Kubva Pakuchinja Ndokuchinja Ndokuparadza

Nyaya dzeConfederation, dzakagamuchirwa muna 1781, dzakashanda segadziriro yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweUnited States ichangozvitonga. Iyi dare rakatanga kubatana kwehurumende yehurumende inotonga uye hurumende ine masimba makuru ane painenge yakaganhurirwa. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro racho rakabatsira kubatanidza nyika gumi nenhatu mumakore okupedzisira okuchinja kweAmerica, kusawirirana kwadzo kwakakurumidza kuva pachena. Mumakore gumi nerimwe, kusagadzikana kwezveupfumi, kusawirirana kwemasangano okudzika mitemo yenyika zvakajekesa kuti nyaya dzacho dzakanga dzisina kukwana kuti dzitonge dzichitonga nyika yaikura. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nyaya dzeConfedereds dzakatsiviwa kudiwa kuti dzinzwisise nheyo dzenheyo dzenheyo dzeU.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Nyaya Dzakasikwa

Pairwiwa Hondo yeRevolution, Continental Congress yakaziva kuti pakanga paine kudiwa kwegwaro repamutemo raizobatanidza nyika kuti dzizvidzivirire uye dzizokurukurirana.Ganhu reChipiri reKontinental Congress rakatanga kunyora nyaya dzacho muna 1776, uye pashure pemakore okukakavadzana nyaya dzakadai sokumiririra hurumende uye kumadokero, gwaro racho rakazotumirwa kumaruwa kuti rizoshandiswa mu1777. Maryland ndiyo nyika yokupedzisira yokubvumira kuti ribvumirwe, pakupedzisira muna March 1781.

Nyaya dzacho dzakagadzirirwa namaune kuumba hurumende ine simba duku. Vachangobva kurwa hondo mukurwisana neizvo vairangarira seudzvinyiriri hweBritain, vatungamiriri veAmerica vakanga vachipanikira zvikuru simba rakakomba. Hurumende yapakati pasi peMienzaniso yakanga iri duku zvikuru kupfuura Hurumende isina kukunda imwe umo hurumende imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo noukuru kana kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo, yakaita vhoti imwe. Kwakanga kusina bazi rakananga rokushandisa mitemo uye hapana chigaro chehurumende chokupedza magariro.

Gadziriro Huru Dzenyaya

Hurumende yaigona kuzivisa hondo, kuitisa nyaya dzokunze, kuita zvibvumirano, kugadzirisa ukama nemadzinza evokuAmerica, uye kupikisana pakati penyika.

Kutsigira Nyaya dzacho kwaida mvumo yakabatana kubva kunyika dzose dzine gumi nenhatu, danho rakada kuita kuti kuedza kuchinja kushande. Uku kuoma kwakapfigira hurumende mugadziriro yaisagona kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja.

Chinangwa Chenyaya Dzokubatanidza

Chinangwa chikuru chenyaya dzacho chaiva chokubatanidza zvinhu zvaizoita kuti nyika dzikwanise kuronga zvadzinenge dzichiita muhondo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko anowanzovapo pashure peizvi.

  • achisimbisa nhamburiko dzehondo: Congress yakatungamirira Continental Army, yataurirana mibatanidzwa yokumwe (zvinowirirana neFrance), uye aitarisira migove yehondo namazano.
  • Kutaurirana kwemasangano: Congress yeConfederation yakaita kuti Parangano yeParis ikurukure muna 1783, iyo yakagumisa nenzira yakarongwa Hondo yemhindumupindu ndokuwana kuzvimirira kweAmerica.
  • Kuvhura ndima dzokumadokero: Nyika yeNyika ye1785 neNorthwest Ordinance ye1787 yakatangwa miitiro yakarongeka yokunzvera, kugadzika, uye kudzora nyika huru dzokumadokero. Iyi mitemo yakaparira muenzaniso wefutunuko yenyika nohuvako pakupedzisira.
  • inopedza kakavadzano dzezvisaririra:[[FLT: 1] Congress ingagona kubatira somurevereri apo hurumende dzakabonderana pamusoro pemiganhu, kutengeserana, kana kuti dzimwe nhau, kunyange zvazvo yakanga isina chiremera chokushandisa mitemo yayo.

Nheyo dzeNorthwest Ordinance, zvikurukuru, dzinorangarirwa zvikuru sechimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikurusa zvenguva yeConfederation. Yakatanga gadziriro yakajeka yokusika nyika itsva dzakanga dzakaenzana nedanho renhando yenhatu dzapakuvamba uye dzakabatanidza kurambidzwa kwouranda mundima yacho, zvichigadza muenzaniso unokosha.

Kuneta Kukuru Kwenyaya Dzokuyananisa

Pasinei nezvayakaita, nyaya idzi dzakava nezvikanganiso zvikuru zvemapurani aishandiswa pakudzora nyika.

Haana Simba Romutero

Hurumende yaigona bedzi kukumbira mari kubva kunyika; yakanga isina chiremera kuisa mitero kana kuti mapurisa. Mitemo yenguva dzose yakabhadhara chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvakakumbirwa, uye yakawanda yakatadza chose chose. Ikoku kwakasiya hurumende yorudzi yave isingadzoreki zvikuru. Yaisagona kubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo, mari yehondo, kana kuti kunyange kufukidza ndyiko huru dzokushanda. Pakasvika 1786, chikwereti chorudzi chaipfuura $40 000 000, uye hurumende yakanga yave kubhurovha nenzira inobudirira.

Hapana Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Pasina purezidhendi kana madhipatimendi anotungamirira, Nyaya dzacho dzakaita hurumende yaigona kuisa mitemo asi yaisagona kuiita.Pakanga pasina nzira yokumanikidza nayo zvisarudzo zvemisangano, kuunganidza mari, kana kuti kuita nokukurumidza panjodzi. Mitemo yaipfuudzwa neCongress zvikurukuru yaitungamirira; hurumende dzaigona kungozvifuratira pasina mugumisiro.

Hapana Jidhiyo Yorudzi

Kushayikwa kwegadziriro yedare rehurumende kwaireva kuti pakanga pasina mupedzi wokusatora rutivi wenharo pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pehurumende dzenyika.

Chinodikanwa ChePrefence Yomutsa

Kugadziridzwa kupi nokupi kweZvikamu zvaida kubvumira kwevatongi vose vehurumende gumi navatatu. Ikoku kwakadzivisa nenzira inobudirira chinjo ipi neipi ine revo. Kunyange zvikarakadzo zvine mwero kupa Congress simba rokuunganidza mabasa pakupinza zvinhu zvakadzokororwazve nemitemo inoshora.

Utongi Hwehurumende Nokushayikwa Kwokubatana

Nyaya dzacho dzakabata nyika semasangano aitonga. Dare raiva boka renhume dzaishumira dzichifadza masangano ehurumende uye dzaigona kurangarirwa panguva ipi neipi.

Kusakwanisa Kudzora Kushambadza

Hurumende dzakaraira kukwikwidzana kwezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi neganhuriro dzebhizimisi, dzichiparira mhoteredzo yenyongano yemari.

Njodzi Yezvemari Nekupanduka

Utera hweNyanga dzacho hwakava nemiuyo chaiyoiyo neinorwadza. Upfumi hwapashure pehondo hwakanga huri munhamo yakakomba. Hurumende yenyika yaisagona kubhadhara zvikwereti zvehondo, uye nyika dzakawanda dzakarwisana nenjodzi dzadzo dzimene dzemari. Kugonana nemisengwa yadzo, hurumende dzakaisa mitero inorema pavagari vemo vavo, kazhinji kazhinji ichiraira kubhadharwa nemari yakaoma yakanga iri shoma.

Varimi vakawanda, vakanga vagara kwenguva refu muHondo yemhindumupindu, vakatarisana nechikwereti uye vaiitirwa njodzi. Vakakumbira hurumende kuti ivabatsire, asi zvikumbiro zvavo zvakafuratirwa.

Massachusetts aifanira kuvimba nemauto ayo amene, anotsigirwa nevatengesi vakapfuma, kuti adzorere nhevedzano. Shays ’ Rupanduko rwakashongedzwa pakupedzisira, asi rwakatumira shooswa kupfurikidza nesangano rezvematongerwe enyika. Vatungamiriri vakaita saGeorge Washington, James Madison, naAlexander Hamilton vakazviona souchapupu hwakajeka hwokuti nyaya dzacho dzakanga dzichikundikana. Hurumende, vakataura kuti, yaifanira kuva yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ichengetedze kuro uye ichengetedze zvinhu.

Nzira Yokuchinja Zvinhu: Kubva kuAnnapolis Kuenda kuFiradhefiya

Kuedza kwokutanga kwakakomba kutaura nezveNhevedzo ’ zvikanganiso zvakauya paAnnapolis Convention muna September 1786. Nyika shanu bedzi dzakatumirwa nhume, uye musangano wacho hauna kuwanika zvakanaka. Zvisinei, Alexander Hamilton naJames Madison vakashandisa nhambo yacho kubudisa danidzo nokuda kwekokorodzano huru kusangana muPhiladelphia gore rakatevera racho ku “ shandurai bumbiro remitemo rehurumende yehurumende yakakwana kuichibvumirano cheUnion.”

Zvisinei, nokukurumidza zvakava pachena kuti kuchinja zvinhu kwemabumbiro emitemo kwakanga kusina kukwana. Zvichitungamirirwa naMadison naHamilton, nhume dzakaita chisarudzo chakashinga chokubvisa zvachose Nyaya dzacho ndokuita bumbiro idzva rose.

Virginia Plan NeNew Jersey Plan

Kokorodzano yakaratidzirwa nekurukurirano huru pakati penyika huru neduku pamusoro pemimiririri. Virginia Plan, yakarondwa naJames Madison, yakakarakadza chigaro chemitemo chebhimear chine mimiririro yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, iyo ingadai yakapa nyika huru dzakadai seVirginia nePennsylvania pesvedzero. Nyika duku dzakapindura neNew Jersey Plan, iyo yakada nokuda kwedare reIndaneti rine mireza yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe, ichichengeta nheyo yeZvikamu.

Kubvumirana Kukuru panzvimbo yakashata kwakapedza hwiro kupfurikidza nokuita Dare rebhija reBharamal: Imba yavamiririri ine mimiririri yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo neDare rine mufananidzo wakaenzana nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe.

Kutaura Nezvezvikanganiso Zvenyaya Dzacho

Bumbiro Remitemo rakanyatsotaura nezveutera humwe nohumwe hukuru hwenyaya dzacho:

  • [ simba rokutera: Dare rakapiwa chiremera kumitero yepevy, mabasa, zvisipo, uye zvinyorwa.
  • Bazu rePuregial: purezidhendi mumwe akagadzwa kuti aroverere mitemo, arayire chiuto, uye aite muitiro wokumwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Dare remitemo reFederal: Dare Rapamusorosa nematare ehurumende akaderera zvakatangwa kuvimbisa gakava remhiko dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, zvibvumirano, uye nhau dzehurumende.
  • Chikamu cheChikamu chenhau: Congress yakapiwa simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzose, kubvisa miganhu yezvokutengeserana pakati penyika.
  • Muitiro wokuchinja: Sarudzo yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nokuparadza nenzvimbo nhatu mativi matatu enyika dzakatangwa nokuda kwokugadziridza, kuita kuti chinjo ibvire.
  • Chitsama chezvisaririra: Bumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvakaziviswa kuti “ mutemo wenyika, ” unosunga vatongi vehurumende uye mitemo yehurumende inorwisana.

Nharo dzeRetification: MaFederali v. Anorwisana neFedalist

Bumbiro reMitemo rakakarakadzwa rakaparira kurukurirano yakakomba yorudzi. Vatsigiri venhau, vaitungamirirwa naHamilton, Madison, naJohn Jay, vakaitirana nharo nokuda kwokuparadza. Vakabudisa Firedalist Papers[, nhevedzano yenhau dzinotsanangura kuti tsika itsva ingagadzirisa sei kundikana kweMitemo apo ingadzivirira rusununguko. Anti-Fedalist, kubatanidza Patrick Henry naGeorge Mason, vakanyevera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakaumba hurumende ine simba nomutoo une ngozi iyo yaizoputsa uchangamire nekodzero dzomunhu oga.

VaAntifererari vakataura kuti chibvumirano chekodzero chaifanira kudzivirira vagari vemo pakunyengerwa nehurumende. Chikumbiro ichi chakatungamirira kuchipikirwa chokugadziridza, icho chakatanga nzira yokuita kuti zvive zvakarashwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagamuchirwa nenzira yapamutemo muna 1788 pashure pokunge New Hampshire yava nyika yechipfumbamwe kuti raydisse. Bill of Rights, inoumba mamendimendi okutanga gumi, yawedzerwa muna 1791.

Kuenzanisa: Zvikamu zveConfederation v.

Kuchinja kubva muZvikamu kuenda kuBumbiro Remitemo kwakaratidza kuchinja kukuru mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Kuvakwa Kwehurumende

Constitution yakatanga mapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana ane kuongorora uye kudzikamisa kuti pasave nebazi rimwe chete rakanyanya kusimba.

Chiremera Chehurumende

Munyaya dzacho, hurumende yakanga iri pasi pehurumende uye yaigona kuita nokubvuma kwayo.Bumbiro Remitemo rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende umo hurumende yorudzi yakanga ine chiremera chakananga pavagari vemo uye yaigona kudzika mitemo yayo pasina kuvimba nebatira pamwe yehurumende.

Mufananidzo

Nyaya dzacho dzakapa vhoti imwe neimwe pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo.Bumbiro reMitemo raigovera kuratidzirwa kwakaenzana muImba yavamiriri uye kumirira kwakaenzana muDare, kuchidzikamisa fariro dzenyika huru neduku.

Simba Roupfumi

Mitemo yacho yaipa Congress simba rokubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, uye mari yemari, zvichiita kuti pave neupfumi hwakabatana munyika yose.

Kuchinja uye Kupfava

Constitution ’ chinodikanwa chokuchinja chavose chakaita kuti chinjo ive inodokuva isingabviri. Constitution ’ muitiro unochinjika zvikuru wakabvumira gwaro kuchinjika nokufamba kwenguva kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa nokududzirwa kwedare.

Nhaka Yenyaya Dzokubatanidza

Nyaya dzeConfederation dzakakundikana segwaro rinodzora, asi dzakatanga mienzaniso inokosha yokutonga nyika, dzakapa gadziriro yokuzivikanwa kweUnited States nehurumende yehurumende, uye dzakapa rudzi rwacho ruzivo rwarwo rwokutanga nehurumende yaidzora nyika yose pamwero mukuru.

Zvinetso zvakatanga muNheyo dzacho zvakanyatsoumba magadzirirwo emitemo.

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akashandisa ruzivo rwake neZvikamu kuti zvigadzire gadziriro yakadzikama iyo chiremera chorudzi nouchangamire hwehurumende.Bumbiro reMitemo raakabetsera kugadzira rakatsungirira kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, testamende yokufunga kwokungwarira kwakabuda mukundikano dzinoparadza dzenhambo yeKodzero.

Nyaya dzeConfederation dzinotiyeuchidzawo kuti mabumbiro emitemo maererano nezvinyorwa zvipenyu.Anofanira kukwanisa kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu achichengetedza mitemo yenheyo. Muvambi wemitemo inonzi ’ anoda kutsiva zvachose Nyaya dzacho pane kuomerera pachinhu chisina kukwana chakagadza muenzaniso wakasimba wokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo pazvinenge zvakakodzera.

mhedziso

Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakaita basa rinokosha munhau yeAmerica kupfurikidza nokubatanidza madzori mukati meHondo yemhindumupindu uye kutanga hwaro hwokutonga kwenyika. Zvisinei, utera hwavo hwakaita kuti hurumende ive isingabviri. Kushaikwa kwechiremera chinobhadharwa, kushayikwa kwebazu rinotungamirira, uye chinodikanwa chokubvumira kugadziridzwa kunobvumira kubvumirana kwakasiya rudzi rusina simba rokupedza njodzi dzemari, rwisano dzapasi, uye kupandukira kwomukati.

Kutsiviwa kweZvikamu neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kwakanga kusiri kurambwa kwepfungwa dzeChinjo asi mhinduro inoshanda kuzvikanganiso zvegadziriro yokutanga. Bumbiro reMitemo rakachengeta nheyo dzehurumende idzo Zvikamu zvakanga zvabatanidza apo zvaiumba gadziriro yakasimba zvikuru, inochinjika zvikuru inokwanisa kusangana norudzi ’s dzinoda. Nyaya yeZvikamu zveConfederation netsivi yazvo chidzidzo chine simba mukugadzira mabumbiro emitemo, ukoshi hwemasangano anochinjika, uye denho inogara yokudzikanisa rusununguko nokudzora kunobudirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve paZvikamu zveConfederation nenhambo yokuvamba, tsvaka zvinhu kubva ku National Archives, Ribrary yeCongress[, uye History of the U.S. House of Transves.