Table of Contents

United States Constitution inomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, ichigadza gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica nokurondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Chifo chokuvaka kwayo muna 1788, ichi chibvumirano chehwaro chakashanda zvose zviri zviviri sechatauro chine simba nesimba rinoganhurira, kupa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende apo panguva imwe cheteyo anoganhurira masimba iwayo kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzora simba rehurumende kunokosha sei nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kunzwisisa dzikamo yokubudirira pakati poutongi norusununguko rwomunhu oga zvinorondedzera tsika yeAmerica.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kugadzira Gadziriro Paunenge Uine Simba Rinoganhurirwa

Bumbiro reMitemo rakabuda munhambo yakaoma munhau yeAmerica apo rudzi ruduku rwakaparapatika muNhevedzo dzeConfederation. The Primes of Confederation dzakapa chiremera chinoshanda chiduku kuhurumende yakabatana, kuchibvumira Dare kusaina zvibvumirano nokuzivisa hondo asi richiidzivisa kusimudzira mitero kuti ibhadharire hondo, nezvisarudzo zvose zvikuru zvaida vhoti yose. Uku kusava nesimba kwakaparira nyongano, nehurumende dzinoshanda semasangano anozvimirira uye hurumende yenyika isingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvinetso zvinonetsa.

Vagadziri vakatarira kurova dzikamo inokosha(kuisa hurumende itsva yenyika yakanga ine simba zvikuru kupfuura iyo yakapinda pamberi payo ichiri kudzivirira rusununguko rwavanhu veAmerica runokosheswa zvikurusa, kugarisa pahurumende yorudzi ine masimba akarondedzerwa asi akaganhurirwa. Bumbiro remitemo ravakagadzira rakava mutemo mukurusa wenyika, mukuru kune mimwe mitemo yose yehurumende nehurumende, kugadza mitemo yakajeka pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende inoita nayo neganhuriro dzakajeka pamusoro peinogona kuita hurumende.

Gwaro racho rinogadzira republic yehurumende ine bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinoshanda mabasa akawanda: rinosimbisa chimiro chehurumende, rinogovera masimba pakati pamasangano akasiyana - siyana ehurumende, rinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye rinogovera nzira dzokuchinja nadzo norugare kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa. Iyi nzira yakakwana inovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoramba richishanda uye richidzvinyirirwa.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Vane Simba Vanoparadzana Pakati Pemapazi Matatu

Mumwe wemiitiro yakatanhamara zvikurusa yeBumbiro reMitemo yokudzora simba rehurumende kuparadzana kwesimba. Chinoitika chaFramers nehurumende yeBritain chakazivisa chitendero chavo kuti kuisa ngwariro kumasimba ehurumende akasiyana muchinhu chimwe kwaizoisa vanhu vorudzi kumubato wehurumende wokudzvinyirira wokudzvinyirira nokudzvinyirira, nokuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, mitemo, zviremera, uye judicaary, mumaoko mamwe chetewo kuchiva rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.

Shoko rokuti "Kutsaura kwaMasimba" rakaumbwa nomuzivi wezana ramakore rechi18 Montesquieu, achirondedzera muenzaniso unokamura hurumende kuva mapazi akaparadzana, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akaparadzana uye akazvimirira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshandisa nheyo iyi kupfurikidza nokuumba mapazi matatu akasiyana ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine hwaro hwaro hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo uye mitoro yaro yakananga.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo

Chikamu 1 cheUnited States Constitution chinosimbisa Legislative Bazu, iro rine mutoro wokuita mitemo mukuwedzera kumimwe mitoro inodudzwa. Dare rimene rakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yaVamiriri neDare. Ichi chivako chebicameral chinowedzera rumwe rutivi rwemubatanidzwa wesimba, chichida kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzibvumirane mutemo usati wagona kufambira mberi.

Imba yavamiriri inoumbwa nemitezo inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose, neratidziro yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Dare rinoumbwa navatendi vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo navagari vemo, vanobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzakakurumbira nehurumende zvinogamuchira mufananidzo mumuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Dare rine masimba akarongwa zvakananga muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Iwawa anobatanidza simba rerevy remitero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nevokumwe, mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa uye yakafanira" yokuita masimba ayo omutemo. Semutemo mukuru, dzidziso isingabvumirwi inodzivisa Legislative Bazu reIslate yokupa mitoro yayo yomutemo.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa Bazu roUkuru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States. Purezidhendi anobatira sezvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende, ane mutoro wokuvimbisa kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress inopfuudzwa nokutendeka. Bazu rapamusoro rinobatanidza Vice Prezidhenti, mitezo yeKhabhineti, uye masangano mazhinji ehurumende namasangano anoita mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva rimwe.

Bazu guru rine masimba aro amene ayo rinoshandisa kuita mitemo nokugadza mirau, kubatanidza kutaura, kuratidzirwa, uye masimba omuzvarirwo, naPurezidhendi anoshandisa masimba anoratidzira kutendera nokutendera uye kuita zvikwereti uye kuita zvibvumirano. Purezidhendi anobatirawo soMutungamiriri wamauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, anotonga vatongi vomubatanidzwa navakuru vakuru, uye anoita muitiro wokumwe.

Simba rebazu guru rokubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru ndokugadza mitemo rinoibvumira kushandisa nokududzira mutemo wesangano. Zvisinei, izvi zviito zvinofanira kuramba zviri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye hazvigoni kupokanidza mutemo uripo. Kungwarira kwokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo mukutonga nepo zvichiramba zvine mutoro kumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo

Chikamu 3 cheUnited States Constitution chinosimbisa Bazu Rinotonga, iro rinobatanidza Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, uye Bazu Rokutonga rinotsanangura mitemo inopfuudzwa neLegislative Bazu. Mberi kweDare Rapamusorosoro, Congress yakatanga matare akaderera ehurumende, kubatanidza Madare eMitongo yeZvikumbiro neDare Roruwa, achiumba gadziriro yokutonga yedare.

Vatongi vehurumende vanogamuchira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose mukati me "tsika yakanaka," kureva kuti vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokusaidzira. matare anovimbiswa kuzvimirira kubva kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakanaka nechengeteko yemibayiro, uye, kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yokutonga, matare anonzvera mamwe mapazi maviri. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo neBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba rebazu redare rokuhwirudzura dare() chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisingawirirani nehurumende(panomira imwe yenzvero dzinokosha zvikurusa pasimba rehurumende. Dare rinonzvera zvose zviri zviviri bazu rehurumende nebazu remitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, pfungwa isina kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo, asi yakafananidzirwa neMitemo yeMitemo mizhinji. Simba iri rakasimbiswa zvakasimba muchinyorwa 1803 nhau Marbury v. Madison.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kudzivisa Kuiswa Pamberi Kwesimba

Nepo kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kuchikamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu, gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora mamwe.

Vagadziri vairangarira cheki nedzinodzikama izvo vakanga vavaka muTsaona reFederal Government sedziviriro inoparadza vamene pakupinda kana kuti kukudzwa kwebazu rimwe pamutengo werimwe. Iyi gadziriro inoparira kuzvidavirira kwakaoma zvikuru uko bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira zviito zvemamwe.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pasimba Rine Simba

Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kudzorwa kwemari, uye kubviswa kwake pahofisi. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kuCabitten, judicary yehurumende, uye zvimwe nzvimbo zvikuru, zvichipa pesvedzero huru paCongress pamusoro pevanoshanda muhurumende.

Basa reDare muzvirongwa uye zvibvumirano rinopa chekero kuna Purezidhendi. Tsvakaro dzinotaurirwa naPurezidhendi dzinoda mvumo nembiri-tatu dzeDare risati raita. Darewo rinodzora kushandisa mari kwehurumende kupfurikidza nesimba raro rechikwama, kuchida kuti Purezidhendi akumbire mari nokuda kwemabasa ebazu makuru nezvirongwa.

Congress ine dzimba mbiri: Dare neImba yaVamiririri, uye inogona kukurira mumiriri wePurezidhendi nevhoti 2/3 mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Ichi chinodikanwa chikuru chinovimbisa kuti mutemo bedzi netsigiro yakafara inogona kuva mutemo pamusoro pokuramba kwapurezidhendi, kudzikamisa chiremera chavakuru vakuru nechomutemo.

Chiremera Chinoongorora Simba Romutemo

Purezidhendi ane nzvero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha pamusoro pesimba resangano. Bazu remitemo rinoita mitemo, asi Purezidhendi mubazu guru anogona kusimbisa mitemo iyoyo nePurezidhendi Veto. iyi simba inomanikidza Chibvumirano chesimba kurangarira zvinhu zvokutanga zvapamusoro neitiro hanya pakugadzira mutemo.

Basa raPurezidhendi mumuitiro wemitemo rinotambanukira kupfuura chibvumirano. Kupfurikidza neHurumende yeSangano reUnion uye dzimwe kurukurirano, Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo ndokugadza purogiramu yenyika. Kushandiswa kwebazu guru remitemo kunopawo Prezidhendi pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokuva kwedonzo redare rekosha renyika.

Bazu guru rinogona kuzivisa Mirayiro Inotungamirirwa neHurumende, yakafanana nezviziviso zvinotakura simba romutemo, asi bazu rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa zviito izvozvo zvisiri zvehurumende.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda sei mumapazu akawanda panguva imwe chete.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Iri simba rokuongorora kutonga rinobatira secherekedzo inokosha pazvose zviri zviviri chiito chesangano nechoukuru, richivimbisa kuti mubato wose wehurumende unowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kuzvimirira kwedare redare rinotonga kunobvumira kubatira somupedzi wegakava mugakava pakati pemamwe mapazu uye pakati pehurumende navagari vemo. Matare anogona kushayisa simba mirayiridzo yehurumende, kuputsa mutemo, uye kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuita kana kuti kurega zviito zvakati apo kuputsa mutemo kunoitika.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Pasinei zvapo nokuzvimirira kwavo, vatongi vehurumende vanoramba vari pasi pekunzvera kubva kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi veDare Gurusa, dare ravatongi vezvikumbiro, uye vatongi vedare roruwa vanoita nzvero. Uku kugadza kunobvumira Purezidhendi kupesvedzera kunyorwa kwedare redare reSangano rePurezidhendia nokufamba kwenguva.

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo, asi Dare riri pabazu remitemo rinosimbisa kuzviisa kwaPurezidhendi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzokutonga, uye Congress inogona kubvisa upi noupi wavatongi ivavo ndokudzibvisa pahofisi. Dare rinosarudzawo chirongwa chedare rehurumende pasi peDare Gurusa uye rinodzora ganhuro dzedare.

Simba rokusabvumirana rinopa chiremera cheDare chokubvisa ushati nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba mune mamwe mapazu maviri.

Kubatana: Simba Rinoparadzana Pakati Pehurumende Dzerudzi Nehurumende

Kupfuura kuparadzanisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende yehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamurawo chiremera pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende kupfurikidza nehurumende.Federalism inonongedzera kumapoka nokugoverana simba pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende. Uku kukamukana kwakananga kwesimba kunowedzerawo imwe dziviriro inokosha mukurwisana nehurumende dzinonyengera.

Panzvimbo pokuisa chiremera mumaoko omunhu mumwe, boka duku ravanhu, kana kuti kunyange vanhu vose, vaFramers vakakamuranisa simba munzira mbiri, uye imwezve simba rakakamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yorudzi nenyika pasi pegadziriro inozivikanwa sehurumende. uchangamire uhwu huviri hunoparira gadziriro yakaoma asi inobudirira yokuganhurirana nokubatira pamwe.

Masimba Akaumbwa Nehurumende

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinorondedzera masimba chaiwo ehurumende yehurumende, uye aya masimba anonongedzerwa kwaari samasimba anorongwa. hurumende yehurumende ine masimba iwayo bedzi akapiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo, achishanda munheyo yechiremera chakaganhurirwa, chinogoverwa.

Aya masimba anoverengwa anobatanidza kudzora nyika nezvokutengeserana zvokumwe, kuumba mari, kugadzira mahofisi epositifomu, kupa zvivako zvokuva nekodzero dzokuita zvokubudira pasi, kuzivisa hondo, kuchengeta mauto, uye kuita mitemo iri madikanwa uye yakakodzera yokushandisa masimba ebumbiro remitemo. Kunyorwa kwemasimba akati kunoreva kuti hurumende yehurumende haina chiremera munzvimbo dzisina kutaurwa.

Masimba Akachengetwa Ehurumende

Pepanhau regumi reTenst Amendment rinopa kuti masimba asingapi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa neUnited States, angochengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.Ichi chinjo inozivisa zvakajeka kuti hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chinokosha chehurumende.

Masimba akachengetwa ehurumende anobatanidza kutungamirira kutengeserana kwenyika, kuitisa sarudzo, kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kuvandudza pamutemo, kugovera utano hwavose nekotsekano, uye kushandisa masimba amapurisa.

Nheyo huru yehurumende yeAmerica ndeyokuti Congress ingaita bedzi kana kune chiremera kana kuti chinorehwa muBumbiro reMitemo, nepo hurumende dzingaita chiito kutoti Bumbiro Romutemo richirambidza chiito chacho.Musiyano mukuru uyu unoratidza kuti uchangamire hwehurumende nehwehurumende hwakasiyana.

Simba Riripo

Masimba akabatana anonongedzera kumasimba anogoverwa nehurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende dzehurumende, kubatanidza simba rokutera, kuvaka migwagwa, uye kuparira matare maduku.

Mamwe masimba ebvumirano anobatanidza kukwereta mari, kugadza matare, kuita nokushandisa mitemo, kuhaya mabhangi namasangano, uye kutora nzvimbo nokuda kwamadonzo avose nebhadharo chete.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Supremacy Claus inorava kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, uye mitemo yeUnited States ichaitwa mukuwirirana naro, uye zvibvumirano zvose zvinoitwa muchiremera cheUnited States, zvichava mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye ikoku kunoreva nenzira inobudirira kuti apo mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inenge ichirwisana nemitemo yehurumende, mutemo wehurumende uchatsiva mutemo wenyika.

Chikamu ichi chinopedza rwisano pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadza dare ravafundisi rakajeka.

Hurumende inosasarura Claus inovimbisa kufanana kwerudzi panhau dzeitiro hanya yehurumende ipo ichichengeta udzori hwehurumende munzvimbo dzesimba rakachengetwa. Inodzivisa kutaura kuti mutemo wehurumende usashaye simba nepo ichichengeta chimiro chehurumende chouchangamire hwehurumende.

Bhizi Ramaruramiro: Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rumwe Nomumwe

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kweBumbiro reMitemo, pamwe chete kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights, kunomirira mumwe muitiro unokosha wokudzora simba rehurumende.

Muna 1789, Congress itsva yeUnited States yakatumira nyaya gumi nembiri dzokugadziridzwa kwenyika dzacho, uye gumi dzeidzi nyaya, dzakanyorwa namatare esangano, dzakawana chikamu pana December 15, 1791, uye dzakava United States Bill of Rights. Iyi bvumirano dzakapindura kuitiro hanya yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanga risina dziviriro yakakwana nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko runokosha rworudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inorambidza Congress kutanga rudzidziso kana kuti kurambidza kurushandisa kwarwo kwakasununguka, kuvimbisa rusununguko rworudzidziso. Kudzivirira kwokutaura kwakasununguka uye kubudisa nhau kunoparira musika wepfungwa dzinokosha kukuzvitonga kwoutongi hwehurumende.

Kodzero dzokuungana kune rugare uye dzokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvichemo zvinogonesa vagari vemo kuronga pamwe chete ndokukurukura navamiriri vavo.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Penjero Yechipiri inodzivirira kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, zvichiratidza kuitira hanya kwevagadziri vacho pamusoro pokuchengeta vagari vemo vane zvombo vanokwanisa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Kugadziridza nokushandiswa kwacho zvinoramba zviri vanhu vanokakavadzana nemitemo uye vanotsanangura.

Kudzikamiswa Kwechitatu Nekwechina: Kuva Woga Nokuchengeteka

Third Amendment inorambidza varwi kuisa zvikamu zvina zvezvina mudzimba dzavo pasina kubvumirana, ichikurukura chigumbu chakati chehurumende.

Chibvumirano cheChina chinodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nokugwinha, kuchida magwaro akavakirwa pachikonzero chinobvira. Ichi chigadziridzo chinogadza maruramiro emunhu oga neganhuriro dzamasimba ehurumende okunzvera, kudzikamisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda mukurwisana norusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Chechitatu Kupfurikidza Ne Amendement Yechisere: Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Inodzivirira

Gadziriro yeFinhla inogovera dziviriro dzakawanda nokuda kwavapomerwi veutsotsi: kodzero yokupa mhaka huru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro pangozi dzakapetwa kaviri, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa, uye vimbiso yomuitiro wakafanira pamberi pokurasikirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.

Dare Rechitanhatu Rekupfuudzira rinovimbisa kuti utsotsi hunopomerwa mhosva nokukurumidza uye nedare rinoona nezvevanhu vose, kuti riziviswe nezvemhosva, kupomera zvapupu, kumanikidza zvapupu zvakanaka kuti zvipupure, uye kuti zvibatsirwe.

Seven Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutonga mumhaka dzedare redare revagari vemo dzinopfuura madhora makumi maviri, nepo Refrencement Reath ichirambidza bhera rakanyanyisa nefaindi nechirango choutsinye nechisina kujairika. Pamwe chete, idzi dzinodzora simba rehurumende rokutonga nokuranga.

Mitemo Yechina Neyechigumi: Yakakodzerwa Nekodzero Dzakachengetwa

Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakananga muBumbiro Remitemo hakurambi kana kuti kubvisa dzimwe kodzero dzinochengetwa nevanhu.

Pepanhau reTenth Amendment, sezvakurukurwa pakuvamba, rinochengeta hurumende nevanhu masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga: Matare Savatarisiri Vebumbiro Remitemo

Simba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga — chiremera chematare kukuputsa mitemo nemabasa echiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo() zvinobatira somutoo unodenha wokudzora simba rehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo isingadudzwi zvakajeka murugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo, iri simba razova chinhu chikuru kuudzori hwemitemo yeAmerica.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatanga hwirudzuro yokutonga mumhaka yakatanhamara 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Murangariro mukuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukuru, kuti matare anofanira kududzira mutemo, uye kuti apo mutemowo zvawo unorwisana neBumbiro remitemo, matare anofanira kushandisa Bumbiro remitemo ndokuita kuti mutemo unorwisana ushaye simba.

Kuongorora matare kunobvumira matare kuti aone kana zviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo. Simba iri rinoshanda kumitemo yehurumende nehurumende, mirayiro yevakuru vakuru, mitemo yokutungamirira, uye mimwe miitiro yehurumende. matare paanowana kuputswa kwemitemo, anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina zvayakaita, kudzikamisa, kana kuti kurayira kuti nhevedzano igadziriswe.

Basa redare redare semuchengeti webumbiro remitemo rinoparira kusawirirana nenheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sezvo vatongi vasina kusarudzwa vanogona kukurira zvisarudzo kupfurikidza navamiririri vakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, ichi "chinetso chenyika chezvigaro" chinoratidzira magadzirirwo evaFramers: kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo neganhuriro dzegadziriro kunyange mukurwisana nezvikuru zvakakurumbira.

Muitiro We Amendeji: Chinjo Inodzorwa Nebumbiro reMitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa miitiro yokugadziridza kwaro rimene, richibvumira chinjo kumigariro inochinja nepo richidzivisa chinjo dzokukurumidzira kana kuti dzinorangarirwa zvisina kunaka. Chikamu V chinogadza mitoo miviri yokuvandudza nayo uye mitoo miviri yokuita nayo kuti ive yakasiana, kuchiparira nzira ina dzinobvira kuchinjo yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvigadzikiso zvinogona kukarakadzwa zvimwe nevhoti mbiri-tatu dzedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti nekokorodzano yebumbiro-mitemo inonzi nedziviri tatu dzemirayiro yehurumende. Zvibvumirano zvinokarakadzwa zvinofanira ipapo kutenderwa nedzitatu kana kuti nekokorodzano mumativi matatu mana enyika. Kugadziriswa kwose kusvikira musi kwakakarakadzwa neCongress, uye zvose asi chimwe chete chakatenderwa nemitemo.

Kuchinja kwemitemo kunofanira kuitwa kunobatsira kuti vanhu vakwanise kutsigira nzvimbo dzose, nzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, uye nguva.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho pachako kunodzora simba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuita kuti Bumbiro remitemo rive rakaoma kuchinja. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kushandura nyore nyore mutemo mukuru wokuwedzera chiremera chavo kana kuti kubvisa ganhuriro dzisina kufanira. Kudzikamiswa kweBumbiro remitemo kunodzivirira pakunyengerwa nehurumende apo vanobvumidza mhindumupindu iri madikanwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kunokosha kweBumbiro reMitemo

Kupfuura Bill of Rights, kuchinja kunoverengeka kwakatapura zvikuru nzira iyo Bumbiro Remitemo rinodzora nayo simba rehurumende. Mitemo ye13, ye14th, uye ye15, yakagamuchirwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, yakabvisa uranda, yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira, uye maruramiro okuvhota pasinei zvapo nedzinza.

Gemendment ye14t Accomment and Auncime Programme Clauses yazova motokari huru dzokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu pachiito chehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza dzidziso, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa zvirindi zvizhinjisa zvedziviriro dzekodzero kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMenderero yeMitemo ye14.

Pesvet Amendment yechi17 yakatanga kuvhota zvakananga vatenzi, kuchichinja simba kubva kumatare ehurumende richiisa kuvhota. ISimende reChigumi Nechipfumbamwe rakavimbisa kodzero dzokuvhota dzavakadzi, kuwedzera kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende. Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira kugumi navasere, zvichiwedzerazve kuwanda kwevavhoti.

Simba Rakanyanya Kukosha Nehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Nheyo huru iri muudzori hwebumbiro remitemo hwesimba rehurumende ndeyokuti hurumende ine masimba anongodudzwa bedzi (8) ayo anopiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kunosiana nehurumende dzehurumende, idzo dzinochengeta masimba makuru amapurisa kunyoresa nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye garikano.

Kurongwa kwamasimba ehurumende muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 kunoreva kuti Dare harina chiremera chokuita munharaunda dzisina kududzwa. Iyi nheyo yechiremera chakaganhurirwa, chinogoverwa inodzivisa hurumende yehurumende kuva donzo rose rinodzora rine simba risina kuganhurirwa.

Zvisinei, Nenzira Inodikanwa neFanet Claus inopa simba reChibvumirano kuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akadudzwa. Iyi mirau yakagonesa kukura kunokosha kwechiremera chehurumende, sezvo matare akadudzira "inodikanwa neyakafanira" kubatanidza nenzira ipi neipi ine chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja kwakaita Masangano okutengesa Claus, kupa Dare simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzepasi, kwazova kumwe kunobva hurumende huru.

Pasinei zvapo nouku kukura, nheyo yamasimba anodudzwa inopfuurira kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Hurumende

Kupfuura gadziriro dzakananga dzebumbiro remitemo, chimiro chose chose chechinyorwa chinoparira mibatanidzwa mizhinji yedziviriro pahurukuro. Kuparadzana kwemasimba, kunzvera nedzikamo, hurumende, uye kodzero dzomunhu oga zvinoparira gadziriro yakakwana yokuganhurana.

Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba yakagamuchirwa nekokorodzano ya 1787, kwete kusimudzira kubudirira asi kudzivisa kushandiswa kwesimba rounyengeri.Vapfumi vakaumba noune hurumende yaizova yakaoma kushandisa, ichida batira pamwe pakati pavatambi vakawanda vane zvibvumirano zvakasiyana - siyana nefariro.

Kuoma uku kwokuumba kunoshanda kupfurikidza nokudzivisa chiito chehurumende chokukurumidza, chisingadzorwi. Mutemo unofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, kupukunyuka dare rapurezidhendi, uye kumira kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga. Zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoda kupiwa mari yedare netendero yedare. Zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinotsamira pakuchengetwa kwavakuru vakuru nokubvuma kuteererwa.

Kutadza kwegadziriro yacho chinhu, kwete chipukanana. Nokuita kuti chiito chehurumende chiome, Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira pazvisarudzo zvokukurumidzira uye rinovimbisa kuti kumira bedzi netsigiro yakafara, inotevedzerwa kunova mutemo. Muitiro uyu unoderedza simba ungavhiringidza avo vanotsvaka chiito chokukurumidza asi vanodzivirira muudzvinyiriri.

Basa Retsika Dzematongerwe Enyika Netsika Dzevanhu Vekare

Nepo rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo negadziriro zvichigovera miitiro yakarongeka yokudzora simba rehurumende, miitiro isina kurongwa netsika yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoitawo mabasa anokosha. Kushanda kweBumbiro reMitemo kunotsamira mukudisa kwavakuru vakuru kuremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo kusingamanikidzwi pamutemo kuita saizvozvo.

Magamuchidzanwa enhau akadai sokuremekedza kwapurezidhendi nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kuzviisa pasi kwesangano kuutungamiriri hwemitemo hwapamusoro hwokumwe, uye kuganhurirwa kwokutonga mumibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakawedzera mitemo yakarongwa yebumbiro remitemo. iyi tsika dzinoparira kariro pamusoro pomufambiro wakafanira wehurumende dzinotambanukira kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo.

Zvisinei, kuvimba netsika kunoparira kukuvadzwa apo vakuru vakuru vanozvidza ganhuriro dzegamuchidzanwa.

DZIDZo yehurumende uye kuvimbisana kweruzhinji zvinochinjawo utongi hwebumbiro remitemo.Mugari wemo akadzidza akagadzirira zviri nani kuziva uye kudzivisa kungwarira hurumende zvinosimbisa kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kudzorwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Mitoo yeBumbiro reMitemo yokudzora simba rehurumende inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira munguva yazvino uno. Kukura kwehurumende yokudzora kwakaparira mabhii makuru anoshandisa mibato yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yokutonga, zvingaderedza kuparadza masimba.

Masangano ehurumende anopa mitemo nesimba romutemo, anogombedzera mitemo iyoyo, uye kuputswa kwechibvumirano mirangariro yeBumbiro remitemo zvinoparadzanisa pakati pamapazu matatu.Apo masangano anoshanda munhume dzinoronga nokuhwirudzura kwokutonga, simba rawo rinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kudzora kwegamuchidzanwa kunoramba kuchishanda here.

Kuwedzera kwesimba rokutungamirira, zvikurukuru munhau dzorudzi nedzedzimwe nyika, kwakachinja dzikamo yebumbiro remitemo.Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kuita chimwe chinhu pasina nhevedzano kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, kutaura kwokusaina, uye kutaura kwechiremera chomuzvarirwo.

Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora mapazu akawanda, vakuru vakuru vangaisa ruvimbiko rwokusasarura pafashoni, kuchinetesa kunzverana kweFramers kwakarangarirwa.

Kuchinja kwemashandiro anoita zvinhu kunokonzera matambudziko matsva okudzora simba rehurumende.

Bumbiro reMitemo Mumuitiro: Zvishandiso Zvenyika Chaizvo

Kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora sei simba rehurumende kunoda kunzvera kushandiswa chaikoiko kwenyika. Munhau yose yeAmerica, miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yakadzivisa kubatwa nehurumende nepo ichibvumira udzori huri madikanwa.

Mitezo yaPurezidhendi yakavhara mutemo wainzi unokuvadza kana kuti hauna kubatana, uchimanikidza Congress kurangarira kana kuti kurega zvikarakadzo. Utarisiri hweCongregation hwakafumura kusazvibata kweboka ravakuru vakuru ndokumanikidza chinjo dzemitemo. Kuhwirudzura dare kwakarerutsa mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chiremera chakakwirira chehurumende.

Kudzivisa hurumende kutsoropodzwa pane dzimwe nguva kwakadzivirira rusununguko rwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo rwave ruchishandiswawo kudzivisa kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Kugadziridzwa uku kwakaita kuti pave nokushanduka - shanduka kwebumbiro remitemo, kufutunura kodzero dzehurumende nokugadzirisa zvinhu uku vachichengeta nheyo dzinokosha.

Chikonzero Nei Kudzora Kunotevedzerwa Kunoitwa Mitemo Kuchikosha

Kudzora kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kunobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda zvinokosha. Zvikurukuru, kunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kupfurikidza nokudzivisa hurumende kushandisa chiremera chamaune pavagari vemo. Hurumende yakaganhurirwa inobvumira vanhu kuronda nharidzano dzavo vamene uye kurarama maererano nezvinodiwa zvavo vamene.

Apo hurumende inoshanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo, zviito zvayo zvine chiremera chetsika chinobva mukubvuma kwakakurumbira kunotaurwa kupfurikidza neBumbiro reMitemo.

Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kutevera mitemo imwe cheteyo savagariwo zvavo uye vasingagoni kuchinja mitemo iyoyo pachada, mutemo unogovera kudzvinyirirwa kwechokwadi panzvimbo pokungoomerera. Miganhu yeBumbiro remitemo inoita kuti mutemo uve wakakwirira kupfuura kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kubudirira mune zvoupfumi kunobatsirwa nokudzora simba rehurumende. Mitemo yepamutemo inofanotaurwa, kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzezvinhu, uye miganhu yehurumende yokuzvidira zvinoita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu okubudirira mune zvoupfumi.

Kudzikama kwenzanga kunobuda muudzori hwebumbiro remitemo. Nokugovera nzira dzine rugare dzokupedza kusawirirana uye kuchinja muitiro, mikoto yeBumbiro reMitemo inorwisana kuva miitiro inobudirira panzvimbo pamasimba masimba. Miganhu yeBumbiro remitemo inodzivisa kutora vawiri vose vezvematongerwe enyika izvo zvingaparadza nzanga.

Kuchengeta Kudzora kweBumbiro reMitemo: Mitoro Yomunyika

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richigovera miitiro yakarongwa yokudzora simba rehurumende, kubudirira kwaro kunotsamira pakuvimbisana kwevagari vemo.

Dzidzo yeBhibheri inoshongedzera vanhu kuti vaongorore zvinoda kutendwa nehurumende vodzivisa kutsotswa.

Kutsigira kwehurumende kunoita kuti vagari vemo vazvidavirire kuti vazvidavirire nemhaka yokutyora mutemo.

Hurukuro yavose nekurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo zvinosimbisa tsika dzebumbiro remitemo. Vagari vemo pavanokurukura uye kusabvumirana pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo, vanosimbisa musimboti weBumbiro remitemo kuhurumende yeAmerica.

Kungwarira vatendi vehurumende kunoda ngwariro yenguva dzose. Sezvakacherekedza James Madison, "kuzvikudza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kudzivise chinzvimbo." Vagari vanofanira kuramba vachingwarira tyisidziro kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo uye vachidisa kudzivirira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Zviwanikwa Zvokunzwisisa Kudzora Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora sei simba rehurumende. Consitution Antonoted, rakabudiswa neCongress, rinogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro. Iri bhuku rine chiremera rinopa tsananguro dzine udzame dzinosvikika kuvara varavi vose.

Tsime reNational [ rinochengeta Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba uye rinogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pamusoro penhau yaro nerevo. Kurangarira gwaro chairoiro kunobatanidza vagari vemo nebasa ravaFramers uye kusimbisa revo inogara yeBumbiro remitemo.

Constitution Center yeNational inopa miratidziro yezvitsauko zvedzidzo, mapurogiramu edzidzo, uye zviwanikwa zvepaIndaneti zvinonzvera nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kusvika kwayo kusiri kwapakarepa mifungo mizhinji pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuverenga nyaya dzine chokuita nemitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yepamutemo inoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu akati uye kuti zvinoreva mutemo zvinochinja sei nokududzirwa kwedare.

Mapepa eFederalist, akanyorwa naAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay kusimudzira kutsaudzira kweBumbiro reMitemo, anopa nzwisiso muvavariro dzavaFramers nemirangariro. Idzi rondedzero dzinoramba dziri kuraviwa kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa gadziriro nedonzo rebumbiro remitemo.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokudzora Bumbiro Remitemo

Kudzora kweBumbiro reMitemo resimba rehurumende kunomirira chimwe chezviitwa zvikuru zvevanhu musangano rezvematongerwe enyika. Nokuumba hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kuti itonge nenzira inobudirira asi yakaganhurirwa zvakakwana kuti ichengetedze rusununguko, vaFramers vakatanga gadziriro yakatsungirira kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzora simba rehurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakawanda, rinosimbisa: kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokamura chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu; kunzvera nedzikamo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora; hurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende; simba rinorongwa rinoganhurira chiremera chomubatanidzwa; Bill of Rights inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga; hwirudzuro yokutonga inovimbisa kutevedzerwa kwebumbiro remitemo; uye gadziriro yokugadziridza inobvumira chinjo inodzorwa.

Hapana kudzivirira kwakakwana; asi, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzivirira zvinobatana zvinodzivirira zvakadzama pahurumende inotsotswa.

Kushanda kweBumbiro reMitemo kunotsamira kwete bedzi parugwaro rwaro uye marongerwo etsika asiwo pakuzvipira kwevagari vemo kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kuziva, kuvimbiswa kudzivirira ganhuriro dzebumbiro-mitemo kunobatira somuchengeti wokupedzisira wehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Pasina tsigiro yavose, kunyange tsika yebumbiro remitemo yakanakisisa haigoni kudzivirira rusununguko.

Kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzora sei simba rehurumende kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vabudirire pakudzora hurumende. Kuziva mitemo yepamutemo kunoita kuti vanhu vazive kuti hurumende inonyengera, vanoda kuzvidavirira, uye vanoshanda kuti varambe vakavimbika kumutemo.

Sedenho kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo hunoshanduka - shanduka, nheyo dzinokosha dzinodzora pamutemo dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose. Hurumende inofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yakatemwa, kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu. Nheyo idzi, dzakadzika midzi murugwaro nemugadzirirwo zveBumbiro remitemo, dzinopfuurira kutungamirira vagari veAmerica ndokudzivirira rusununguko rweAmerica.

Kudzora kweBumbiro reMitemo rehurumende hakufaniri kuzviparadza. Kunoda kungwarira nguva dzose, kuva mugari wemo akadzidza, uye kuzvipira kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokunzwisisa nokudzivirira zvinhu izvi, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinochengeta rusununguko nokuda kwechinotevera, kuchizadzika chipikirwa chehurumende yebumbiro remitemo.