Chivako chehurumende chinoumba musimboti wenzanga ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rinoparadzirwa, mitemo inoumbwa ndokushandiswa, uye ruramisiro inodzorwa zvakanaka. Nepo vadzidzi vazhinji navadzidzisi vakarovedzana nomurangariro wamapazu matatu akaparadzana(wlegisval, anotungamirira, uye atongi (ukuru chaihwo huri mukunzwisisa kuti aya mapazi anobatana sei, uye nei kukamukana kwakati kwaanoshandisa, uye mienzaniso yenhau neyazvino uno iyo inoenzanisira mabasa avo. Nyaya ino inokudza pamipimo yemabasa matatu aya, ichigovera kunzvera kune udzame kukuru pakushanda kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikana izvo zvinoabatanidza pamwe chete, uye chikonzero nei iyi paradzaniswa kwamasimba anoramba kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo nokuchengeta hurumende inobudirira.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo Yorudzi

Bazu remitemo rinopomerwa mutoro mukuru wokuita, kugadzira, uye kudzosera. Mugadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, iri bazi rinomirira muchisiko, kureva mitezo yaro inosarudzwa navanhu kuti vataure fariro dzavo nezvinoshuviwa. Chivako chedare remitemo chinogona kusiana zvikuru: dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa bimeral system (makamuri maviri), nepo dzimwe dzichivimba negadziriro yeUnicameral (kamuri rimwe). United States Congress, somuenzaniso, ibhigameral, inoumbwa neDare reSangano neImba yaVamiririri, muenzaniso wakagadzirirwa noune kuti ridzikamise pesvedzero yenyika huru neduku.

Magen’a eUnicameral System

Muimba yemitemo yebhidaral, makamuri maviri ane mabasa namasimba akasiana. Imba yapamusoro (yakadai seDare) kazhinji kazhinji inomirira nyika kana kuti nzvimbo zvakaenzana, nepo imba yakaderera (yakadai seImba yaVamiririri) inomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo chakafanana. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzenyika nedzevagari vemo dzinorangarirwa mukugadzirwa kwomutemo. Manyika akafanana neUnited Kingdom, Germany, uye Canada anoshandisawo miitiro yebidaral, kunyange zvazvo masimba akananga neumbidziko dzekamuri rimwe nerimwe zvinogona kusiana. Somuenzaniso, Imba yaMadziro yaMadziro inogadzwa zvikurukuru uye mabasa seimba inodzoserazve pamutemo, neImba yaVose inosarudzwa uye inoita chiremera chikuru.

Masangano akadai seDenmark, New Zealand, uye nyika duku dzakawanda anowanzobudirira zvikuru mukupfuudza mutemo asi angashaiwa kumwezve kunzvera uko imba yechipiri inogovera. Chisarudzo pakati pebaobaral neun - dameral chinoratidzira mugariro wenhau wenyika imwe neimwe uye zvokutanga kudzora.

Mabasa Anopfuura Kuita Mitemo

Nepo kunyora nokuvhota pamabhiri uri mubato unooneka zvikurusa, vabati vemitemo vanoita mimwe mibato yakakomba inoverengeka:

  • [ Kushanda kwemutungamiriri: Mitemo ine chiremera chokunzvera zviito zvehurumende, kuva nenzwi, uye kukumbira magwaro kana kuti chipupuriro. Uku kutarisira kunovimbisa kuti bazu ravakuru rinozvidavirira nokuda kwemiitiro yaro nezvisarudzo.
  • tractd: Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, bhajeti inokarakadzwa yavakuru vakuru inofanira kutenderwa nedare remitemo. Iri “simba rechikwama” rinopa pesvedzero huru yavaiti vemitemo pakushandiswa kwehurumende uye zvokutanga.
  • Kubvuma nokubvuma: mitumbi mizhinji yemitemo inosimbisa kugadzwa kweboka rakakwirira, zvakadai semitezo yedare rehurumende uye vatongi vehurumende, kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokusimbisa. Ikoku kunogovera cheki pasimba rokugadza romukuru.
  • [ Mabasa eChibvumirano: Mitemo inomirira fariro dzavamiriri vavo kupfurikidza nokutaura zvichemo, kutsigira zvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo, uye kukurukura itiro hanya dzavose kuhurumende.

Kuitwa Kwomutemo Kwakakwana

Kugadzira mutemo hakuwanzova chinhu chiri nyore. MuUnited States Congress, mutemo unofanira kupfuura namativi akawanda: kutanga, kuhwirudzura kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri. Kana makamuri maviri akapfuura mabhii akasiyana, dare resongani rinoyananisa misiyano. Chibvumirano ipapo chinoenda kuna purezidhendi, uyo anogona kusaina mutemo kana kuti kuvhura. Kana kuti kuisa mutemo panzvimbo iyi. Kana kuti, Congress inogona kukunda dare nembiri muimba imwe neimwe. Iri basa rakawanda rinogadzirirwa kusimbisa kuti mutemo unyatsoongororwa uye kuti hapana mutumbi mumwe unogona kuisa mitemo pamwe chete. Mitemo inovapo mune mimwe mitanho inosiyana. Nomutondo inosiyana. Nomutoo wemitemo yemari muUnited States, inonongedzera kumutemo wehurumende kuUnited States.[5]

Bazi Rinotungamirira: Kuteerera Mitemo uye Kushandisa Mutemo

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. iro rinowanzotungamirirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, rinotsigirwa nekabhineti uye nesangano guru remadhipatimendi ehurumende nemasangano. Nepo bazi remitemo richiita gadziriro yepamutemo, bazi guru rinoisa gadziriro iyoyo kupfurikidza nokutarisira kwezuva riri rose, murairo, uye mabasa avose.

Basa Romusoro Wehurumende

Kunzwisisa bazu guru kunoda kusiyanisa mukuru mukuru wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende (mutungamiriri wemifananidzo) uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Mumitemo yeparamende, aya mabasa anokamuraniswa: mambo kana kuti purezidhendi wetsika anobatira somusoro wehurumende, nepo mutungamiriri mukuru achishanda somusoro wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, muUnited Kingdom, King Charles II ndiye musoro wehurumende, asi mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira anotungamirira ndokuita zvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Uku kuparadzana kunogona kutapura kuti simba rechiremera rinoshandiswa sei uye kuzvidavirira sei mukuru mukuru kudare kudare.

Gadziriro Dzedare Nedzevakuru Vakuru

Dare rine vakuru vakuru, vanowanzonzi vanyori kana kuti vashumiri, avo vanotungamirira madhipatimendi makuru akadai sedziviriro, dzidzo, utano, uye nhau dzokunze. Ava vanhu vanopa zano mutungamiriri wehurumende ndokubetsera kutsinhiranisa muitiro mumativi akasiyana - siyana. Pasi pekabhineti, masangano akawanda nebhuresi anoita mabasa akananga. (kubva mumapassofting to tungamirira mipimo yemhoteredzo. muUnited States, masangano akadai seInvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) neBato reHomeland Security zvinoshanda pasi pebazu revakuru vehurumende asi anodzorwa kumitemo inopiwa neCongresssioner netarisiro.

Masangano anotungamirira anowanzoita mirayiridzo ine udzame yokushandisa mirayiro mizhinji yemitemo. Uyu muitiro unozivikanwa sokuita mitemo uye unobatanidza nhambo dzavose netsinhiro. Nepo kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokudzora kunobudirira, kunopawo bazu guru pesvedzero huru pamusoro petapuro inoshanda yemitemo. Nokuda kwebasa ramasangano ehurumende, USA.gov ramasangano ehurumende inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana.

Mirayiridzo Yevatungamiriri uye Muitiro Wokumwe

Chishandiso chimwe chine simba chebazi guru inhungamiro yavakuru vakuru. Iyi mirayiridzo inobvumira purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende kutarisira mabasa mukati mehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva. Mirairo yeGuru rinodzora inofanira kupfuurira kuwirirana nemitemo iripo uye inogona kudenhwa mudare. Inowanzoshandiswa kuita chinjo dzemiitiro nokukurumidza, asi inogonawo kuchinjwa nedare rinotonga kana kuti kudzorwa neCongress kupfurikidza nomutemo.

Bazu guru rinotungamirirawo muitiro wokumwe nowokudzivirira nyika. Purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinozviisa patendero yemitemo), anoraira mauto ane zvombo, anogadza nhume, uye anomirira nyika panzvimbo dzamarudzi ose.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo Nokuraira Ruramisiro

Basa rayo guru nderokupedza kusawirirana kwevanenge vaita uye kwehurumende, (kureva vanhu nehurumende). Mukuwirirana nomutemo. dare rinotonga rakarurama nerakasununguka rinokosha mukutsigira mutemo, kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo, uye kuramba vachivimba nemitemo.

Kuvakwa Kwemapurogiramu Ematare

Gadziriro dzedare dzinorongwa chaizvoizvo mudare ravakuru vakuru. Pamusoro apa ndimo dare rapamusoro zvikurusa, rinowanzonzi Dare Rapamusorosoro kana kuti Dare reMitemo, iro rinonzwa kukwirira pamibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikurusa. Pasi apa imatare edare apamutemo (matare echibvumirano, matare okukwirira) anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvamadare akaderera. matare edare edare ndeapo apo mhaka dzinotongwa pakutanga, ufakazi hunopiwa, uye majaji (mumimwe mitoo) anosarudza maidi. Sangano yeUnited States redare rehurumende rehurumende, somuenzaniso, rinobatanidza matare eruwa, 13 edare redare, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rehurumende rinewo muitiro wayo imene, iyo inotonga nhau zhinjisa.

Munyika dzakawanda, matare chaiwo aripo nokuda kwenharaunda chaidzo dzomutemo, dzakadai sematare emitero, matare emhuri, kana kuti matare okutarisira.

Kuongorora Kutonga Nesimba Rokuparadza Mitemo

Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ebazu rinotonga ihwirudzuro yedare: simba rokunzvera mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira kusarudza kana ichiputsa bumbiro remitemo. Kana dare rikawana kuti mutemo unorwisana nebumbiro remitemo, rinogona kuzivisa kuti mutemo iwoyo hauna maturo uye hauna chinhu. Iri simba rakatangwa zvakakurumbira muUnited States nenhau Barbury v. Madison [18.03] uye kubvira ipapo rava musimboti wete wemitemo yeteji yehurumende yenyika yose munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusorosoro reIndia neDare reMitemo reHurumende reGermany rinogara richidzokorora kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunobatira senzvero yakakomba pazvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira.Inovimbisa kuti kunyange mitemo inogadzwa nenzira yedemocracy haigoni kuputsa zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira ravatongi (hwunofanira kutsanangura bumbiro remitemo nenzira yakananga mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba, kana kuti vanofanira kuichinjira kumigariro yazvino uno here?

Basa Roufuza Nokuzvimirira

Gadziriro zhinjisa dzedare dzinotsamira panheyo ye stares decis, kureva kuti matare anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa nezvisarudzo zvapakuvamba. Uku kuwirirana kunogovera kufanofanotaurwa uye kutsiga mumutemo, kuchibvumira vanhu namabhizimisi kuronga zvinhu zvavo nouchokwadi hune mufungo. Zvisinei, matare makuru anogona kushandura mienzaniso yawo amene apo anonzi ari madikanwa, seU.S. Dare gurusa rakaita munhau dzechiratidzo se Brown v. Dare redzidzo (1954) uye [FL: 4).[FLT:] .[3]

Kuzvimirira mudare kunokosha nokuda kwokuita chisarudzo chakarurama. Vatongi vanofanira kuva vakasununguka padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti tyisidziro. Nyika zhinji dzinovimbisa ikoku kupfurikidza noupenyu kana kuti mirau yakatsiga, uye kupfurikidza nokudzivirira mibairo yedare kubva mukuderedzwa. Zvibvumirano zvinowanzova zvinosimbiswa nebazu rewirirano kuvimbisa vakwaniriswa navanodzikamiswa. Kunzvera chimiro chedare rehurumende, shanyira website ye U.S.

Kuongorora Nokudzikama: Gadziriro Yokupindira

Iyi nheyo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa, nokudaro ichidzivirira pesvedzero yehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu.

Mabati Oga Oga Anonyatsoongorora

Bazu remitemo rinonzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka: iro rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza nezvibvumirano, rinogona kukurira zvirongwa, kudzora bhajeti, uye rinogona kubvisa purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru.

Bazu guru rinonzvera mutezo wedare kupfurikidza nokubvisa zvikwereti (zvinodzorwa kukundwa) uye kupfurikidza nokudana marusando chaiwo eDare.

Bazu rinotonga rinonzvera mamwe mapazi ose ari maviri kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mitemo isiri yehurumende (hwirudzuro yemitemo) uye kupfurikidza nokududzira zviito zvehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti anowirirana nomutemo nebumbiro remitemo. Vatongiwo vane simba rokubudisa mirairo inogona kumisa zviito zvehurumende pakati pehurumende.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemacheki Anoshanda

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidzira ukoshi hweidzi chekero. Muna 1974, Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. rakarayira rimwe rimwe Purezidhendi Nixon kudzorera makaseti akarekodhwa mu United States v. Nixon mhaka, inosimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Mumwe muenzaniso ndi 2019 kunyorwa kwaPrezidhendi Trump neHouse of Decrections, inoteverwa nokushandiswa kwakananga kwechekero dzemitemo yemitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Congress anoshandisa simba rayo rokudzora zvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvakadai sokuganhurira kubhadharira mari nokuda kwemabasa akati ehondo kana kuti miraumbidzo.

Kukosha Kwokuva Nedzikamo Muhurumende Yazvino Uno

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo haisati iri isina rwisano. Gridlock inogona kuitika apo mapazu akasiana - siana anodzorwa namabato ezvamatongerwe enyika anorwisana, achigona kuderedza chiito chehurumende. Bva iyi rwisano imene inowanzova inomanikidzirwa: inobvumiranisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kurangarira, uye bvumirano huru pamberi pechinjo huru dzemitemo dzisati dzaitwa. Munguva dzenjodzi, dzakadai sekurumidziro yenyika, dzikamo ingachinja kwechinguvana sezvo mukuru mukuru mukuru anoita chiito chokukurumidza, asi dare zvinofanira kudzorerwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi, nzvero nedzikamo zvinoreva kuziva kuti hakuna sangano rehurumende rinofanira kushanda pasina kuzvidavirira. Iyi nheyo ndiyo inosianisa hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende dzine chiremera chehurumende, umo bazi rimwe rinowanzodzora dzimwe. Kuona kuderera kwakakwana kwegadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo dzemabasa, jira rezvishandiso zvokudzidzisa zveCongress rinopa zviwanikwa zvakaisvonaka.

Mugumisiro: Kuchinja Kusingaperi Kwemabasa Ehurumende

Mapazu emitemo, ezvokutonga, uye anotonga mumwe nomumwe anoita basa rakasiana asi rakavhengana mukudzora nzanga yedemokrasi. Chirongwa chomutemo chinogadzira mitemo, chinodzora chinoiisa, uye dare rinoadudzira. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera nokuganhurira vamwe, achidzivisa simba rokuisa pasangano rimwe nerimwe. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa izvi zvinokosha hazvisi kungoshandiswawo zvako kwedzidzo yedzidzo, uye kutarisirwa kwemitemo inoitwa, uye kugadziridzwa kwainoitwa, uye kugadziriswa kwamaruramiro kunoitwa vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vabatane. Sangano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinova dzinova nomugariro mutsva, mamiriro okunze enyika, uye kuchengeteka kwenheyo yesimba renyika yose kuchapfuurira kutungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu anokwanisa nokubudirira pakati pehurumende.