Chitanga: Chivako cheAmerican Federalism

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, chivako chakagadzirwa namaune neFramers of the Constitution kuparadzira chiremera mumitezo mitatu yakasiana: hurumende, nyika, uye nzvimbo. Uku kupesana kwesimba kwakanga kusati kuri tsaona yenhau asi davidzo yakasanorongwa kuchinoitika chavarwi nehurumende yeBritain. VaFramers vakatsvaka kuparira hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kuchengeta rudzi rwacho pamwe chete asi yakafanira kuchengetedza rusununguko nemhatsa yomunharaunda.

Mazana maviri emakore gare gare, kunzwisisa kuti hurumende imwe neimwe inogona kuita sei uye haigoni kuita kudarika vanhu vose. Miganhu iri pakati pemiganhu iyi haisi yepasi pose; yakashanduka - chinja kuburikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kutongwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro, uye kuchinjana kwematongerwe enyika. Asi nheyo yacho inoramba iripo: tsika yakadzikama umo simba rinokwira richibva kuvanhu uye rinokamuraniswa zvakanyatsozara pakati pemasimba anokwikwikwidzana. Nyaya ino inoongorora masimba uye ganhuriro dzehurumende imwe neimwe, ichigovera nhungamiro yakakwana nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakaronze.

Chinyorwa chehwaro chekunzwisisa izvi zvikamu iBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende nepo ichichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende navanhu. Iyi gadziriro, inozivikanwa sehurumende, inoparira zvose zviri zviviri kujeka nokusagadzikana. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakacherekedza rataurazve, Bumbiro reMitemo haribvumiri mwero upi noupi wehurumende kupfuura chiremera chayo chakagadzwa, asi rinosiyawo nzvimbo yakati kuti ipfuure nokuda kwokududzira nokuchinjika. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvakadzamanyuko emitemo yehurumende yehurumende, National Archive Archivesss inogovera rugwaro rwakazara namashoko enhau eBumbiro remitemo [[FLT]].

Masimba Ehurumende Akabudirira: Chiremera Cherudzi

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinotapura nyika yose. Masimba ayo anodudzwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinoronga mitoro chaiyo yakapiwa kuCongress. Iwaya anodudzwa anoumba simba rehurumende rehurumende, uye akadudzirwa zvikuru munguva kupfurikidza neChinodikanwa neChinowirirana, icho chinobvumira Chibvumirano kuita mitemo yose iri "yosesakafanira uye yakafanira" nokuda kwokutakura masimba aro anodudzwa.

Masimba Akasimba eDare

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Dare simba ku:

  • Yakabatanidza mativi enyika okunze nokutengeserana kwokumwe: The Commerce Claus inopa chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pokutengeserana kwehurumende kunopa mitsetse yenyika kana kuti kunobatanidza marudzi okumwe. Iri simba rave riri hwaro hwegadziriro huru yemitemo yehurumende, kubva kumitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumirau yemhoteredzo.
  • Kupa maruramiro ehondo nokukwidza mauto: Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo, uye rine simba rokusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta, uye kuita mitemo nokuda kwokudzora kwamauto ane zvombo. Mutungamiriri anoshanda saMutungamiriri muChivimbo, asi Congress anodzora mari netendero.
  • Mari inokosha uye inodzora ukoshi hwayo: Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chapoga chokubudisa mari, kuisa ukoshi hwayo, uye kuranga kunyengera. Simba iri rinokosha mukuchengeta upfumi hwenyika hwakatsiga uye kudzivirira nyongano yemari yehurumende inokwikwidza.
  • inosimbisa mutemo mumwe wokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo nemitemo yokutama: Hurumende yehurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo weU.S. uye kudzora kungapinda munyika. Nyika hadzigoni kutanga mitemo yadzo dzimene yokupinda munyika, kunyange zvazvo dzingabatira pamwe nenhamburiko dzehurumende dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvapamutemo.
  • hofisi dzepositi nemigwagwa yepositi: Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa United States Postal Service uye ine chiremera pamusoro pegadziriro dzinotsigira kutakura tsamba.
  • maruramiro okunyoresa nekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero: Kusimudzira zvitsva nounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, hurumende inopa vagadziri navanyori kodzero dzavo chaidzo kubasa kwenguva dzakaganhurirwa.
  • Govern yeRuwa reColumbia nerehurumende: Congress ine chiremera chakasimba pamusoro pedzimbahwe renyika nendima zvakadai sePuerto Rico, Guam, uye Virgin Islands yeU.S.

Vane Simba Nevatongi

Simba rehurumende rehurumende harina kuganhurirwa kuCongress. Purezidhendi anoshandisa chiremera choukuru, kubatanidza simba rokumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, kuitisa muitiro wokumwe, kutaurirana, uye kugadza vatongi vehurumende navamwe vakuru vakuru. Dare rehurumende, rinotungamirirwa neDare gurusa, rinodudzira mutemo wehurumende neBumbiro remitemo uye rine simba rokuputsa mitemo inoputsa gadziriro dzemitemo.

Chikamu chechiremera chehurumende chakawedzera zvikuru chifo chenhambo yeChinyorwa, zvikurukuru pashure peNew Deal neCivil Rights nhambo yaMarudzi. Nhasi, hurumende yehurumende inoita basa guru munharaunda dzakadai sokutarisira utano, kutsigira dzidzo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo.

Ganhuriro Dzesimba Rakaumbwa Nehurumende

Hurumende yehurumende, pasinei zvapo nechiremera chayo chikuru, inoshanda mukati meganhuriro dzinokosha:

  • dzidziso yamasimba yakaverengwa: Hurumende yehurumende inogona bedzi kushandisa masimba ayo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa kwairi. Mamwe masimba ose akachengetwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswazve mumhaka yeDare Rapamusorosoro United States v. Lopez [1955], iyo yakaputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa pazvikonzero izvo Dare rakanga rapfuura simba raro rokutengeserana.
  • Chitendero chekodzero: Kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo kunoisa miganhu yakananga pasimba rehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuva norusununguko rwokutaura, rworudzidziso, rwokutsikirira, kana kuti rwekuungana; haigoni kuita nzvero isina mufungo nepfari; haigoni kutorera vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina mutoo wakafanira womutemo; uye inofanira kuremekedza dzimwe maruramiro makuru.
  • Kuparadzanya kwamasimba nenzvero nedzikamo: Mukati mehurumende yehurumende imene, simba rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu, rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera mamwe. Congress rinopa mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuvaisa; Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vakuru navatongi, asi Dare Rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kubatana, asi Dare rinogona kukarakadza muganhu kutsiva rondedzero dzedare.
  • Kuda kuva nomugariro wapasi nouchangamire hwehurumende: Pedersion yeTB inochengeta zvakajeka masimba asina kuiswa kuhurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva nharaunda dzakati dzechiremera chehurumende umo kuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwakaganhurirwa, kubatanidza kutarisirwa kwesarudzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, uye murairo wokushandisa nyika.
  • Miganhu yemitemo: Mimwe miitiro inoda zviito zvikuru kana kuti miitiro chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, zvibvumirano zvokubatanidza zvinoda vhoti yezvitatu zviviri muDare, uye kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kunoda vhoti mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti kokorodzano inonzi nedziviri chitatu dzenyika.

Masimba eHurumende yeHurumende: Vashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro penhau dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vadzo. Musi weTendith Amendment, masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kudzorwa kumaruwa anochengetwa kuhurumende, kana kuti kuvanhu. Uku kugoverwa kwesimba inheyo youchangamire hwehurumende mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Madokero kazhinji kazhinji anorondedzerwa se "nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" nemhaka yokuti anogona kuedza nemiitiro yakasiana- siyana uye mitoo, achigovera mienzaniso iyo dzimwe nyika kana kuti hurumende yehurumende ingagamuchira gare gare.

Masimba Emapurisa Nevane Simba Zvikuru

Boka rinokosha zvikurusa resimba rehurumende isimba ramapurisa, iro riri chiremera chokudzora nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzevagari vemo. Iri simba harina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rinonzwisiswa kuva romuzvarirwo muuchangamire hwenyika. Muchiremera ichi, matauriro anogona:

  • [[FLT: 0] Yakaisa mungozi utano hwavanhu:[[FLT: 1] United States inogadza matanho okuparadzanisa, inoda nhomba dzokupinda chikoro, nyanzvi dzezvoutano hwerezinesi, uye inogadza mipimo yezvipatara nemisha youkoti.
  • mutemo woutsotsi unomanikidzirwa:[ Mitemo youtsotsi mizhinjisa mitemo yehurumende. Nyika dzinorondedzera mhaka, vapari vemhosva, uye masangano etorongo.
  • dzidzo: nyika dzinotanga gadziriro dzezvikoro zvavose, dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, vadzidzisi vanotenderwa, uye dzinopa kuedza kwakarongwa. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari uye inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakati pasi pemitemo seMudzidzi Ari wose Wekubudirira, mutoro mukuru wedzidzo unova nehurumende.
  • Sarudzo dzeConduct: nyika dzinosarudza nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wesarudzo nokuda kwemahofisi ehurumende nehurumende, zviri pasi pourongwa. Vanoisa miganhu yoruwa, vanogadza miitiro yokunyoresa, uye vanotungamirira nzvimbo dzokuvhota. Iri simba razova rinokwikwidzana nenzira inowedzera munharo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota uye pekuperera pasarudzo.
  • inorambidza roorano neukama hwomumba:[[FLT: 1] United States inobudisa marezenisi eroorano, inogadza zvikonzero zvechatanuro, inogadza kodzero yokuchengeta mwana nokutsigira gadziriro, uye inotarisira gadziriro dzokurera mwana.
  • Kushandura kutengeserana kwenyika:[[FLT: 1] Sayenzi dzinodzora mibato yebhizimisi iyo inoitika chose chose mukati memiganhu yayo, kubatanidza kuisa magorokotera kwamabasa, kubatanidzwa kwamabhizimisi, uye murairo wamakambani einishuwarenzi.
  • nyika dzehurumende nezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo: nyika dzine nyika huru yavose mukati memiganhu yadzo ndokudzora kubudiswa kwepfuma yomusikirwo yakadai seoiri, gasi, mapuranga, uye mvura.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nezvivako

Nyika imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene rebumbiro remitemo, iro rinosimbisa chimiro chehurumende yayo uye rinoronga maruramiro avagari vemo vayo. Hurumende inowanzova yakareba zvikuru uye ine udzame zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende, uye inowanzogovera dziviriro dzinopfuura idzo dziri muChinyorwa cheRevoruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yokuva woga, maruramiro emhoteredzo yakachena, kana kuti maruramiro edzidzo yakakwana.

Hurumende dzinoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende mukuva namapazu matatu: mukuru mukuru (governor), mutemo wemitemo, uye matare okutonga (dare renyika). Zvisinei, kune mhatsa yakati pakati pehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine mirau yenguva yakazara, nepo dzimwe dzine rutivi rwenguva "dzinogarisa pamutemo." Dzimwe nyika dzinosarudza vatongi vadzo, nepo dzimwe dzichivagadza. Mamwe magavhuna ane masimba akasimba, kubatanidza chiremera chegiramu, nepo mamwe ane masimba akaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Kupeta kupfupi kunobetsera kwezvivako zvehurumende nemabasa zvinogona kuwanwa pa USA.gov's State State State percenta [, iyo inogovera batano kumawebsite ehurumende uye zviwanikwa zvemashoko.

Ganhuriro Dzesimba Rehurumende

Masangano anoshanda pasi peganhuriro dzakawanda dzinoganhurira chiremera chawo:

  • Chikamu VI cheConstitution chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukuru wenyika. Apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wehurumende wapamutemo wehurumende, mutemo unofanira kupa. Iyi nheyo yakatangwa pakuvamba munhau yorudzi MCulloch v. Maryland (1819), iyo inotaura kuti haigoni kubhadhara zvishandiso zvehurumende.
  • Rutengeso Claus:[[FLT: 1] United States haigoni kusarura kutengeserana kwenyika kana kuti mutoro wakaipa. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inotsigira mumabhizimisi enyika kupfuura makwikwi enyika kana kuti inoparira mhinganidzo kukuyerera kwapachena kwezvinhu mumativi enyika.
  • Mutemo weMitemo we14: The Batts Procession Claus neFolding Clause of the 144th Amendment inoshanda kuhurumende, ichidzirambidza kunyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo uye kunyima vanhu dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa aya mashoko ku "incorporate" zhinjisa dzedziviriro dzeBill of Rights magamerwe, kureva kuti inofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwechitendero, uye kodzero yokutakura zvombo.
  • Kusunungurwa kwapakarepo: Munharaunda umo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chayo chose, masangano haagoni kuita chiito. Somuenzaniso, masangano haagoni kupinda muzvibvumirano namarudzi okumwe, mari, kana kuti kuzivisa hondo. Munharaunda dzechiremera chakabatana, mutemo wehurumende ungabvisa mutemo wehurumende kana Congress ichida kugara mumunda kana kuti kana mutemo wehurumende uchirwisana nomutemo wehurumende.
  • Tsairo dzebumbiro remitemo reruwa: Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinoisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, kubatanidza dziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga, ganhuriro pamitero nendyiko, uye zvinodikanwa zvemiitiro yemitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutenda Kwakazara neCresarence: Masangano anofanira kuremekedza mabasa avose, zvinyorwa, uye zvinoitika zvokutonga zvedzimwe nyika. Raisenzi yeroorano yakabudiswa munyika imwe inofanira kuzivikanwa kazhinji kazhinji mune dzimwe nyika dzose, sezvinofanira kuva nerutongeso rwedare runobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Masimba eHurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Chinonyanyodiwa Nevanhu

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza matura, maturabhu, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo, mwero wehurumende iri pedyosa navanhu. Kusafanana nehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, idzo dzine chiremera chadzo choumambo, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende. Dzinowana simba radzo rose kubva kumutemo wenyika uye dzinogona kusikwa, dzakachinjwa, kana kuti kuparadzwa neisika rehurumende. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa se DILLON'S AURP[[, inoreva kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba iwayo bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakajeka kuhurumende, idzo dzinorehwa zvadziriwo zvadzo dzinopiwa namasimba akapiwa namasimba enyika, uye ayo anokosha kuzvinangwa zvadzo zvakaziviswa.

Marudzi Ehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

MuUnited States mune zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvehurumende yomunzvimbomo, chimwe nechimwe chine zvivako zvakasiyana - siyana nemasimba:

  • +[FLT 1] Matura makurusa enzvimbo munyika uye anowanzogovera mabasa akadai sokuita kuti mutemo utevedzere, utano hwavanhu, kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa, uye kutarisirwa kwesarudzo. Hurumende dzeruwa dzingadzorwa nebhodhi revakuru vakuru vehurumende, kana kuti zvose, zvichitsamira pamutemo wehurumende.
  • Maguta, mataundi, uye misha zvinosanganisira nzvimbo dzinogovera mabasa akawanda kuvagari vemo, kubatanidza mapurisa nemoto, mvura netsvina, mapaki nevaraidzo, uye nzvimbo dzokugara nenzvimbo. Masangano angashanda pasi peguva rameya, dare, kana kuti zvimiro zvehurumende.
  • Zvikepe zvokuzvidira: Mune dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru muNorthern East neMidwest, mataundikishi mapoka ehurumende anogovera mabasa munharaunda dzomumaruwa nemumataundi. Masimba avo nemitoro zvinosiana zvikuru nehurumende.
  • Maruwa akasiana: Aya mapoka ehurumende akazvimirira akagadzirwa kuti agovere mabasa akati, akadai samaruwa echikoro, maruwa emvura, maruwa omwoto, maruwa eraibhurari, uye zviremera zvokufambisa. Ane mabhodhi okutonga uye chiremera chokubhadhara.

Simba reHurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Kunyange zvazvo masimba ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo achisiyana nehurumende, anowanzobatanidza:

  • Nyika inoshandiswa nokurongeka: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinodzora kuti zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa sei kupfurikidza nemirairo inogarwa, mabumbiro emitemo, mirau yemapoka, uye miitiro yokuronga. Iri ndirimwe ramasimba anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende yomunzvimbomo, sezvo inoumba nzanga uye mipimo yezvinhu.
  • Nhamba yemabasa anokosha: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinogovera mabasa ayo vagari vemo vanotsamira paari zuva nezuva, kubatanidza dziviriro yamapurisa, kudzvinyirirwa kwemoto, mabasa ekurumidziro okurapa, kuunganidzwa kwamarara, kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa, uye zvifambiso zvavose.
  • Mutero wepanyika: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinochengeta mitero yenzvimbo, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemari inotambirwa, uye mitero yakasiana---- siyana kuti zviwane mari yokushandisa mabasa adzo. Mitero yenzvimbo ndiyo inonyanyova manyuko makurusa emari inotambirwa yomunzvimbomo, uye mwero yadzo inoiswa namasangano anodzora anodzorwa neganhuriro dzehurumende.
  • [ Kotsekano yePublic nokuchengetwa kwomutemo: Madhipatimendi emapurisa omunzvimbomo anomanikidzira hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo, anonzvera mhaka, uye anochengeta nhevedzano yavose. Madhipatimendi emwoto omunzvimbomo anogovera kudzorwa kwomwoto uye kazhinji kazhinji mabasa ekurumidziro ezvokurapa.
  • Mapark nenhandaro: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisa mapaka, nzvimbo dzokutambira, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, uye zvirongwa zvenhandaro.
  • Sarudzo dzenzvimbo yapano: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinogovera sarudzo nokuda kwamahofisi omunzvimbomo, zvakadai sameya, dare reguta, dare rechikoro, uye zvipimo zverockot. Dzinobatirawo sepfundo guru reonano nokuda kwokunyoresa kwomuvhoti munyika dzakawanda.
  • Riginicha nemirau: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzezvematongerwe enyika, dzinodzora mabhizimisi erendi yenhambo pfupi, dzinodzora ruzha nezvinosembura, uye dzinogombedzera utano nemitemo yokudzivirira ngozi.

Kutonga Kwomusha Nezviito Zvomunzvimbomo

Mitemo yakawanda yakagamuchira utongi hwemusha urongwa hunopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo rusununguko rukuru zvikuru. Mukutonga kwomusha, profesta kana kuti nyika inogona kugamuchira chata yayo imene nemasimba anoshandisa asingarambidzwi zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, panzvimbo pokuganhurirwa kumasimba anopiwa nenzira yakajeka. Kutonga kwomusha kunopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo rusununguko rwakawanda rwokukurukura zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo pasina kutsvaka mvumo kubva kuhurumende. Zvisinei, mutemo wemusha hausati uchibvisa ukurumbidziko yehurumende; mitemo yehurumende ichiri kudzora chose chose chose nemitemo yomunzvimbomo apo inorwisana, uye hurumende dzinogona kubvisa chiito chomunzvimbomo munharaunda dzeitiro yehurumende.

Chinzwano cheNyika chaMaguta chinogovera zviwanikwa zvikuru pabasa rehurumende yomunzvimbomo mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa , kubatanidza kunzvera kwomutemo womusha, Kutonga kwaDillon, uye kusunungurwa kwehurumende.

Kuganhurirwa Kwesimba Romunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzemo dzinotarisana neganhuriro dzakawanda pachiremera chadzo:

  • State ofstation: United States inogona kukurira mitemo yomunzvimbomo pamhatsa yakafara yenhau, kuvambira pamirairo yepfuti kusvikira kumari shomanene kusvikira kumipimo yemhoteredzo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika zhinji dzakagadza mitemo inoganhurira chiremera chomunzvimbomo munharaunda dzakadai sokudzora rendi, zororo rokurwara, uye zvinyorwa zvepurasitiki.
  • Miganhu yeConstitution: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanira kuremekedza maruramiro mamwe chetewo ebumbiro remitemo sehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende. Dzinogona kutsaura zvakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa, hadzigoni kumanikidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, uye hadzigoni kutorera vanhu zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.
  • Mitemo yetsika: Hurumende zhinjisa dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisana neganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa pakukwanisa kwadzo kukwidza mari. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende nemirau kazhinji kazhinji anoisa kukura kwemitero yenzvimbo, kunoda tendero yemitero mitsva kana kuti zvisungo. Iyi mitemo inogona kuita kuti kuomere hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kutsigira mibato inokosha.
  • Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona bedzi kushandisa chiremera mukati memiganhu yadzo yenzvimbo. Dzinogona kudzora mufambiro kunze kwemiganhu yadzo, uye dzinofanira kubatira pamwe nemitemo yapedyo panhau dzomunharaunda dzakadai sechokufambisa, kunaka kwemhepo, uye mugove wemvura.
  • Nhaka yemari yehurumende neyamasangano: Hurumende dzakawanda dzinovimba zvikuru nokutamisirwa kwehurumende kunobva kumanyuko ehurumende nehurumende. Uku kutsamira kunogona kuparira kuvadziko yengozi yokushandisa mari uye chinjo dzemiitiro pamwero yakakwirira yehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji inouya netambo dzakabatanidzwa muchimiro chezvitendero nemigariro.

Simba Riri Kupfuurira: Panoderera

Masimba ose ehurumende haana kuva nemwero mumwe chete. Masimba akawanda anogoverwa pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nenyika, kana kuti pakati penyika nenharaunda. Aya anozivikanwa samasimba echinzwano, uye iwo rutivi rukuru rwehurumende yeAmerica. Apo yose iri miviri inoshandisa masimba akabatana, mutemo wehurumende mukurusa muchinoitika cherwisano, asi masangano anowanzosununguka kuita chiito chero Congress yaverence isina kubvisa munda wacho.

Mienzaniso yemasimba akabatana enguva imwe cheteyo inobatanidza:

  • Kudzorwa: Zvose zviri zviviri hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinorerutsa mitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yemakambani, uye mitero inobvisa. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobvisawo mitero yemari yenzvimbo uye pane dzimwe nguva mari kana kuti mitero yokutengesa. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro yemitero inopfuudzwa mumwero wakakwirira neoma.
  • Murairo wetsika: Hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo yemhoteredzo yamarudzi pasi pemitemo yakadai seCease Air Act yeDevice neClean Water Act, asi masangano anogona kutora mipimo yorumano zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji ane mutoro wokushandisa mapurogiramu ehurumende. California, somuenzaniso, ine chiremera chokugadza mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari iyo inodzika zvikuru kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.
  • Kuchengetwa kwomutemo: Nepo mutemo wakawanda zvikurusa woutsotsi uri mutemo wehurumende, hurumende yehurumende inopa mhosvawo mufambiro wakati, zvikurukuru mhaka dzinopfuura miganhu yehurumende kana kuti dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvomubatanidzwa. Masangano ezvomutemo eFBI, DEA, uye ATF anoshanda parutivi pehurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo.
  • Kudzika mirau yemari: Hurumende yehurumende inodzora mabhangi anorendwa norudzi, nepo nyika dzichidzora mabhangi ehurumende anokandwa. Mwero yose iri miviri ine chiremera chokudzora pamasangano ezvemari, ichiumba gadziriro yebhangi mbiri.
  • Mhepo nekotsekano: Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinodzora chengeteko yebasa (OSHA pamwero womubatanidzwa, gadziriro dzehurumende munyika dzakawanda), chengeteko yezvigadzirwa zvemutengi, uye zvokudya nekotsekano yemirimo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Muukama Hwehurumende

Kukamukana kwamasimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo haisi nhau yakagadziriswa. zvamatongerwe enyika zveContemporary zvakazadzwa negakava pamusoro pemiganhu yakafanira yechiremera pamwero mumwe nomumwe. Zvinetso zvikuru zvinoverengeka zvinorondedzera mugariro wazvino weAmerica wehurumende:

Kusunungurwa uye Kuparadzwa Kwechiremera Chomunzvimbomo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, matare ehurumende akashandisa zvikuru kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzine gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika dzakadai semiraudzo yepfuti, mubhadharo muduku, peji inobhadharwa, uye dziviriro dzinodzivisa kusasarura. Iyi kombamiro yakachinja mutoo wenhau wehurumende dzinopa rusununguko rukuru kumaguta uye kuranga, uye yakamutsa nharo pamusoro pokuti hurumende dziri kudarika basa radzo mugadziriro yehurumende.

Zvipo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa kupesvedzera hurumende nomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokubatanidza migariro yokupa. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa ipurogiramu yemari yomumugwagwa mukuru, iyo yakashandiswa kukurudzira nyika kusimudzira zera rokunwa kusvikira ku 21 uye kugamuchira mitemo yokudzivirira njodzi yomumugwagwa yakafanana. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira uyu muitiro, rinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokumanikidzirwa nokuderera kwouchangamire hwehurumende.

Hurumende Inodzora Nesimba Rinodzora

Kukura kwehurumende yehurumende yakatapurawo dzikamo yesimba. Masangano eFederal anopa mirau ine simba romutemo, kazhinji kazhinji nechisarudzo chikuru icho Congress akapa kwavari. Nyika nenharaunda zvinofanira kuwirirana neiyi mirau kana kuti nharaunda dzinorasikirwa nemari yehurumende. Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende dzakadzorera kupfurikidza nokunyengetedzwa kwehurumende, zvibvumirano zvebatira pamwe, uye kupfurikidza nokushandisa dzimwe mitoo dzehurumende.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira nzvero huru zvikuru yehurumende neukama hwehurumende, [[FLT: 0] Legal Information Institute paCornell Law School inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwehutongi hwehurumende [[FLT: 1], kubatanidza nhau huru dzeDare Rapamusoro netsinhiro yedzidzo.

Mugumisiro: Zvinoreva Kuramba Uchirwira Nyika

Gadziriro yamasimba mumitengo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo haisati ichingovawo zvayo rutivi rwounyanzvi rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeU. Inheyo yehwaro inoumba nzira iyo vaAmerica vanowana nayo mufambiro, maitirwe anoitwa uye kuitwa nayo, uye kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei. Mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende ine mitoro yakasiana- siyana neganhuriro izvo zvinoratidzira zvirongwa zveFramers nezvinodikanwa zvinogamuchidzwa zverudzi rwakaoma, rwakasiana - siana.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vehurumende, kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha. Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inobata nhau dzorudzi uye ine chiremera chokuita uko Bumbiro remitemo rinoipa simba. Hurumende dzinoshandisa masimba akafara amapurisa pamusoro poutano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vadzo ndokubatira semarabhoritari nokuda kweichinjo dzemitemo. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera mabasa nemiraudzo izvo zvinoumba zvakananga rudzi rwoupenyu munzanga, zvichishanda mukati megadziriro yomutemo wehurumende.

Miganhu iri pakati peiyi mwero haina kutsigiswa asi inopfuurira kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nemitemo, rwisano, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Iri vara guru izvose zviri zviviri simba namanyuko enyanduko. Inobvumira gadziriro kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja, asi inoparirawo rwisano dzinoda chisarudzo chokungwarira. Nheyo dzehurumende, ukuru, uye maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo zvinogovera gadziriro yokupedza idzi rwisano, asi miuyo inotsamira pauchenjeri norutongeso rwavagadziri vemitemo, vatongi, uye vagari vemo.

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi nezvemasimba ehurumende pamwero mumwe nomumwe hakusi kungoziva chete mitsetse yemabasa.

Gadziriro yehurumende haisati ichikwanisa nguva dzose, uye inogona kuita miuyo inoratidzika kuva inopesana kana kuti inokangaidza. Asi igadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko, kugovera mhatsa, uye kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba. Sezvo vadzidzi vanodzidza kufamba netsika ino, vanodzidzawo kunzwisisa kuoma nokusimba kwehurumende ye Amereka. Nokuda kwemitengo yechikoro nezvishandiso zvedzidzo, yeCBIL] Education inopa upfumi hwezvidzidzo, mabhuku, uye zvirongwa zvakanangidzira kupfurikidza neBumbiro remitemo yemitemo yemitemo yeNyika, Bill yekodzero dzavanhu, uye chirongwa chehurumende yeAmerica.