Table of Contents
Chipikirwa Chinogara: Kutonga Kunoita Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Yokunamira Kuburikidza neBumbiro Romutemo
Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inomira sechiito chimwe chete chamashoko chikurusa muupenyu hwevagari veAmerica. Inguva apo rukundo rwekusarudza rusingagadziriswi ruchichinja kuva chiremera chebumbiro remitemo ($a voruzhinji, akakomba, uye anosungirwa pamutemo kuti aise musengwa womutemo pamusoro pezvido zvomunhu oga. Nepo muchato wacho ungava masekondi makumi matatu bedzi, vimbiso inoramba ichidzo inoitika muchisarudzo chiri chose icho purezidhendi anoita nokuda kwamakore mana anotevera. Iyi mhiko haisati iriwo zvayo tsika; ibwe rinokosha rinobatanidza zvakananga simba rapurezidhendi kuBumbiro remitemo, richivimbisa kuti bazu guru risha rishande mukati memiganhuro yakagadzwa naVavambidzi. Kunzwisisa nhau yaro, uye kurema kwapanguva ino inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti tsika yeAmerica yokunzvera uye kudzikamatevero chaiwo panzvimbo yayo huru.
Mhiko yacho yakanyorwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Claus, uye mashoko acho anoramba asina kuchinja chifo cha 1789. Asi mashoko akapoteredza umo anoishandiswa akachinja zvinoshamisa. Kubva mukuwedzera kwokuzviitikira kwaGeorge Washington kwe “ndibatsirei Mwari” kumhiko yokutanga yepanze muna 1961, kusimbisa nheyo imwe neimwe huru: purezidhendi anoshumira Bumbiro remitemo, kwete imwe nzira. Nyaya inoongorora mutauro wakananga, ukoshi hwayo hwakadzamaburi hwemitemo, basa rayo munguva dzenjodzi, uye kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti inofanira kutsanangurwa nokutevedzerwa.
Rugwaro Rwemutungamiriri Wehurumende: Zvarunotaura Nezvachinovhiringidza
Mashoko chaiwoiwo, anowanwa mu Article II, Chikamu 1, Clause 8 weBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chinorava, kuti:
“ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichaita zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, chengeta, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States.”
Mutsetse uyu une zvikamu zvina zvinoda kufungwa. Chokutanga, kupiwa nzira yokupika kana yokusimbisa inoda kuti hana dzechitendero nedzezvitendero zvivepo zvakafanana. [Ichi chifananidzo chechikamu cheFirst Amendment yakaitwa uye Kutanga kwemiedzo yechitendero. Chopiri, mashoko okuti “kuita nenzira yakatendeka” ibasa re [[FLT:] rakakomba, basa rokushingaira panzvimbo pokungobvuma zvapamutemo. , mashoko anokwaniriswa “kuedza kwakanakisisa kwesimba rangu” anobvuma kuganhurirwa kwemunhu nenhamburiko huru. Pakupedzisira, chiito chinonzi“ dzivirira, uye chita kuzvidzivirira kuti vasapararire pakurwisa mamiriro emitemo, kunyange vanobva muvavengi vatorwa kune vamwe vatorwa kunze kwevatorwa.
Chinonyanya kushayikwa pamhiko yacho ishoko chairo rinotaurwa nezvevanhu, mureza, kana kuti nyika pachayo. Purezidhendi anovimbisa kuvimbika kurugwaro(jeri rakanyorwa rekodzero nemasimba) (hakusi kumunhu, papatipati kana kuti pfungwa. Aiwaya akanga ari maune. Vaisarudza kuti mhiko yomunhu oga kuvanhu yaigona kukurudzira kubvisa simba rebumbiro remitemo mumutemo unogara kwenguva refu.
Kuchinja - chinja Kwenhau uye “Ndibatsireiwo Mwari” Tsika
George Washington akawedzera kutaura kwokuti “ndibetserei zvikuru Mwari” pakugadzwa kwake kwokutanga, asi Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richikuraira. Purezidhendi ari wose akatevera akadzokorora kuti wedzero kusvikira yava tsika, kunyange zvazvo yaizova yetsika yapamutemo. Vatongi vakuru vanoverengeka vakapa mhiko pasina mashoko acho, uye purezidhendi panhambo nenhambo vakasarudza kuibatanidza sekutaura kwomunhu oga panzvimbo pemurairo webumbiro remitemo. Kuitirana nharo pamusoro pokuti iyi gamuchidzanwa inoputsa zvikamu zvemitemo nguva nenguva, asi matare akatonga nguva dzose kuti kubatanidzwa kwokuzvidira kwemashoko hakuumbidziri rudzidziso nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi wacho anoshanda somunhu oga apo anohuwedzera.
Zvinorehwa Nechioko: Nei Chichikosha Kupfuura Zvaunotaurwa
Mhiko inopfuura zvikuru kupfuvura kupindura. Inotakura ukuru , rezvematongerwe enyika, uye rokufananidzira hunodzosa mutezo wose.
Kubatanidza Mumutemo: Murayiro Somutsigiri Webasa Risingatengwi
Bumbiro reMitemo rinobata mhiko sechibvumirano chekudzosa pakati papurezidhendi nemurairo webumbiro remitemo. Apo purezidhendi anotora mhiko, vanogamuchira basa renhema kurudzi. Kuputsa basa iroro (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuramba kumanikidza mitemo, kukanganwira, kana kuti kurangana kuvhara ruramisiro (* kunoumba “utsotsi hukuru navanokanganisa” mumashoko echiito. Nhoroondo inopesana, kubatanidza ayo anorwisana naAndrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, naDonald Clinto, zvose zvinonongedzera sechibvumirano chapurezidhendi sechisakiso chomufambiro waipomerwa kuva wakaparadza.
Uyezve, mhiko ine uremu husingawirirani neTsitsi. COM] U.S. (5 U.S.C. 761) inoda kuti vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, vapike mhiko yokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi anoita zvinopesana nemhiko dzemitemo, kunyange zvazvo mushonga mukuru unoramba uri wezvamatongerwe enyika: kusatenderwa nokubviswa. Zvisinei, mhiko yacho inoparirawo kariro yokutenda kwakanaka [ muzviito zvavakuru vakuru, izvo matare padzimwe nguva apo anonzvera miraidzo yavakuru vakuru.
Zvinofananidzira: Kufambiswa Kune Rugare Kwesimba
Zvichida basa rinooneka zvikurusa nderokuita kuti kutsiviwa kworugare kwesimba . Mumarudzi akawanda, chinjo dzoutungamiriri dzinonyandura masimba kana kuti kudzorwa kwamauto. Mutambo wemhiko weAmerica, unotepfenyura munyika yose, unotumira chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti simba rinobva mukubvumira kwevanodzorwa sezvinotaurwa neBumbiro remitemo, kwete kubva mubhomba repfuti. Iyi yokufananidzira yakabvumikisa kuva inokosha munguva dzedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadai sechisarudzo chapashure pe 1876 kana kuti musi waJanuary 6 mu 201.
Basa Rechishongo Mukutsigira Nheyo dzeBumbiro Romutemo
Kupika hachisi chiitiko chenguva imwe chete. Chinoisa basa rinopfuurira rinoumba chiito chikuru chiri chose chapurezidhendi.
Kuchengetedza Kodzero Yomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe
Imwe yenheyo huru dzeBumbiro reMitemo idziviriro yerusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengedzwa. Mhiko yapurezidhendi inovaraira kudzivirira idzi maruramiro pazvose zviri zviviri kupindira kwomutemo (kupfurikidza nokupfuudza zvikwereti zvisiri zvehurumende) uye kunyengera mukuru mukuru (kupfurikidza nokuramba kuita kuti mitemo irege kubvumirwa). Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Harry S. Truman akabvuta zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea rutivi rumwe norumwe nemhaka yokuti chiito chacho chakapfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi chemitemo yemitemo.
Munguva dzazvino uno, mhiko yacho inoda kuti purezidhendi ashandise mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, adzivirire rusununguko rwokutaura nechitendero, uye ave nechokwadi chokuti maererano nemitemo yokubuda kwevanhu uye yokutonga kwoutsotsi.
Kuchengeta Kutonga kwoMutemo
Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu guru, anopomerwa “Kutarisira kuti Mitemo iitwe nenzira yokutendeka” (Article II, Chikamu 3). Mhiko inosimbisa iri basa kupfurikidza nokuda purezidhendi kuti aite hofisi yotendeka[. Ikoku kunoreva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kuisa mitemo inowirirana neyatinoda nomunhu oga, uyewo haagoni kupa “mitemo inodzora” inodzo inodzorwa naVatongi. Muteveri womutemo unoda kuti kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru ave pasi pemitemo adzorwe nomutemo mumhiko yacho.
Kudzivirira Tyisidziro Dzomudzimba Nedzekumwe
Chiito chinonzi “defend” mumhiko yacho inoshanda uye inoita zvokurwa. Inomanikidza purezidhendi kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo pa tyisidziro dzinopfuura [ dzakadai sechidzongoso, kuvhozhokera kune dzimwe nyika, kana kuti kuedza kwamasimba masimba kuputsa hurumende. [ Kutsiva dare [[FLT]] ra1807] rinopa purezidhendi simba rokudzvinyirira kudzvinyirira kumukira zviremera zvomumba apo pamutemo risingagoni kuchengeta nhevedzano (kamwe chete nemhaka yokuti mhiko dzapurezidhendi anoraira chiito chakadaro kuti achengetedze pamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mhiko inoisa simba rapurezidhendi somutungamiriri wehurumende somutungamiriri wehurumende kuti adzinge ari kunze kwenyika yokuvhozhozhozhoke.
Vatsoropodzi vanoti vamwe vafundisi vakashandisa mhiko yacho kuti vawedzere simba ravo kupfuura muganhu webumbiro remitemo, uye vachiedza kujekesa kuoma kwakaita kudzivirira kuvapo kweBumbiro remitemo uye kudzivirira muganhu waro.
Mienzaniso Yenhau Yenzvimbo Yemao, Munguva Dzenhamo
Nhau yeAmerica yakazara nenguva apo mhiko yapurezidhendi yakaedzwa, kutsanangurwazve, kana kuti kusimbiswazve mumifungo.
Abraham Lincoln Nehondo Yavagari Vemo
Apo Abraham Lincoln akapika nokuda kwechiito chake chechipiri muna March 1865, Union yakanga ichiri kunyangarika nemhaka yehondo yavagari vemo ine ropa zvikuru iyo yakatyisidzira kuparadzanya Bumbiro remitemo rimene. Kutanga kwaLincoln kwokutanga kwakanga kwasimbisa basa rake roku “chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira” iyo yakarondedzera sechinobvumira matanho anoshamisa: kubvisa zviteshi zvengarava zvengarava zveMadokero, kuvharanisa zviteshi zveMadokero, uye kubvisa Emankicracy Procation. Vatsoropote vakapomera kuti Lincoln akaputsa dziviriro nomutemo, asi Lincoln akaomerera kuti mhiko yake yairaira kuti aite chiito chipi nechipi chiri madikanwa kudzivisa ruparadziko rweBumbiro remitemo. Mumurangariro wake, museronge musero wake kuchengetera kuvapo kwechinyorwa chapamutemo kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo mumugariro wapamberi wehurumende.
Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi
Franklin Roosevelt akabatira basa muna 1933 pakati pokuputsika kwemari. hurukuro yake yokutanga yakazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti “chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya ndicho rutyo,” asi chaizivisa zvikuru yakanga iri nyevero yake kuti kana Congress ikakundikana kuita chiito, aizokumbira kuti“ simba guru resimba rirwe hondo nengozi, guru sesimba raizopiwa kwandiri kudai taizovhozhozhokerwa nomuvengi wokumwe.” Tsananguro yaRosevelt yakamubvumira kusunda kupfurikidza nomutemo mutsva weSangano yeSangano reHurumende yakawedzera zvikuru chiremera chehurumende nePucienter. Dare Gurusanhuri pakutanga rakarova zvinoverengeka zveizvi zvirongwa, asi Rooselt achirava mhiko yazvokudzivirira gadziriro yemubatanidzwa yemitemo yehurumende kubva pazvoupfumi hwehurumende.
George W. Bush neHondo Yaityisa
Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, 2001, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akakumbira mhiko yake kubvumira kuongororwa kusina pamutemo, matare ehondo, uye kuwedzerwa unyanzvi hwokubvunzurudza. Vatungamiriri vakatsigira kuti basa rapurezidhendi rokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo rakamubvumira kupfura mitemo paPurogirament. Dare repamusorosoro gare gare rakaramba kumwe kwokutaura ikoko (g., [[FLT: 0]] Hamdan v. Rumfeld, 2006), richiita kuti mhiko yapurezidhendi irege kumupa nzverengano isina kutongo. Chiitiso chinoratidzira kupesana kunopfuurira pakati pemhiko inodzivirira Mutemo webumbiro remitemo uye murayiro wayo wokuita mitemo yakaitwa nokutendeka nokutendeseka.
Donald Trump neNjodzi yaJanuary 6, 2021,
Chiedza chakakomba zvikurusa chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chemhiko yapurezidhendi chakaitika mukati mamavhiki okupedzisira eshoko raDonald Trump. House of Messagess Seader Trump nokuda kwe “kunyandurwa kwokumukira ” pashure pokunge mhomho yadenha Capitol apo Congress yakanga ichisimbisa miuyo yedare yakasarudzwa. Nyaya yetsigiridzo yaipomerwa zvakananga kuti Trump yakaputsa mhiko yake yemitemo kupfurikidza nokuedza kuchinja miuyo yechisarudzo uye kukundikana kuita chiito chakakomba kudzivirira Capitol. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rinotonga pakupedzisira rakanangidzira zvikuru pamusoro pomufambiro wake pa “muchengeti, dziviriro uye dziviriro.. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoramba dzichikamuramuranisa, asi chinoitika chacho chinoratidzira kuti mhiko yacho haisingori chokufananidzira uye chinongova chikonzero chokuzvidavirira pachena.
Kududzira Kwazvino Uno Nenharo Dzapamutemo
Mhiko yapurezidhendi inopfuurira kuva nhau yekurukurirano yenyanzvi neyokutonga, zvikurukuru sezvo simba ravakuru vakuru rinokura.
Chirevo Choutungamiriri Neoath
Vatsigiri verondedzero yedare rinotonga rimwe chete vanotaura kuti mhiko yapurezidhendi inomupa simba rapamutevedzeri pabazu rinotonga, kubatanidza simba rokubvisa misoro yesangano yakazvimirira, kutungamirira kungwariro, uye kududzira mitemo pasina kutsiva. Vanoomerera kuti mhiko inoisa basa romunhu oga rokutsigira Bugracy isingagoni kupiwa kubhituti kana kuti kugoveranwa neDare. Vatsoropodzi vanodzivisawo kuti mhiko yacho isungotete dare rechekero nereshi, zvinoreva kuti purezidhendi anofanira kuremekedza kutarisirwa nokuhwirudzura dare redare. Uku kwakanga kuri kusingadzikirirwa kurangariro huru seSauciro yeDare rapamusoro. [FLD:] .VFFF]
Purezidhendi Angasundwa Kutora Muti?
Hapana munhu angatora kuva purezidhendi pasina kuita mhiko. Kana mutongi akaramba kutora, hofisi yacho ingaderedza purezidhendi-adzo, seyakagadzwa ne 20Prefect. Mhiko yacho chinodikanwa chisingabviri kushandisa simba rehurumende. Murondedzero, purezidhendi angagona kudziviswa mumuviri kuita mhiko (zvichibve, kupfurikidza nechapasero), apo mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi anoshanda. Rudzi runopa basa riripo: Pasina mhiko, hapana purezidhendi.
Ko Mutsigo Unoita Basa Rako Womunhu Oga Rokupindira Mumabasa Asina Kutenderwa Here?
Mubvunzo wamano asi unokosha ndewokuti kana mhiko yacho ichimanikidzira purezidhendi kuti arambe asingashandi kushora zviito zvisina kurongwa namamwe mapazu. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ikapa mutemo unoputsa chose chose First Amendment, purezidhendi anofanira kuipfuudza here? Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoti hungu, nokuti kusaina mutemo wetsika unoratidza pachena kuti haubvumirwi kungaputsa mhiko yokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, kana bazi renyika (g.g., judiary) rikapfuura masimba aro, purezidhendi angava nebasa rokudzivisa kudzosa murayiro unenge usina kudzorwa. Miganhuro yebasa iri inopesana zvikuru, zvikurukuru mukurwisana nenjodzi yehondo kana kuti mabazu ehondo.
Mutsipa Nenguva Yemberi yeBumbiro Romutemo
Sezvo United States inotarisana nedenho itsva(_cyberbattacks), nhimbe dzokusabvumirana, nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye njodzi dzebumbiro remitemo — mhiko yapurezidhendi icharamba iri chitemeso choukuru hwechiremera. Mhiko yoga haigoni kuvimbisa kuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo, asi inopa mupimo wakajeka pamusoro pomufambiro wapurezidhendi unogona kuyerwa. Apo purezidhendi anoputsa mhiko yacho, mushonga wacho hausi mumatare moga asi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika: kusatenderwa, sarudzo, uye rutongeso rwenhau.
Mamiriyoni evaAmerica anoona kutsaurirwa kwacho uye anonzwa purezidhendi ari kuuya achidzokorora mashoko mamwe chete iwayo akatanga kutaurwa naGeorge Washington.Kupfuurira ikoko kunongova kuchengetedzwa kwebumbiro remitemo.