Basa rehurumende yehurumende muutano hwavanhu rinowanzova nhau ine simba uye inokakavadzana, yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S. uye yakaumbwa namazana amakore emhindumupindu. Nepo nyika dzichiita kuti masimba amapurisa afara adzivirire utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo, hurumende yakagadzira basa rinokosha uye rinokosha kupfurikidza nokuronga masimba akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwezvokutengeserana, kubhadharira mutero nokushandisa mari nokuda kwegarikano yose, uye kufambidzana kwokunze kwenyika. Uku kubatanidzwa pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende kuvamba kuvamba kunoparira gadziriro yakaoma umo kubatana kworudzi kunobvira, asi kwete pasina rwisano. Kunzwisisa pamutemo kunobvumira, masangano ayo anoita kuti ashande, uye pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yezvoutano yomumubatanidzwa wenyika yehurumende yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye kufambidzamagariro dzepasi penyika dzepasi penyika dzepasipo.

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Vanhu Muutano Hwavose

Chiremera chehurumende yomubatanidzwa chokuita muutano hwavanhu chinowanwa zvikurukuru muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., kunyange zvazvo gwaro racho risingatongodudzi zvakajeka “utano hwavanhu.” Panzvimbo pezvo, Congress nebazu guru zvakadudzira zvikamu zvinoverengeka kutsigira nhamburiko dzoutano dzinosvika kure. Aya masimba anourawa kupfurikidza namasangano omubatanidzwa, gadziriro dzemari, uye zviremera zvekurumidziro.

Kutengesa Claus Mune Zvomubatanidzwa

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 3 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba ku “dzora bhizimisi nenyika dzokumwe, uye pakati penyika dzinoverengeka, uye nendudzi dzeIndia.” Iyi ndima yave iri nheyo yapamutemo yemirau mizhinji yezvoutano. Dare Gurusa, zvikurukuru chifo cheNew Deal, rinobvumira hurumende kudzora chinhu chipi nechipi chinotapura zvikuru kutengeserana, kubatanidza kuchengeteka kwezvokudya, kugadzira mirimo, uye kudzora hosha dzinotapukira. Somuenzaniso, Food, Féral, Drug, uye Cosmetic Act[FL:1] inotsamira paFoct yeClaus kuti isimbise shome zvinhu zviri kufamba zvichina nyika kuti zvive kuvimbisa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anotenderera mativi enyika adzoro akako. Mumubatanidzwa nechino chekufambisa chitsamagete.

Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kushandisa Simba

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 1 chinopa chirongwa cheChikamu cheChikamu cheChikamu cheChikamu 1 simba roku “ripa nokuunganidza mitero, mabasa, zvikwereti, kubhadhara zvikwereti ndokugovera nokuda kwedziviriro dzose negarikano yavose yeUnited States.” Ichi “kupa Claus” ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwepesvedzero yezvoutano yavose. Nokubatanidza migariro yokupa, hurumende inogona kuisa mitengo yehurumende kuti igamuchire mitemo yakati youtano. Madicaid, somuenzaniso, ipurogiramu yehurumende inogovera kubatanidzwa kwoutano kuzviisa pasi penziyo yakaderera yenziyo inodzorwa vanhu; inotaura kuti kugamuchira mari yehurumende inofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakati pamusoro pezvinodikanwa pamusoro pezvipo, betsero, uye mipimo. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLD:0][F][FFFF]C]

Ganhuriro Dzamasangano Nechiremera Chawo Chokutonga

Hurumende yakapa simba guru kumasangano ebazi makuru kuti ashandise uye achengetedze mitemo yezveutano hwevanhu.Masangano aya anopa mitemo ine simba romutemo, inoita kutsvakurudza, inotungamirira, uye inoita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu akabatana patyisidziro dzoutano.

  • Cententers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): sangano routano renyika, rinonangidzira ngwariro pakunzvera hosha, kunzvera kwapanhambo nenhambo, uye gadziriro dzokudzivirira. Basa rekudzora reCDC rakaganhurirwa, asi pesvedzero yaro kupfurikidza nokuunganidzwa kwamashoko nemari ihuru.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA):[[FLT: 1] Mutoro wokuvimbisa chengeteko, kushanda, uye chengeteko yemirimo yavanhu nemhuka, zvinhu zvezvinhu zvipenyu, zvishandiso zvemishonga, mugove wezvokudya worudzi, zvizoro, uye zvinhu zvinobudisa mwaranzi.
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH): Sangano guru rehurumende rokuitisa nokutsigira nzvero dzezvokurapa, kubatanidza fundo pahosha dzisingaperi, zvinotapukira, uye kusawirirana kwoutano.
  • [[NHAU]] Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA): Kuvandudza kusvika kutarisiro youtano nokuda kwavanhu vasina dziviriro, vari voga, kana kuti vasina dziviriro mune zvemishonga.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Services Administration (SAMHSA): inotungamirira nhamburiko dzoutano dzavanhu kuti ideredze tapuro yokushandisa zvisina kufanira zvinodhaka uye chirwere chendangariro.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nekugadzirira Utano Hwevanhu Vose

Hurumende yehurumende ine zviremera zvepamutemo zvakananga kuti iite chiito mukati memigariro yeutano yavose. Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. . 76 264) inobvumira Munyori weUtano naMabasa avanhu kutora matanho okudzivirira sutukero, kupfuudzwa, uye kuparadzirwa kwezvirwere zvinoparirwa zvinobva kunyika dzokumwe kupinda muUnited States kana kuti pakati penyika. Izvi zvinosanganisira simba rokubata, kuvhara, kana kuti kusunungura vanhu vanodavira kuti vanotapurwa nehosha isingataputsiki. Stafford Act neNational Emer Act Act Act zvinogovera mamwe magadzirirwo ezviwiro zvemari munyika mukati njodzi dzenyika, kubatanidza njodzi dzoutano. Mugore wa2001 yegore wa2001 kana kuti 2014, zviremera zvehurumende zvehurumende zvemo zvakatsigira Hurumende zvemo.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yokubatanidzwa Muutano Hwavose

Kuongorora mienzaniso yakati kunoratidza kuti chiremera chehurumende chinoshandiswa sei, kubatsira kwachinoita, uye kupokanidzana kwachinoita dzimwe nguva kunoratidza kuti chinopa sei simba rehurumende, uye kuti chinokonzera sei.

POVID 16)

Hurumende yehurumende yakaita basa guru rokutungamirira, ichiita kuti pave nemasimba akasiyana - siyana okutarisira zvinhu zvinoda kukurumidzira, kutsigira mari, uye kutsigira.

  • Declarations and Regaliation Flexibilial: Pana January 31, 2020, HHS yakazivisa Public Health Emergency, ichiteverwa neyakakomba yenyika pasi peStafford Act muna March. Iyi ziviso dzisina kujeka, dzakabvumira FDA kubudisa Dare raEmergency Sult Uservatections (US), kurapa, uye majekiseni, uye CDC akapa chiremera kuisa CDC kudzosa bhiringi rehurumende (pashure yakaparadzwa neDare rapamusoro-soro).
  • Warp Fraend: Ibatira pamwe yavose yakakurumidzisa kukura, kugadzira, uye kuparadzirwa kwemishonga yeCOVID . Hurumende yehurumende yakapa mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni $18 mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yenhomba uye mwero yemashizha yapamberi peji, zvichigonesa nhomba yokutanga kubvumirwa mugore risingasviki.
  • CDC yakabudiswa uye yagara ichivandudzwa pamusoro pokupfeka mabhakitire, kuendesa kure, kuedza, kuparadzanisa, uye kuisa mumwe munhu. Nepo izvozvi zvakanga zvisiri murairo, ivo vakapesvedzera zvikuru miitiro yehurumende, kuvharwa kwezvikoro, uye miitiro yebasa. Komishinari yacho yakakwanisawo kuparadzirwa kwemajekiseni munyika yose kupfurikidza neCOVID .
  • Tsigiro yemari nokuda kweMitemo yeUtano neMamunhu Oga:[[FLT: 1] Act nezvinopa zvokuyamura zvakatevera zvakagovera mabhiriyoni amadhora kuzvipatara, madhipatimendi outano, uye vanhu kupfurikidza nemibhadharo yechimbichimbi, kusimudzira betsero dzokusava nebasa, uye mari yokuyamura.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Kudzorwa Kwezvokudya Nemirimo

Gadziriro yapamberi pemapepa yeFDA nokuda kwemirimo mitsva nokutarisira kwayo mugove wezvokudya mienzaniso inoyera yemitemo yezvoutano yehurumende. Mibato yehwaro inobatanidza:

  • Drug Revisence and Safety Monitoring: Makambani anorapa anofanira kutumira mashoko makuru okuedza kuti aratidzire chengeteko neshandiro. FDA inohwirudzura iyi mitaro uye, kana yakatenderwa, inopfuurira kunzvera zvinoitika zvakaipa kupfurikidza ne FDABride Metassie Practing System (FAARS). Kutenderwa kwevara kwezviurayi marwadzo muna 1990 uye kudzoteverwa pakusakafanira kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzeiri.
  • Mitemo yeSafety: FDA inoita kuti pave neTsima reFood Safety Modertiation Act (FSMA), iyo yakabvisa donzo kubva pakupindura kukuvamba kukuvadzivisa. Sangano rinoitisa kunzverwa, nhau dzinoyeuka, uye rinogadza mipimo yokubudisa chengeteko, allergen raparking, uye zvokudya zvakapinzwa kune dzimwe nyika. Kuputika kwa2018 kunoparira vanhu 200, kunoparira zvinodikanwa zvokutevedzerwa.
  • Kuwedzera: Chifo chokupfuura kwekudzivirira Kuputa kwemhuri uye Kudzora Tobacco Act muna 2009, FDA yakadzora kugadzirwa, kuparadzirwa, uye kutengeswa kwefodya. Ikoku kunobatanidza kurambidza midzanga inonatswa (kunze kwechirume), kunoda nyevero dzoutano, uye kuhwirudzura zvinhu zvitsva zvakadai seegayarettes. Muna 2022, FDA yakakarakadza mutemo wokurambidza midzanga yemidzanga, kududza kuvadziko yakakura kunzanga dzevatema.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Kutanga

Basa reCDC rinobata anenge mativi ose outano hwevanhu, kubvira pakudzora zvirwere zvinotapukira kusvikira pakudzivirira zvirwere zvisingaperi.

  • Chirongwa cheNational Immunization: CDC inotanga rudungwe rwouhwana nemubetseri wavakuru rwakavakirwa parumbidzo dzakabva kuDare reAdvisory paImmunzation Practices (ACIP). Inotengawo nhomba dzenhomba dzevana vasina kudzivirirwa kana kuti vanoongororwa kupfurikidza neVaccine yeChirongwa chevana (VFC). Kuderera kunoshamisa muzvirwere zvakadai segwirikwiti, poliyo, uye HPVPN inowirirana nekenza ndiwo mugumisiro wakananga weidzi.
  • Tobaco Control and Prevention:[[FLT] CDC’s Office on Smoki and Health inoita maTumbiro Kumbororo uye inogovera mari kuhurumende nokuda kwepurogiramu dzinodzorwa nefodya. Kombicha yacho inonzvera fodya kupfurikidza neNational Health Application Survey naState transmittery. Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, fodya inoramba iri chisakiso chikuru chorufu runodzivisika muU.S.
  • Chirevo cheDambudziko cheChronic Prevention: CDC’s Division of Population Health inotsigira zvirongwa zvokudzivisa hosha yemwoyo, yeshuga, sitiroko, uye kenza. National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DP) chinjo youpenyu yakabvumidzwa kuderedza ngozi yokukura kworudzi 2 rweshuga. Kosita yemari nenhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo kusimudzira mubato womuviri, kudya kwakanaka, uye kusvuta.
  • Kudzivirira kwoUtsipa: Mukupindura denda reopioid, CDC yabudisa nhungamiro dzinopa mirayiridzo nokuda kwamaopioid, kufutunurwa kwemipimo inonyanyowandisa, uye hurumende nepurogiramu dzinotsigirwa. Basa resangano racho rakaparira kuderera kwemaatomurose opioid, kunyange zvazvo njodzi yerufu dzinowirirana napentanylâne ichiripo.

Utano Hwemhoteredzo: Basa reEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Nepo isiri chishandiso choutano chavose bedzi, EPA inodzika mitemo inotapura zvakananga miuyo youtano. Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act, uye Toxic Substances Control Act inopa chiremera cheEPA kugadza mipimo yezvinosvibisa, kudzora zvinobatanidza mvura, uye kunzvera makemikari enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kudzora kweEPA mutobvu mupeti nependi zvakaderedza zvikuru chepfu yomutobvu. Muna 2024, EPA yakabudisa mutemo wokupedzisira unoda kudokuva unotoma wose unodzosa kuti upiwe mukati mamakore 10, kuzivisa manyuko makuru okusha kwetsinga.

Kutsigira Kushanda Kwemasangano Outano Enzanga

Hurumende yeHealth Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) inoshandisa Hwedzero yezveutano, mari inopfuura zvipatara zvenzanga 1 400 zvinobatira varwere vanopfuura mamiriyoni 30 gore negore, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yeinishuwarenzi. Nzvimbo idzi dzinogovera tarisiro huru, mabasa emazino, tarisiro yendangariro, uye mishonga inorapa munzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa. Federal inobvumira kupa zvikero zvokufambisa mari namabasa adzinoziva, dzichivaita vachengetekeri vakachengeteka vakachengeteka inovadziko yeAmerica yezvoutano.

Matambudziko Nemakwikwi Mubasa Reutano Hwevanhu Vose

Kusawirirana pakati pokubatana kwehurumende nouchangamire hwenyika, mibvunzo yechiremera chepamutemo, uye kuvimba kwevanhu nematanho anogamuchirwa nokuitwa nehurumende.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nedzikamo Yesimba

Pepanhau reTenst Amendment rakaisa miganhu kumasimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende. Mukati medenda, ikoku kwakatungamirira kusiana kukuru mumhinduro dzehurumende: dzimwe nyika dzinoisa zvikumbiro zvemirayiro zvechibharo zvikuru, nepo dzimwe dzakarambidza matanho akadaro. Kuedza kwehurumende yehurumende kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu okubvisa tsvina yakaparadzwa nedare repamusorosoro mu Alabama Association of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Services [20], iro rakarangarira kuti CDC yakanga yapfuura chiremera chayo. Nenzira yakafanana, chirevo chehurumende chevashandi vazhinji chakavharwa neDare rehurumende mu [FL:] FL.V [FFFF]

Kuvimba Kwavose Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kuvimba nemasangano ezvoutano ehurumende kwaderera mumakore achangopfuura, zvikurukuru mukati medenda reCOVIDÍ19. Mashoko anorwisana pamusoro pemasero, mavambo evhairasi, uye nguva yenhomba dzinonyandura kusava nechokwadi. Misformation inopararira nokukurumidza pasocial medition, inosekesa kurapa uye kuwirirana nezvitanho zvoutano. CDC naFDA vakarwisa kukurukurirana zvakajeka uye kuvazve vakavimbika, zvikurukuru pakati penzanga dzinokuvadzwa nezvinonzvera zvehurumende (g., Tuskee Syphilis Study). Kuvimba kunoda kuoneka, kutumira mashoko, uye kuvimbisana nzanga kwechokwadi.

Kugona Kubata Zvisina Kufanira uye Revo Altavia

Nhamba yokutsigira mari inotsigirwa nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu yakakura asi haisati ichiparadzirwa nguva dzose. Nharaunda dzomumaruwa, nzanga dzemadzinza, uye mataundi akaderera anosvika anowanzogamuchira zvinhu zvishoma pamunhu mumwe nomumwe kupfuura nharaunda dzakapfuma. Nhenda yeCHOVID . Nhenda yeCHOVji inoratidzirwa mukuparadzana mukuedza kusvika, kuparadzirwa kwemishonga, uye simba routano. Mapurogiramu eFrederal akafanana ne Health Center Program yeChiviko uye CDC yeRungues kuCommunity Health (REAN) yemagement (REAN) inovavarira kuvhara iyi miganhuro, asi kudzo pasi penzvimbo yezvoutano yavose inoramba iri denho. Mukuwirirana nomushumo 2021 kubva kuTrust yeUTS yeUTS, mari yezvoutano hwavose muU.

Nharo Dzapamutemo Nedzemagariro

Zvinodikanwa zvenhomba zvinoshanda nokuda kwavashandi vokurapa, vashandi vehondo, uye vagari vehurumende zvakanyandura denho dzapamutemo nekurukurirano dzetsika. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mirairo ibasa rapamutemo rehurumende rokudzivirira vanhu, zvikurukuru muzvirongwa zvakakwirira. Vashori vanotaura kuti vanoputsa rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye rusununguko rwezvokurapa. Matare akatsigira murairo apo akavakirwa pachiremera chemitemo yapamutemo uye anoshandiswa kuvanhu chaivo, asi kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwave kwakakomba.

mhedziso

Basa rehurumende muutano hwavanhu harina kusiana kana kuti kusiana. Ichibereko chedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, chiito chemitemo, muitiro wokudzora, uye kuhwirudzura . Kuvambira paChommerce Claus kuSalce Claus, nheyo dzapamutemo dzakafara asi dzinokwikwikwidzwa. Mienzaniso yezveutano yapanguva ino ino. (91209) kubva paCHOVAD , denda remirimo yemirimo, kubva kupurogiramu dzemaCDC yebhakitiriya kusvikira kuEPA yakachena mitemo yemvura inodzorwa, (jeka kutsa zvose zviri zviviri kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe chete kwomutemo uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira kuitwa. Sezvinooneka uye kariro itsva dzoutano dzavose, muganhu pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende ichapfuurira kuva rutivi runodzora pamutemo rweAmerica. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kurangarira uku kuoma kwekunzwisisa bedzi nokuda kwokunzwisisa uye nokuda kwezvirongwa zvoutano zvomunguva yakapfuura zveUnited States.