdministrative Proceduce Act), uye kuita zviito zvokudzika mutemo mukurwisana navaputsi. Purezidhendiwo ane simba rokubudisa nhau yokukanganwira nokupazve mhaka dzehurumende, achigovera cheki pachiremera chedare chechiremera chebazu.

Mutemo wokumwe naMutungamiriri weNhengo

Purezidhendi ane mutoro mukuru wokuitisa nhau dzokunze. Somumiririri mukuru wenyika, Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare) uye zvibvumirano zvokutonga namamwe marudzi. SoMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto uye mabasa okurwisa akananga, kunyange zvazvo Congress achichengeta simba rokuzivisa hondo uye kutsigira hondo. Uku kuoma kwemasimba ehurumende nemitemo mune dzimwe nyika kwave kuri musoro unodzokororwa munhau yeAmerica.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Kutarisira mabasa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, ine simba romutemo asi isingadi bvumirano. Iyi mirairidzo inoshandiswa kutungamirira vakuru vakuru vebazu, kushandisa mirau iripo. Nepo mirairo ine simba, yavakuru vakuru ichifanira kuhwirudzurwa uye inogona kuchinjwa neChibvumirano kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti naPurezidhendi anotevera. Idzo dzinobatira sechishandiso chinochinjika nokuda kwokugamuchira migariro inochinja, asi dzinosimbisawo mutambo unopfuurira pakati pamapazu.

Bazu Rokutonga: Simba Rokududzira Mitemo

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, neDare Rapamusorosoro. Bazu iri rinotsanangura revo yemitemo neBumbiro reMitemo rimene, richivimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa nguva dzose uye nenzira isina ruramisiro. Vatongi veFondera vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vakaiswa mudzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, naizvozvo vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvisina ruramisiro zvakavakirwa pamutemo nomuenzaniso.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende igadziriro yehurumende. Pasi pane matare 94 oruwa, apo mhaka dzehurumende dzinotanga pano. Pamusoro padzo pane maDare 13 eZvikumbiro (matare ehurumende), anonzwa kukwirira kubva kumatare eruwa. Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States idare rokupedzisira; rinosarudza kunzwa nhamba yakaganhurirwa yenhau dzehurumende gore rimwe nerimwe, zvikurukuru idzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare epasi. Iri dare rinobvumira kuhwirudzura nokutsinhirana mukududzirwa kwapamutemo. [FLT:] U. Dare gurusa redare redare rinopa mifungo namapepa.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Nehwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Chishandiso chejudiary chine simba zvikurusa ihwirudzuro yedare.[1] Chiremera chokuzivisa mabasa eCongress, mabasa ehurumende, kana kuti mitemo yenyika isiri yourongwa. Iri simba harina kuziviswa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rakatangwa neDare Gurusa renhau mumhene 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Kubvira ipapo, Dare raparadza mazana emitemo yehurumende nerevomhesvedzo yokupedzisira yemitemo.

Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Vatongi vanoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo, kubva muuzivi hwapakuvamba (kutarira padonzo rapakuvamba ravaFramers) kusvikira kukurarama nebumbiro remitemo (kubatanidza chinyorwa kumigariro yazvino uno). Idzi uzivi hunosiana magadzirire anoita Dare kusarudza nhau dzenharo dzakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, kuva woga, uye simba rehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nemitoo, basa rejajidhia nderokupa dudziro dzine chiremera dzinobatanidza mapazi ose nemwero yehurumende.

Gadziriro Yakashata Nenhema

Matare ehurumende anopedza gakava pakati pavanhu, pakati pehurumende, uye pakati pehurumende. Anonzwawo mhaka dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, zvibvumirano, uye maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Nheyo yokutarira (kurega zvisarudzo zvichimira) inopa dzikamo nokudeya kufanoziviswa kumutemo. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa renhau rinogona kuchinja muenzaniso waro rimene mumigariro isingawanzowaniki, rinoratidzira kubvisa mipimo yenzanga kana kuti kururamisa pamutemo. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti bazi rinotonga rinoramba riri zvose zviri zviviri rakatsigarirana uye rinochinjika.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Unyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. huri mukuumbwa kwaro kwegadziriro yokuzvipa inozvinzvera nedzinodzikamisa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa masimba akajeka kuganhurira zviito zvemamwe, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Tsika ino inoshanda munzira dzakawanda dzinotsaurwa.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Congress inogona kukurira dare ramapurezidhendi nembiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvibvumirano zvamabhinya.” Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwapurezidhendi uye zvibvumirano zveraimension. Dare rinodzorawo bhajeti, zvinoreva kuti rinogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru varo dzinoishora.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Purezidhendi anogona kupa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzirwa neCongress, achimanikidzira musangano wehurumende kuunganidza rumbidzo huru kuti iuite. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuronga Congress murusando chairwo. Kupfurikidza nokubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru nokuumba kuitwa kwemitemo, Purezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera miuyo pasina kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwemitemo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Dare rehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusoro, rinogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutonga zvisina wirirano. Iyi hwirudzuro yedare inoshatisa pamusoro pokutsvaka uye inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Darewo rinorondedzera mirau isina kujeka, ichiumba nenzira inobudirira nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa nayo. Kuwedzera, simba redare redare rokuhwirudzura rinosimbisa kuti masangano anotungamirira haapfuuri chiremera chawo chomutemo.

Kunzvera Kutungamirira uye Kutonga Mudare

Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, uye Dare rinovasimbisa () muitiro unoumba dzikamo yepfungwa dzedare redare redare kwemakumi emakore. Dare rinogona kuchinja ukuru noukuru hwematare ehurumende akaderera, uye rinogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti kupfuure zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa. Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro, anomanikidzira matare, kureva kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga pakupedzisira zvinotsamira pabazu rapamusoro nokuda kwokuitwa.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vanhu Zvikuru

Uku kunzvera nedzikamo hazvisi zvimwe; zvinotamba murwisano chaidzoidzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri wehurumende angapfuvura mutemo, asi Congress ingakurira dare gurusa. Dare ringarova mutemo, richitungamirira Congress kupfuudza shanduro yakadzokororwa kana kuti kukarakadza kugadziridzwa. Uku kudzokera shure-pfuuva kunosimbisa kuti mapazi ose matatu anofanira kubatira pamwe ne(odoka) kana kuti kurwisana kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Kunzwisisa uku kubatira pamwe chete kunoitwa nehurumende yedemocracyism mudzvinyiriro.

mhedziso

Mapazu matatu ehurumende . "Ichi chirongwa, chakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo, dare, uye dare) zvinoshanda pamwe chete mugadziriro yakasanorongwa iyo inoparadzira simba uye inodzivisa bazu rimwe nerimwe kusadzora. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiana, bva rimwe nerimwe rakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yokudzivisa mamwe. Iyi purogiramu, yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo nayakanatswa namazana amakore ebasa, inodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo uye inochengeta mutemo. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi haisi bedzi muitiro wedzidzo; idikanwo yokutora rutivi runozivikanwa muupenyu hwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti aya mapazi anobatana sei, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kutsigira zviri nani nokuda kwefariro dzavo, vanoramba vachizvidavirira, uye vachiparira kuedza kupfuurira mukuva vazvirongwi muUnited States.