Mapome Ane Mapazi Okutarisira eUnited States: Vamiririri, Vamiririri, uye Purezidhendi

Hurumende yeUnited States iri pachivako chakagadzirwa nokungwarira chinoparadzanisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Pamwoyo petsika ino pane vanhu vanozadza mabasa anooneka zvikurusa(Vamiriri, Vamiriri, uye Purezidhendi. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa anokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inogadzirwa sei, inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inodenhwa. Chinzvimbo chimwe nechimwe chine masimba akasiyana, mitoro, uye chinoumba pamwe chete injini ine simba yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Nyaya inopa kutarira kune chiremera, mutsika dzavo, uye kuti vanoshanda sei kupfurikidza negadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikano.

Bazu Romutemo: Kushandisa Mirairo Mukuita

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinoronzeswa simba rokuita mitemo.Congress ibhimear, inoumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kumirira masangano akasiyana - siyana uye kubatira mabasa akasiyana. Iri chivako che 36kamber chinovimbisa kuti mutemo unobviswa nokungwarira kubva mumifungo mizhinji usati wava mutemo.

Dare: Dare Rapamusoro

Dare rinowanzorondedzerwa sechigadziko chikuru, chakaitirwa kugovera dzikamo nokupfuurira. Nyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, inovhota vaSanitor vaviri, zvinova mitezo 100. Masangano anoshandisa zvikamu zvitanhatu zvegore, nezvinenge 30 muzana zvezvigaro zvinoiswa pakuvhota makore maviri ari ose. Iyi purogiramu inokatyamadzwa inodzivisa chinjo dzinokurumidza murumbidzo rweimba uye inokurudzira kugadzira mitemo yegore ra560.

Zvinodiwa uye Kusarudzwa

Kuti munhu ave Senator, anofanira kuva ane makore anenge 30 okukura, mugari weUnited States kwaanenge makore mapfumbamwe, uye mugari wehurumende wavanomirira panguva yesarudzo.Vatongi vanosarudzwa nevhoti yakakurumbira yavose yehurumende (kunze muBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba, umo vatongi vehurumende vakasarudza, muitiro wakachinjwa neMbesa ye 17 muna 1913).

Simba Redare Rakasiyana Nemamwe

Dare rine masimba akasiana - siana anoverengeka ayo anoripa pesvedzero inokosha pabazu rinodzora nomuitiro worudzi:

  • Kusimbiswa kweMarata[[FLT: 1]: Dare rinogovera “basa nebvumirano” pamitongo yapurezidhendi nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa wehurumende, mitezo yedare, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru venzvimbo dzakakwirira. Iri simba rinobvumira Dare kunzvera zvikwaniriso nemirangariro yavanemine, kazhinji kazhinji kutungamirira kukutonga kunokakavara.
  • Ratiation: Mutungamiriri wehurumende angataurirana zvibvumirano, asi zvinoda vhoti mbiri mativi matatu muDare kuti dzive jokisi. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvine tsigiro yakafara.
  • Miedzo yeSangano[[FLT: 1]: Apo Imba inogadza mukuru mukuru wehurumende (kubatanidza Purezidhendi), Dare rinotonga kutonga. Vhoti mbiri mativi matatu inodikanwa kuti itonge ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru pahofisi. Uyu muitiro wave uchishandiswa nokuda kwaMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump (murwi), kunyange zvazvo pasina akawanwa ane mhaka.
  • Filibuster neChinyorwa: Vasarudzi vanogona kushandisa kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa yemonilibuster(an)(kunonoka kana kuti kuvhara mutemo. Kugumisa nhivi, kuvhota kukuru kwa60 kunodikanwa kukumbira kurapika. Mutemo uyu, nepo usati uri muBumbiro remitemo, muitiro weDare rinoumbwa zvikuru uye unokurudzira kudzorwa kwebipartic panhau dzinokakavara.

Matare uye Vatungamiriri

Zvakawanda zvebasa reDare zvinoitika mumatare, zvakadai seDare reDare reSangano reSangano reMasita, Foreign Relations Committee. Vanamakurukuru (kazhinji kazhinji vanobva kuboka guru) vanodzora zvirongwa uye vanzwi. Mutungamiriri weSanihedheni anobatira saPurezi weDare asi mavhota bedzi kuti aparadzane. Dare rinosarudzawo Purezidhendi mupromoro (kazhinjisa vazhinjisa vatungamiriri vebato) uye vatungamiriri vebato (Mutungamiriri woRudoma, Mutungamiriri weMiteo) uyo akagadza karenda yemitemo.

Imba Yevamiririri: Dare Ravanhu

Imba yeVamiririri, inowanzonzi “pasi, ” yakagadzirirwa kuva pedyo navanhu. Dare rakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo chehurumende, nemitezo yevondi 435 inogoverwa pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kwegore rimwe nerimwe. Mumiriri mumwe nomumwe anobatira nhambo yegore rechipiri nemwedzi, achiita kuti Imba igamuchire zvikuru murangariro wavose () chigaro chiri chose chinosimudzirwa nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose.

Zvinodiwa uye Maruwa

Mitezo yapaimba inofanira kuva ine makore anenge 25 okukura, mugari weUnited States kwaanenge makore manomwe, uye mugari wehurumende (kunyange zvazvo kusiri hazvo ruwa) yainomirira.

Masimba Anopfuura Eimba

Imba ine masimba anobva paukama hwayo zvakananga navavhoti:

  • Mabhiri echikwereti: Zvikwereti zvose zvokusimudzira mari (mutero) zvinofanira kuvamba muImba. Ikoku kunopa Imba udzori hukuru pabhajeti yemari yehurumende nemirairo yomutero, kuratidzira nheyo yokuti mutero unofanira kutenderwa nemutumbi unomirira wakananga zvikurusa.
  • [ Kurota: Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi. Impesata ikodzero kumhosva yapamutemo /a vhotiworiwo zvayo iri muImba yakakwana kuunza pomero. Dare ipapo rinotonga.
  • Electoral College Deadlock: Muchinoitika chokuti hakuna mukwikwidzi wapurezidhendi anohwina voruzhinji muElectoral College, House inosarudza Purezidhendi, nenhume imwe neimwe yehurumende ichiita vhoti imwe.

Matare Edzimba Nevatungamiriri

Imba inotsamira zvikuru pamatare kubata mativi makuru emitemo. Matare makuru anobatanidza Ways neFracts (mitero), Appropres (kupa), uye Mitemo (zvinogadzira misiyano yekurukurirano yezvikwereti). Mutauri weImba, akasarudzwa neImba yakazara, inzvimbo ine simba zvikurusa youtungamiriri uye yechipiri mumutsetse woutungamiriri pashure poMutungamiriri. Majena naVatungamiriri, Vawakhi, uye vagaro vedare vanoumba karenda yeChibvumirano nechirango chebato.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Purezidhendi saMutungamiriri Mukuru

Bazu guru, rinorondedzerwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Purezidhendi ndiye musoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, achibatira shoko regore rechina rakaganhurirwa kumashoko maviri ne 22Endment. Masimba aPrezidhendi akawedzera zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva, asi anoramba achidzorwa neCongress nejaji.

Masimba Ebumbiro remitemo Nebasa

Masimba aPurezidhendi akarongwa anobatanidza:

  • .Veto Simba: Purezidhendi angapfuudza mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress. Congress inogona kukurira vhato nembiri ne3tatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri, chinoitika chisingawanzoitiki. Chityisidziro cheveto chinopa Purezidhendi mari yakawanda mukurukurirano.
  • Commander̆incif: Purezidhendi anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa iri basa kubvumira kurwisa kwehondo, kutumira mauto, uye urongwa hwakananga, zvichitungamirira kunharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pamasimba ehondo.
  • Simba rokugadza[[FLT: 1]]: Nesimbiso yeDare, Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, nhume, uye vakuru vakuru vebazu. Iyi mirau yechimiro kwamakore anouya, zvikurukuru pakuzadza nzvimbo paDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Treaty and Foreign Policy[[FLT: 1]: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (tendero inotenderwazve neDare) uye angapinda muzvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru pasina mvumo yeDare. Purezidhendi anogamuchirawo nhume dzokumwe uye anobatira somumiririri mukuru worudzi.
  • [[FORT:0] Pradons naReprieves: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa maruramiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwemhaka dzekusapiwa. Simba iri rakashandiswa nenzira yenharo uye rinopa cheki pabazu rokutonga.
  • Zvinotaura Mirayiro[[FLT: 1]: Mapurezidhendi anopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano ehurumende negadziriro inoshandiswa pasina mutemo mutsva, chero bedzi asingaputsi mitemo iripo. Iyi mirairo inogona kuputswa neDare kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare.

Kabhiti Nehurumende Yavatongi

Purezidhendi anotsamira padare revakuru vedhipatimendi (muchib., State, Defense, Treaty, Justice) vanogadzwa nesimbiso yeDare. Gurukota rehurumende rakafara, rinoumbwa namasangano akadai seEPA, FBI, uye Social Security Administration, anoita mitemo munhungamiro yapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi anogadzirirawo ndokupa bhajeti yegore negore kuCongress, uko kunogadza zvokutanga.

Mashandiro Anoita Mabasa Matatu: Kururamisira Nokutarisira

Kukurukurirana kukuru pakati peVamiririri, Vamiririri, uye Purezidhendi kunoitika kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo.Mutemo unowanzofamba nomumakamuri ose ari maviri eDare uye ipapo kunzvimbo yokuchengetera Purezidhendi.

Nhano Yomuitiro Womutemo Nokufamba Nenhano

  1. Kuisa mashoko [: Mutengo unosumwa muImba kana kuti zvimwe Dare (kunze kwezvikwereti zvemari yemari inotangira muImba). Inogoverwa kudare nokuda kwokutongwa, kuuyisa, uye kugadziridza.
  2. [ Kurangarira: Kana kukashumwa mudare, mutongo unoenda kunzvimbo yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano nokuvhota. Imba inoshandisa Dare reMitemo kuganhurira nguva; Dare rinobvumira kukurukurirana kwakawedzerwa nokushandiswa kwemoniribuster.
  3. [ Komiti yeConference[[FLT: 1]: Kana Imba neDare zvichipfuudza shanduro dzakasiyana, dare remitezo yedare rinobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri rinoyananisa misiyano. Shanduro yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira inofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri.
  4. Premidential Action: Mutemo wokupedzisira unoenda kuPurezidhendi, uyo angaisai mumutemo, kana kuti kuudzosera (kuudzosera nezvirambidzo), kana kuti kusaita chiito. Kana Purezidhendi asingasaingi mukati mamazuva gumi (Mazuva okusarira) apo Dare riri murusando, mutezo unova mutemo. Kana Congress Comress akagara pamberi pamazuva iwayo gumi, chikwama chinenge chavapo.
  5. [ Kuedza kusaziva[: Congress inogona kukurira chivhoti nezviviri mativi matatu muimba imwe neimwe, muuyo unoda tsigiro yakasimba yebipartisan.

Kupfuura kuronga mitemo, Congress anotungamirira bazi guru kuburikidza nokuteerera, kuongorora, uye simba rechikwama (kudzora kuongorora).Purezidhendi anogonawo kushandisa State of the Union, kuoneka kwevanobudisa nhau, uye kumanikidzwa kuti apedze mitemo.

Gadziriro Yemakepe Nedzikamo Zviri Muudzame

Vavambi vacho vakavaka hurumende yaigona kudzivisa kupindira kwebazu rimwe nerimwe.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • O kushata kweropa: Congress inogona kuputsa dare rapurezidhendi nembiri ne3,5 yezvikamu zvose.
  • Control of Funding: Congress inodzora bhajeti; Purezidhendi haagoni kupedza mari kutoti Congress ichiifanisa. Iyi chishandiso chine simba kuganhurira chiito chomukuru.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kudzidza nokubvisa [[FT: 1]: Imba inobvisa; Dare rinobvisa. Iri simba rakashandiswa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru navakuru vakuru, richishanda sechidziviso kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.
  • Kubvuma neKonsipo: Dare rinogona kuramba zvibvumirano nezvibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakaramba Chibvumirano cheVersailles pashure peHondo yeNyika I, uye matare akawanda akakurirwa.
  • .Legislatititive Veto (yakaganhurirwa): Kunyange zvazvo Dare Gurusa rakasarudza dare romutemo rakati risingawirirani nehurumende, Dare rinogona kungopfuudza mitemo inodzvinyirira zviito zvehurumende kana kuti inoda mishumo.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Veto Power: Mutungamiriri anogona kumisa mutemo, achimanikidzira Congress kurangarirazve kana kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Kunyora Zvikamu Chaizvo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kugadza Dare mukati menhambo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzoitiki munguva dzazvino uno.
  • Mirairo Mikuru neMetranda: Izvozvi zvinobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira muitiro mukati moukuru hwomutemo, kufuratira nenzira inobudirira Congress kana isina kudenhwa.
  • Pamupata wePult: Mutungamiriri anogona kuumba murangariro wavanhu netsigiro yesangano nokuda kwezvavakaronga, achimanikidza Dare kuita chiito.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa, rinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvisina kurongwa kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103]. Simba iri rinovimbisa kuti kunyange Dare kana kuti Purezidhendi hazvipfuure ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo. Ganhuriro, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare rapamusoro, vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vanohudzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, vatongi vanotsamira pamukuru wehurumende kuti vatsigire miraudzo uye paDare rokutsigira zviito zvaro.

Zvisarudzo, Mashoko, uye mufananidzo

Zvikamu zvenguva yakasiana nesarudzo zvinoumba zvisundo zvakasiyana zvehofisi imwe neimwe. Senators, dzine mashoko matanhatu egore, dzinogona kuva nomurangariro murefu nokukurukura nhau dzenyika pasina dzvinyiriro yokusarudza yenguva dzose. Vamiriri, nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose, vanofanira kukurumidza kugamuchira itiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo nezvimiro zvorudzi. Purezidhendi, akasarudzwa makore mana ari ose, anotsvaka kuvaka chinyorwa mukati menhambo yakaganhurirwa. Iyi betsero inosundwa inovimbisa kuti hurumende haisati yakuvadzwa chose chose chose nezvishuvo zvavose zvipfupi kana kuti yadzivirirwa chose chose chose mumurangariro wakakurumbira.

Vose vari vaviri vaSenator naVamiriri vanosarudzwa navamiriri vavo, asi Dare rinomirira nyika zvakaenzana, nepo Imba ichimirira chiverengero chavagari vemo. Uku kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kunozivikanwa seConnecticut Kubvumirana pane Zvisina Kufanira, kudzikamisa fariro dzenyika huru neduku. Nhasi, kunopesvedzerawo kugoverwa kwemari yehurumende, rudzi rwokupesvedzera, uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika zvechitsotsi.

Kushanduka Kwesimba Roupurezidhendi

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richidudza masimba chaiwo, purezidhendi akura zvikuru, zvikurukuru chifo chezana ramakore rechi 20. Kumuka kweUnited States sesimba renyika yose, kuumbwa kwegadziriro huru yehurumende, uye chinjo dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvose zvakagovera. Mapurezidhendi zvino anopa zvirango zvehurumende nechibvumirano chikuru (mutook., Emancipation Proclation, kubatanidzwa kweJapan mukati meWWII, Action for Chigaro chaMamishoni). Masimba ehondo anoramba ari nharaunda inokakavarakasha: Chisarudzo cheHondo cha 1973 chinoraira Purezidhendi kuzivisa Hurumende mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo uye ganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina kubvumidzwa kwedare. Kunyanguvezvo, Purezidhendi wehondo akatungamirira mabasa muPhondo muPhondo muPhondo yePhondo muKernernzhota, uye mudzimwe nzvimbo dzose dzehondo.

Panhambo nenhambo Congress yakadzosa, ichishandisa mirau yetarisiro, ganhuriro dzemari, uye mutemo kuti idzore chiito chomukuru mukuru.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno uye Kudzikamisa Kunopfuurira

Nhasi, mabasa eSenators, vamiriri, uye Purezidhendi anotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva. Kudzorwa kwenzvimbo kunowanzotungamirira kutsika, kuderedza nhevedzano yemitemo nokuwedzera kutsamira pamirairo yavakuru vakuru. Kusimbisa nokuda kwavakuru vakuru navakuru vakuru vedare kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru, nenzvimbo dzakasiyiwa dzisina chinhu kwamakore. Chigadziko chePurezidhendi muDare chachinjwa nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvedare asi chinoramba chiri nokuda kwemitemo yakawanda, zvichimutsa gakava pamusoro pomutemo mukuru. Munguva ino, kushandiswa kwaPurezidhendi wezvo kurukurirano yenzanga nekurukurirano yakananga nezviteshi zvamakurukota zvenhau zvamagamuchidzanwa, kuchinja kuti hofisi inokurukura sei uye pesvedzero.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoramba iripo. Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba nenzvero nedzikamo zvinodzivisa mutambi upi noupi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana avaSenator, Vamiriri, uye Purezidhendi (* uye kuti vanobatana sei (hwunokosha sei) nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa uye kudzivirira nheyo dzehurumende inotonga nyika.

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Mabasa Awa Kuchikosha

Hurumende yeU.S. muchina wakaoma kunzwisisa une mativi akawanda anofamba, asi pakati zvikurusa ndiVamiririri, Vamiririri, uye Purezidhendi. Basa rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana: Vamiririri vanogovera dzikamo nehwirudzuro, Vamiriri vanovimbisa kuti vamiriri vanogamuchira mukurumbira womunzvimbomo, uye Purezidhendi anotungamirira kupiwa kwomutemo. Pamwe chete, kupfurikidza negadziriro yechekero nedzikamo, ivo vanoumba hurumende ine simba uye inozvidavirira. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, vanoziva kuti miitiro inoitwa sei, kuti vatungamiriri vanogona sei kubatanidzwa nehurumende yavo. Sezvimo nyika inotarisana nezvinetso, zivo yenheyo inoramba iri inokosha senguva dzose.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemiitiro yesangano, shanyira . gov. Nokuda kwerondedzero yapamutemo yeNzvimbo yebasa raPrezidhendi, ona [ Dare reBazi roUkurusa. Nokuda kwemashoko akadzika mamiriro enhau pamusoro pechekedzo nedzinodzivisika, Bumbiro reMitemo reNyika Peji yeChinyorwa cheTestamendero cheNyika, rugwaro rwapakuvamba nedzisiri.[FLT:]