Basa Rapakuvamba Rebumbiro reMitemo

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788 pashure perwisano yakaoma nokuda kwokuzvimirira, inoramba iri mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Vagadziri vayo, vanopanikira zvikuru chiremera chapakati, vakaronga gadziriro yaizopa simba hurumende yorudzi panguva imwe cheteyo ndokuimanikidzira kusvika. Iri donzo rakasiyana-48 (kutanga hurumende yehurumende inoshanda apo inodzivirira rusununguko neuchangamire zvogamuchinda) ndiko kupedza basa risingaperi zvikurusa rebumbiro reMitemo. Pamavambo ayo, Bumbiro remitemo imutemo rinoisa mitemo yakaganhurirwa, chibvumirano chinobatanidza masimba akananga uye chinochengeta mamwe marudzi kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Nyaya inonzvera kuti gadziriro dzeBumbiro remitemo inodzivirira sei kubatira hurumende inovakwa uye kusimuteverwa kwomutemo.

Kunzwisisa idzi dziviriro kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose. Bumbiro reMitemo harisi chisaririra chipenyu asi chisaririra chipenyu icho matare, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatsigiri vanodudzira nguva dzose. Kuvambira pakuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kusvikira kuChiviko chekodzero dzekodzero neKivil War Amendments, rusaradziro rumwe norumwe runowedzera kusimba pakudzivirira udzvinyiriri norusaruro. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera iyi miitiro, tinoona kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri chishandiso chinokosha chokuchengetedza rusununguko uye kuvimbisa ruramisiro nokuda kwavose.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba: Chiremera Chokuparadza Chinodzivisa Kudzvinyirira

Vagadziri vemiitiro, vachitora pauzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwaMontesquieu nechinoitika chavo vamene chokumwe kudzorwa kwenyika, vakanzwisisa kuti simba rakakomba rinotungamirira kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira.Chikamu I, II, uye II cheBumbiro reMitemo rinoumba mapazi matatu akasiyana ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine basa raro rimene guru. Uku kuparadzana hakusati kuri bedzi kudzorwa asi mhinganidzo yamaune mukurwisana nesangano ripi neripi neripi rinowana udzori hwakanyanyowanda.

Bazu Romutemo (Nzira I)

Congress, inoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri naDare, inopiwa simba rokuita mitemo. Sarudzo yakananga yeImba inodzorwa navanhu inovimbisa kuzvidavirira kwakakurumbira, nepo Dare (rinosarudzwa pakutanga nemitemo yehurumende) rinomirira fariro dzenyika. Simba remitemo rinoganhurirwazve ne [[FLT:] Simba rakarongwa [[FLT:] Nhamba] namasimba [[FLT: 1] akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, chinoganhurira Dare kuzviremera zvakati zvakadai semari inodirwa, kuzivisa kutengeserana, uye kukwidziridza hondo. Dessswo reTenth Amendment inosimbisa iyi muganhu: masimba asingagoverwi kuUnited States anochengeterwa kuruwa kana kuti vanhu.

Bazi Rinotungamirira (Article II)

Purezidhendi anopomerwa mhaka yokusimbisa mitemo inoitwa neCongress. Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinoisa simba guru mumunhu mumwe, richiparira kuzvidavirira asi rinodawo kunzvera. Simba raPurezidhendi rekutonga mutemo icherekedzo yakanakisisa, asi rakadzikamiswa namano eCongress okukunda chiwiridzo chikurusa. Mukuru mukuru wemauto semutungamiriri weChief, asi Congress bedzi anogona kuzivisa hondo(at) inorongedzerwa kudzivirira mauto anenge ari oga.

Bazu Rokutonga (Article III)

Matare ehurumende, aitungamirirwa neDare rapamusorosoro, anorondedzera mutemo nokupedza nharo. Simba re rehwirudzuro ye rakatangwa kwete murugwaro rwapakuvamba asi munhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [1803] [simba]. Iri chiremera rinobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvapamusoro zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachigadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (nomufambiro wakanaka), vanosimbiswa naPrezidhente uye vanosimbiswa neDare rezvamatongerwe enyika, kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuzvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira vanhu vashomanene mukubatwa zvisina kufanira kukuru.

Kupfurikidza nokukamura simba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rinogona kudzora. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine denderedzwa raro rimene, uye rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira pamamwe kushanda (kukakavadzana kwamaune uko kunononotsa chiito chehurumende namasimba zvinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunosimbiswa negadziriro yemitoro inopfuudzwa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi okudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe, kuchiparira migariro inowirirana inokurira njodzi dzakabva kuHondo yeChivil kusvika kunyadzisira yeWatergate.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pasimba Roukuru Nerokutonga

Congress inosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (vatongi vehurumende, nhume, mabhinya) uye kudzosa zvibvumirano. Zvikurukuru, Congress inogona kupedza Poroferi, Purezidenti, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe "Tambo, Chiokomuhori, kana kuti zvimwe zvigaro zvakakwirira zveMisdenator". Muitiro uyu unoshandiswa bedzi sechikanganiso chine simba. Somuenzaniso, kudzorwa kwaPrezidhendi Andrew Johnson (1868) uye kubviswa kwaPrezidhente naPrezidhente naPrezidenti Nix Richard (1974)

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerokutonga

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mari yezvikwereti, achimanikidza Congress kurangarirazve mutemo. Kana zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvedzimba dzose dziri mbiri zvikabvumirana, vavhato vanogona kushaikwa, asi tyisidziro inowanzoumba kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwemitemo. Purezidhendi anewo simba [[[FL:0] consperdon [ remhosva dzehurumende, dzinopa kunzvera ukuru hwedare /apomendi inoonekwa muna Purezidhendi Gerald Ford's Ford's Fordorest of Richard Nixon.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerinodzora

Kupfurikidza ne hwirudzuro yenhau, matare anosarudza kana mitemo kana kuti zviratidzo zvemibato zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu ] Majaya eYouthtown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawir [195] [1920] yakavhara Mutungamiriri weTruman kubvunzika kwesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, achisimbisa kuti kunyange zviito zvapurezidhendi munguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinoda chiremera chemitemo kana kuti chibvumirano. [[FLT:]] Kudzosa Kuchengeteka kweHomeland Security. Regents of University of California [FFoct:]2020]

Iyi nzvero inobatana inoparira gadziriro umo simba rinogara richikurukurwa. Hakuna bazu rinogona kuita rimwe chete pashure penguva refu, uye kuedza kupi nokupi kuunganidza simba kunogona kudziviswa nerimwe bazu. Iyi ndiyo dziviriro huru yeBumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera.

Bhuku Ramaruramiro: Miganhu Yechinetso Pasimba reHurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanga risina mutengo wekodzero, kushaikwa kunodokudzima. Kuwana tendero yakachengeteka, Congress yokutanga yakakarakadza kugadziriswa kwegumi nambiri, gumi kwadzo dzakasimbiswa muna 1791 seBill of Rights. Idzi bvumirano dzinodzivisa zvakajeka hurumende yehurumende kuti isapunza rusununguko rwakananga, kuisa chiteshi chapamutemo [ pachiito chomutemo nechoukuru.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Chivako Choupenyu Hwedemocratic

Dare harisati richizoita mutemo pamusoro pokugadzwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwenhau; kana kuti maruramiro avanhu okuungana norugare, uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Iyi gadziridzo inodzivirira mabasa makuru ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: mano okutsoropodza hurumende, kushandisa kutenda kwomumwe, uye kuronga chinjo. Dare rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti Kuchinja kwokutanga kunoshanda kupfurikidza ne 1448th Amend Amendmentment (inporation). Zvibvumirano izvi zvinodzivirira pamutemo zvakadai se [[FLT:] New York Times. Covermarklands. v[FLD] [1964]) zvinodzivirira kutsoropodza vakuru vakuru, [FFFON] uye UnitedC.[3][5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kuva Woga uye Kuitwa Kwakakodzera

Kururama kwavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo mukurwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo netsviyo hazvisati zvichizoputswa. Ichi chirongwa chinoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana zvibvumikiso zvakavakirwa pa [ chisakiso chinoshaikwa. . [[FLT]] mutemo [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[2]], wakagadzwa [[FLT], [[1914] uye wakashandiswa kutaura [[FLT].V[FLT]] [12] [6] [Z] [196] [Z] [196], zvidimbu zvakawanikwa mukutyorwa kwechineidzo muidzo. Mumitengoro yegore yakashandiswa.[FLT]

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Zvechishanu Nezvechitanhatu: Ururami Mukufambira Mberi

Gadziriro yeFindreFment inodzivirira rwisano paimene (maruramiro okuramba akanyarara), njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye kushaiwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwokusasarura, dare risingasaruri, betsero yezano, uye kodzero yokutaura neZvapupu. Ikodzero idzi dzinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuranga vanhu nenzira yokuzvidira. Ruramisiro rwokupa zano rakakudzwa mu Gideon v. Wainright[, inoda kugovera magweta avatongi avo vasingagoni kuvapa simba pamusoro pavagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Beyili yakanyanyisa haisati ichizodikanwa, kana kuti bhadharo rakanyanyisa rakaiswa, kana kuti zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose zvinoitwa. Iyi nyaradzo yakataurwa kuti iganhurire chirango chorufu (mutoo, Furman v. Georgia] muna 1972 chirango chenzuru yadzikamiswa kwechinguvana) uye kudenha migariro yetorongo. Nepo kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro poukoshipi hwe "cruel neyechienzi," mhedziso inogadza chirango chetsika chokuti chirango chehurumende hachigoni kuva chirango chetsika.

Kuronga mitemo yakananga, Bumbiro Remitemo rinoumba nzvimbo yokuzvitonga iyo hurumende ingasapinda.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nemuitiro Wakafanira

Pashure peHondo yeChiviri cheNyika, Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorwazve zvikurukuru neReconstructs, zvikurukuru Gemendment ye145. Chikamu 1 chinozivisa, kuti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vanodzorwa nechiremera chayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizotorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuti kuramba munhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo mudziviriro yakaenzana nemitemo.""

Kudzivirira Claus Zvakaenzana

.Irequeal Protection Claus injini yebumbiro remitemo yokurwisa rusaruro. Yave ichishandiswa kuputsa mitemo inobata vanhu nenzira yakasiana yakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, uye mamwe marongerwo anofungira. Dzidziso ye .Inoshanda apo mutemo unotsvaka "boka respect" (race, ramavambo orudzi) kana kuti kuisa parudyi rukuru(] hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa fariro inogombedzera uye kuti mutemo uitwe kuti uiwane.

Nhau dzezvisarudzo dzinobatanidza Brown v. Board of Education (1954), iyo yakazivisa mitemo yehurumende inosimbisa zvikoro zvavose nokuda kwavadzidzi vatema navachena vasingatsivi. Dare rakaramba kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakasiana - siana hazvienzaniswi. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvisa "idzidziso asi yakaenzana" kubva v. Ferguson [1866] uye yakatanga maruramiro avagari vemo. [5] Mitemo yavanhu se [[FLT:]] .[7]

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

Mutengo weChiitiko weCentury Claus une mativi maviri: Kuisa panzvimbo yapamberi napaduku. Muitiro wakafanira unoda miitiro inoruramisira apo hurumende inonyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu (‘nongedzero, kunzwa, uye mugadziri wokusasarura. Muitiro wekusarudza kunodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzisingacherekedzwi muBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo, zvakadai sekodzero yokuva woga. [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][1273]]), Dare rakawana kuti kodzero yepamutemo yokuvata pachivande inodzosarudzi rwemukadzi kubvisa mimba. Kunyange zvazvo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvakati kuti zviri pakati pose. [FLT]

Pasina kubatanidzwa, hurumende dzakasununguka kudzvinyirira kutaura, kutanga zvitendero, kana kuti kuramba kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidzwa kunosarudza, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa pashoma napashoma inenge gadziriro dzose dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, richivimbisa kuti hapana mwero wehurumende unogona kudzvinyirira rusununguko rukuru.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kuramba Tichizvikudza

Pasinei zvapo neiyi dziviriro yakasimba, dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisati dziri kuuraya. Dzinoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kunzvera kwokutonga kwokushingaira, uye kuvimbisana kwavose. Unyanzvi hutsva, ugandanga hwenyika yose, uye chengeteko yorudzi zvinoedza ganhuriro dzedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, USA PATRIOTT Act (2001) Simba rinokudzwa rokunzvera, rinotungamirira kudzikamisa muganhu pakati pechengeteko napachivande mu . UNICEF International USA[FT:1] (202013).

Simba raPurezidhendi rakakurawo zvikuru munguva yazvino uno. Hurumende yokutonga, neboka rayo guru ramasangano, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penhevedzo dzechiremera chemitemo(a denho kuChikamu I chinopa simba remitemo muCongress. Dare Gurusa re risingabvumidzi rave risina kusimba zvikuru, asi zvinoitika zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakafanana Goundy v. United States[FFLT:3]) inokarakadza fariro yakamutsidzirwa mukuganhurira vamiriri vanopa masangano anopa ngwariro huru.

Zvikamu zvemasangano enhau, nepo zvisati zviri vatambi vehurumende, zvinogona kudzivisa kutaura munzira dzinobatanidza mipimo yeFirst Amendment. Dare rinofanira kupedza zvizere mhesano dzomwero womunhu oga nechiito chehurumende, asi nhau dzakafanana Packingham v. North Carolina[[FL:1] (2017]) yakasimbisa kuti zvinobudisa nhau inzvimbo yavanhu vose yazvino uno nokuda kwokutaura.

Kurwira kuenzana kunopfuurirawo. Dare raManion Protection Claus rakakumbirwa kudenha mitemo yeID, gegerrymaning, uye vuma. Mu Shelby County v. Haker[ (20203), Dare rakaputsa gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act yeTreact ya1965, richisimbisa kuti mutoo wokusarudza kuti iruwa rwunoda kupratyaniswa kwemitemo yevhotera yakaitwa yapera. Iyi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukukura kweganhuriro itsva yemitemo yokuvhotera mumaruwa anoverengeka, kumutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro porusaruraganda muvhotera. dare rine chiremera chokuvandudza chiito, asi chidzongodzo chamadhironze.

Kunzwisisa dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo hakusati kuri kungovawo zvako kudzidza; ibasa rehurumende. Kureba kwenguva refu kwechinyorwa chacho kunobva mukukwanisa kwacho kuchinjika kupfurikidza negadziridzo nedudziro yokutonga. Rugwaro rwapakuvamba rungasava rwakavimbisa zvakajeka kuenzana nokuda kwavakadzi kana kuti vashoma vedzinza, asi nheyo dzarwo dzorusununguko nehurumende yakaganhurirwa dzakakudzwa kupfurikidza nokurwisa nokududzirwa.

Kuwedzera, bvunza [[FLT: 0][FLT] rugwaro rweNational Archives yeConstitution[FLT]], , ] [FLT]GURELLL Information Institute [[[FLT]][5] , uye zvinoitika zveDare gurusa .][FLT][FL:] [5] [8]] [8] [8] [8]] [8] [8] [8] [idzi])] , [FLT] [idzongeripo] chipikirwa chipenyu.[FLT] V [5] (7]

mhedziso

Mano eBumbiro reMitemo ari mubatanidzwa waro weganhuriro nekodzero dzakajeka. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nenzvero nedzinoyera kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Bhishopi yekodzero inodudza rusununguko chairwo urwo hurumende ingasaputsa, nepo Dare reMitemo reMitemo ye 144 rinotambanudza dziviriro idzodzo kuti ritonge chiito chakaenzana uye ride kurapwa kwavanhu vose. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinoparira gadziriro dzakadzivirira vaAmerica pakudzvinyirira uye kuvandudza donzo rokuenzana kwamazana maviri amakore.

Bva Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro rakakwana. Rakashirira pakuvamba uranda, rakaramba vhoti, uye rakaisa nhamba nhatu nokuda kwavanhu vakapinzwa muuranda. Asi kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, kududzirwa kwedare, uye masangano enzanga, rakashandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kurarama zviri nani kuzvinangwa zvaro. Rwendo runobva [[FLD:] Dred Scott v. Sandford[[FLD] [557]] [1857], urwo runoramba kuva mugari weAfrica, ku [[FLT:] Oberge wafell v. Hods [20], urwo runosimbisa kuenzeka kweroorano, runoratidza simba rekukura. Sezvinopfuurira kunetsa zvinetso zvitsva, simba rezvemari, kuvhostvosss, kuidzo yehurumende yehurumende, inochengeta kodzero yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwesimba rehurumende.