Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica

Hurumende inoumba anenge mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kumigwagwa yatinofamba kusvikira kumugariro wemhepo yatinofema uye zvikoro vana vedu vanopinda. Bva vagari vemo vazhinji vanoparapatika kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete sei uye kuti mutoro wemabasa akati uri sei. Iyi gadziriro (jeress) inoisa dare rehurumende, matare ehurumende, uye horo dzeguta dzomunzvimbomo (8) zvakarongedzerwa noune kuti zvive nemwero yesimba, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mumiririro, uye kero inodikanwa pamwero wakakodzera zvikurusa. Kunzwisisa ichi chivako hachisiwo chedzidzowo hachisiwo hachisi chinhu chedzidzowo zvacho; kunokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi ruzivo rwehurumende uye kugona kushambadza.

United States inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende, chimiro chehurumende umo simba rinokamurwa pakati pechiremera chikuru chenyika nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiana- siyana(*). Iyi divi rinosimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinoronga masimba chaiwo ehurumende yehurumende nepo richichengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu kupfurikidza neTenth Amendment. Nhambo inotangira kupfurikidza nemitemo, Dare Gurusa, uye zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda, kuumba gadziriro hurusaidzo inoita uye inowanzopfuudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza neTenth Amendment.

Chikamu Chenyika: Congress and National Guvertial

Pamugumo wedare rehurumende rehurumende panogara hurumende yehurumende, yakabatanidzwa muWashington, D.C. mapazi ayo matatu akaenzana ((legislative, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi) rimwe nerimwe rinoita mabasa akasiana. Bazu remitemo, rinozivikanwa seCongress, sezvinobvira ndiro boka rinomirira zvakananga zvikurusa pamwero wenyika. Kubatanidza House of Sexs (mitezo 435 inogoverwa nevagari vehurumende) uye Dare (mitezo 100, nyika imwe neimwe), rinopomerwa nokuita mitemo yenyika.

Masimba eDare akakura uye anobatanidza mitero, kuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika yenyika nevokumwe, uye kuchengeta masimba ane zvombo. Imba inovamba zvikwereti zvemari uye ine simba rimwe rokusaidzira, nepo Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kubvumiranisa zvibvumirano. Iyi gadziriro yebhiobaral yakanga iri kubvumirana pakati penyika huru neduku mukati meConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra 1787, ichivimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri chiverengero chavagari vemo neuchangamire hwehurumende zvinomiririrwa.

Kupfuura kugadzira mitemo, Congress inoita mabasa okutarisira. Matare ari mumakamuri ose ari maviri anonzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, kutongwa, uye chipupuriro chokuraira chinobva kuvanyori vedare navakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, Office yeHurumende yeMasano (GAO) neCongregational Baccouncial Ballet Office (CBO) zvinogovera kunzvera kusingatsigiri kunobetsera vaiti vemitemo kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa. Iri simba rinoita kuti zvisarumbiso zvisare, zvichidzivisa rimwe bazi ripi neripi neringaro kuti risawane chiremera chakanyanyisa.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Riri Kushanda

Apo Congress inonyora mitemo, bazu guru rinodzorwa naPurezidhendi(enkorce) rinodzorwa. Purezidhendi, akasarudzwa makore mana ari ose, anobatira soMutungamiriri Mukuru wemauto akashongedzwa, anoitisa mutemo wokumwe, uye anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress. Bazu guru rinoumbawo madhipatimendi 15 edare redare (zvakadai seDefense, State, Treasurence, uye Education) uye mazana amasangano ehurumende akadai seEmental Protection Agemental (EPA) neFURCE of Federal Bureauragementation of Investigation (FBI).

Ukama pakati peCongress naPresidenti hunowanzoratidzirwa nekurukurirano uye pane dzimwe nguva rwisano. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kushatiswa bedzi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri, achiaita chishandiso chine simba. Nenzira inopesana, Dare rinodzora bhajeti uye rinogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru. Uku kuoma ndokweune: kunomanikidza ndokudzivisa chiito chokukurumidzira kana kuti chisiri chokutsiva.

Bazu Rokutonga Nedudziro Yebumbiro Remitemo

Dare redare rehurumende rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti iwirirane neBumbiro reMitemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro, dare, rinonzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pehurumende. Macault yehurumende yakaderera(_dificium matare ehurumende nematare edunhu enhau dzakawanda dzekukwirira). Kupfurikidza nesimba rekuongorora mitemo, rakasimbiswa mu Marbury v. Madison [183], matare anogona kurova mitemo inopfuudzirwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvakatorwa nomukuru kana akaputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Basa iri rine mirangariro mikuru nokuda kwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, rinotapura chinhu chose kubva kumaruramiro okuvhotera kuutano.

Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954) chakazivisa dzinza rokusarurana muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kurongwa, zvakananga kudarika mitemo yenyika uye kuparira chinjo yenzanga. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kutonga kwesimba rokudzora rehurumende kwakaumba mitemo yemhoteredzo nezvemari munyika yose. Sangano rejudicary nokudaro rinoshanda senzvero inokosha pamamwe mapazu maviri, richivimbisa kuti mutemo iwoyo nezviito zvapamutemo zvinoramba zviri mukati muganhu wemitemo.

Hurumende: Vashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Pasi pemwero wehurumende, hurumende 50 dzinoshanda nebumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye gadziriro dzemitemo.Tenth Amendment inopa masimba ose asingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza chiremera pamusoro pedzidzo, utano hwavanhu, zvokufambisa, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye sangano rehurumende romunzvimbomo. Justice Louis Brandeis akarondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira masangano se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” umo mitemo yakasiana - siana inogona kuedzwa isati yagamuchirwa munyika yose.

Hurumende dzinoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende munzira dzakati: imwe neimwe ine gavhuna (anoparadza), mugadziri wehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji bidaral, kunze kwegadziriro yeNebraska yemubatanidzwa wenzvimbo yepasi), uye gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine dare guru. Zvisinei, hurumende dzine tsidzo huru. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinogadza mwero yadzo yemari inobhadharwa, dzinosarudza kuva dzinokwanisa kutera nokuda kweMedicaid pasi penhungamiro dzehurumende, uye mipimo yezvikoro zvavose. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakaronda zvakasimba mitemo yemhoteredzo inopfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa wenyika, nepo dzimwe, kufanana neTexas, dzine mitero yemari yakaderera yemari inotambirwa yehurumende nekuita zvakasiana.

Masangano ehurumende anoisa mitemo pamhatsa huru yenhau: ruramisiro youtsotsi, kodzero dzezvinhu, roorano, kutengesa kwamazvikokota, uye miitiro yesarudzo. Vanewo simba rokugovera mari yehurumende nokuda kwegadziriro, dzidzo, uye mabasa enzanga. Gavhuna anogona kusaina kana kuti kuisa zvikwereti, uye munyika dzakawanda, mutemende wemitemo inogona kukurira kuvhota. Iyi tsika ino inobvumira nyika kuronga mitemo kutsika dzayo dzehurumende nokuda kwemitengo dzadzo, upfumi, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mabasa Ehurumende Akakwana

Dzidzo ndiimwe yemitoro mikurusa. Hurumende imwe neimwe inotarisira gadziriro yayo yezvikoro zvavose yeKû12, inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, inopa vadzidzisi mipimo yakarongwa. Dzidzo yakakwirira. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kufamba ndirimwe basa guru rehurumende. Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa anochengeta migwagwa mikuru yepasi (mukubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende), migwagwa yehurumende, uye mabhiriji akawanda. Anotarisirawo gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose, ndege, nezviteshi zvengarava. Somuenzaniso, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) anotarisira mumwe wemibatanidzwa mikuru mikuru mikuru munyika yose, nepo Texas Department of Transportation (THOT) inobata mitero inopfuura mamaira 50 000. Masangano aya anotsamira pamitero yehurumende, mari yemari yomubatanidzwa, uye mari yezvibvumirano.

Kotsekano yavose mutorowo mukuru wehurumende. Mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti masangano emigwagwa inotenderera anodzika mitemo yemotokari ndokunzvera mhaka panzvimbo dzehurumende. matare ehurumende anobata kurovererwa kwemhosva pasi pomutemo wehurumende, uye matorongo ehurumende anoisa vapari mhaka vane mhaka. Kuwedzera, masangano anotarisira ngozi (zvakadai seCalifornia Office of Emergency Services) anopindura ngwavaira dzomusikirwo dzakadai semheno dzemhepo, madutu, uye mafashamo.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Uko Hurumende Inosangana Mumugwagwa

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndiwo mwero wapedyosa uye unooneka zvikurusa wehurumende dzevagari veAmerica vazhinjisa. Dzinobatanidza zviverengero, maruwa, mataundikishi, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo (kuda kwemvura, mwoto, mapaka, zvichingodaro). Kusafanana nemwero yehurumende dzehurumende, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo izvisikwa zvehurumende; hurumende inovapa chiremera kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti mitemo yavose. Ikoku kunoreva kuti masimba nezvivako zvehurumende zvomunzvimbomo zvinosiana zvikuru kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe, uye kunyange mukati nharaunda.

MuNew England, mataundi anowanzova nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga kupfurikidza nemisangano yetaundi, nepo muSouth neWest, masangano eruwa ndiwo makuru. Maguta makuru akadai seNew York, Los Angeles, uye Chicago ane gadziriro dzakasimba dzemabhora, umo meya ane chiremera chikuru, nepo vamwe vanoshandisa gadziriro yedare revakuru vakuru, umo maneja weguta akadzidzira basa rinoitwa nedare rinotarisira zuva nezuva. Pasinei zvapo neiyi mhatsa, hurumende dzose dzomunzvimbomo dzinogoverana pakugovera mabasa anokosha anotapura rudzi rwoupenyu rwavagari vemo.

Mabasa eHurumende yenharaunda

Mabasa avose nezvinoiswa mukati ndeenheyo. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera mvura yokunwa yakachena, kurapa mvura yakachena, kuunganidza marara, uye kuchengetedza migwagwa nemigwagwa. Anogonawo kubudisa mvura yemvura yemadutu nokubvisa sinou. Kuvagari vazhinji vomumataundi nomumaruwa, aya mabasa ibetsero inooneka zvikurusa yehurumende yomunzvimbomo (a) kundikano munzvimbo ipi neipi nokukurumidza inova njodzi.

Kuronga nokushandisa miganhu ndirimwe basa rinokosha. Mapuraneti okuronga uye makomuni enzvimbo dzinogara anosarudza kuti zvivako zvorudzii zvinogona kuvakwa, uko mabhizimisi anogona kushanda, uye kuti kukura kungavapo kwakawanda sei. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoumba nharaunda, zvinopesvedzera mipimo yezvinhu, uye zvinotapura mafambiro emotokari. Mabhurokwara anogonawo kushandiswa kusimudzira dzimba dzinoda mari, kudzivirira maruwa enhau, kana kuti kukurudzira kukura kwezvemari. Somuenzaniso, maguta akaita maguta sePortland, Oregon, aita miganhuro yeguta kuti adzivise kuputika, nepo Houston, Texas, yakakurumbira haina mitemo inodzorwa yapamutemo.

Masangano ezvokuchengeteka kwavose (masangano ezvokudzivirira njodzi) uye mabasa ezvokurapa anoitirwa nokukurumidza. Mapato emapurisa eguta anorinda migwagwa, anopindura runhare, uye anoongorora mhosva. Madhipatimendi emoto haangorwisi moto bedzi asiwo anopa mabasa anobatsira nokupa njodzi. Masangano aya anobhadharwa nemitero yenzvimbo, mitero yezvokutengeserana, uye dzimwe nguva mari yehurumende kana kuti yemipiro yehurumende. Kushanda kwekotsekateko yavose inhau huru nokuda kwevagari vemo nemwero huru yetsika dzoupenyu hweguta.

Mapaki namadhipatimendi evaraidzo anotarisira nzvimbo dzemitambo, nzvimbo dzokushambira, nzvimbo dzakakwirira, uye zvinoitika zvomunzanga. Izvi zvinhu zvinoparira utano hwomuviri, kubatana kwenzanga, uye rudado rwenzanga. Maraibhurari, anowanzodzorwa nehurumende kana kuti maruwa chaiwo omunzvimbomo, anogoverawo mukana wokuwana mabhuku pachena, Internet, uye mapurogiramu edzidzo. Kunzanga dzakawanda, raibhurari yomunzvimbomo inzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwokudzidza nokuvimbisana munzanga.

Basa reHoro yeGuta

Guta Hall rinobatira senzvimbo inodzora neinofananidzira hurumende yomunzvimbomo. Inova nehofisi yameya, makamuni edare reguta, uye madhipatimendi akadai sokuronga, mari, mabasa avose, uye kukura kwenzanga. dare reguta, rakasarudzwa nemakamuri kana kuti nokukura, rinopfuudza mitemo yenzvimbo inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva kumipimo yoruzha kusvika kukuvakwa kwemitemo. Misangano yeDare inozarukira vanhu vose, uye maguta akawanda anoaparadzira paIndaneti, zvichibvumira vagari kuona kurukurirano nevhoti dzavo dzemari, zvibvumirano zvemari, uye zvisarudzo zveminda.

Kuronga mari yokushandisa ibasa reguta. Hurumende dzemo dzinogadzirira mari yegore negore inopa mari kumadhipatimendi zvichienderana nezviri pakutanga uye nezviri kuitika. Mitero yezvinhu ndiyo homwe hombe yemari inotambirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda, inowedzerwa nemitero yokutengesa, mitero yemabasa (semvumo dzokuvaka kana kuti mitaro), uye kuchinjwa kwehurumende kubva kuhurumende nehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvemari yebhangi zvinotapura zvakananga kuti mapaki api anogadziriswa, kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vemapurisa vangani vanobhadharwa sei, uye kana kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa kuchirongwa.

Kuvimbisana kwevagari vomuguta kunowedzera kukosha. Dzimba dzakawanda dzemataundi dzinoita misangano muhoro yetaundi, kutongwa kwedare, uye kuongororwa paIndaneti kuti dziunganidze zvinhu zvikuru kana kuti kuchinja kwemitemo. Mamwe maguta akaita mapurogiramu okuronga kuronga mari yokushandisa, uko vanhu vanosarudza zvakananga kushandisa mari yemanisiparati. Somuenzaniso, muNew York City, mabhiritari akawanda anoshandisa mari yokubhadharira kutsigira kufambira mberi kwenharaunda semasangano okugadzira chikoro uye mabheji epaki.

Kupindira uye Kupindira

Hapana mwero wehurumende inoshanda iri yoga. Hurumende yeUnited States inogovera mari inopiwa kunzvimbo nenzvimbo, kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, Highway Trust Fund inogovera mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvehurumende zvemugwagwa, asi nyika dzinofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende pamusoro pekotsekano, kusaina, uye shoo yemhoteredzo. Nenzira yakafanana, Department yeDzi rinopa mari I nokuda kwezvikoro zvinowanwa zvakaderera, ichida kuti nyika dzipe zvitese nzvero nemishumo.

Mitemo inopesvedzera nenzira yakafanana hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Hurumende dzinogadza mitemo yenzira iyo maguta anogona nayo kutora mitero, kutora nyika, uye kukwereta mari. Dzingabvisawo mitemo yomunzvimbomo (somuenzaniso, kurambidza kwomunzvimbomo pamasagasi epurasitiki kana kuti kudzorwa kwerendi. Uku kunyanduka pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kwakakura mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya kupfuvura semitero mishomanene, mitemo yeguta rinoyera, uye kudzorwa kwepfuti pfuti. Dzidziso yeDillon’s Relance, iyo inoreva kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba iwayo bedzi anopiwa nenzira inoratidzirwa nehurumende, ichiri kushanda mumitevero mizhinji, nepo vamwe vane mitemo yapa misha inopiwa nzanga yapavhuro.

Mirayiro yehurumende inogonawo kuparira mitoro isina kugadziriswa nokuda kwenyika nenharaunda. Clean Water and Clean Air Act inoda kuti nyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzikwane nemipimo yemhoteredzo yehurumende, asi Congress haigoveri nguva dzose mari yakakwana kufukidza ndyiko. Iri simba kazhinji kazhinji rinotungamirira kururimiso sezvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotsvaka nyaradzo kana kuti mipimo yakapfava zvikuru yokuita.

Fundo Yenhau: Kushandisa Mari Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Muenzaniso wakasimba webatira pamwe yehurumende iIfrablicare Investicement and Jobs Act (IJA) yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2021. Iyi pasuru ye $4,200 000 000 yemadhora inogovera mari yehurumende nokuda kwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, kushambadzira, kutakura vanhu, uye motokari dzemagetsi zvinotakura. Apo mari inobuda kuWashington, zvirongwa chaizvoizvo zvinorongwa, uye zvinoitwa nedhipatimendi rehurumende rezvokufambisa uye masangano omunharaunda. Nyika dzinofanira kuisa zvirongwa, kusvitsa zvinodiwa nehurumende (zvakaita sezvirongwa zveAmerica), uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinowirirana nezvikamu zvemari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinozonyorera mari yemakwikwikwikwidza kana kuti zvigaro zvakaiswa muzvirongwa.

Somuenzaniso, rimwe guta rakaita sePittsburgh raishandisa mari yeIVJA kutsiva mabhiriji akwegura uye kuvandudza nzvimbo yaro yokurapirwa mvura, nepo nzvimbo dzokumaruwa muMontana dzakashandisa purogiramu imwe cheteyo kuwedzera mukana wokuwana mashoko paInternet yakafara.

Chibvumirano Chomubatanidzwa: Gwara Rinochengeta Gadziriro Yacho Pamwe Chete

Chivako chose cheAmerica chinodzora cheAmerica − kubva paCongress kusvika kuhoro yeguta nejeri. Kutaurirana muhurumende, hurumende, uye vhota ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokupesvedzera nayo murairo. Asi kuvimbisana kunopfuura bhokisi rebhokisi: kupinda misangano yedare rechikoro, kupupurira padare reguta, kukumbanira sangano romunharaunda, kana kuti kukurukura nomutezo weCongress pamusoro pechimiro chose chehurumende.

Mutemo wehurumende unoraira kuti masangano atsvake tsinhiro yavose pamirau inokarakadzwa, achigadzira mikana yemibato kunyange pamitemo yemichina. Panzvimbo penzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, masangano okuronga uye mabhodhi okugara ane dare rinotonga vanhu pazvikarakadzo zvekubudirira. Kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kunovimbisa kuti hurumende iratidze mipimo nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga, panzvimbo pefariro dzamapoka mashomanene akasanorongwa.

Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana nemitoro zvenzvimbo imwe neimwe yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokubudirira kwebasa. Mugari wemo anoitira hanya pamusoro pokushatiswa kwemhepo, somuenzaniso, anofanira kuziva kuti EPA inogadza mipimo yorudzi pasi peChene Air Act, asi masangano ehurumende neomunzvimbomo anoshandisa ndokuisimbisa. Nenzira yakafanana, mumwe munhu anoda kuvandudza paki yake anofanira kutaura nebato repaki yeguta, kwete mutezo weDare. Zivo yeiyi boka rebasa inopa vagari vemo simba rokutungamirira nhamburiko dzavo kwadzichava netapuro hurusa.

Mugumisiro: Simba uye Mutoro Zvinogoveranwa

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica haisati iri gadziriro yakapfava umo mirairo inodzika kubva Washington. Panzvimbo pezvo, isangano rakaoma, rinotsamirana umo mwero mumwe nomumwe(denderal, hurumende, uye nzvimbo) ine mabasa akasiana asi anopfuudzwa. Hurumende inogadza mirau yenyika nepfuma, mirau yehurumende inochinjira mitemo iyoyo kumigariro yomunzvimbomo ndokutarisira mabasa anodenha akafanana nedzidzo uye zvokufambisa, uye horo dzeguta dzinopa mibato yezuva nezuva inoita kuti nzanga dzive dzinogona kudzorwa. Nzvero nedzinodzikano mukati uye pakati pemwero dzinodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kudzora, asi dzinodawo kutsinhiraniswa nokubatirana kwenguva dzose.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa ichi chirongwa chinopfuura chinodikanwa chedzidzo chakadai sehwaro hweugari hwemo hunobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei kubva pahoro dzeCongress kusvikira kudzimba dzeguta, vanhu vanogona kufamba zviri nani gadziriro, vangaita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidavirire, uye vabetsere basa rinopfuurira rokuzvidzora. Nguva inotevera paunovhura pombi, kufambisa motokari pamusoro pebhiriji, kana kuti kutumira mwana wako kuchikoro, yeuka kuti aya mabasa ndiwo mugumisiro wechinhu chakagadzirwa nokungwarira chakadai neanoramba achidzorwa kudzorwa kunotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwako.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pechimiro chehurumende negoverano yevagari vemo, shanyira .Gov kufungwa kwamapazu ehurumende, congress.gov yemashoko ewirirano yemitemo , uye Conference of State Legislatures nokuda kwemitezo yehurumende.