Chishongo chaChangamire: Hwaro Husina kunyorwa

British Constitution inobvisa mamiriro eMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChirungu iri nyore kuisa panzvimbo yazvo. Kusafanana neruzhinji rwehurumende dzazvino uno dzinosarudzwa navanhu, hachipo muchinyorwa chimwe, chinowirirana. Panzvimbo pezvo, chinhu chipenyu, chinofema chakaumbwa nomutemo womutemo, mutemo wavose, maruramiro oumambo, uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wekokorodzano dzisina kunyorwa. Pamwoyo paicho umene wetsika ino yakaoma iri paMambo. Nhau yeMitemo yeBritain haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yemitemo nehurumende; inhau yegore ra 800 resimba pakati pamambo, vakuru, chechi, uye pakupedzisira, vanhu. Kubva kuhurumende dzekare-Absoulti inodzorwa nokungwarira kumusoro wetsika yanhasi, shanduro yemitezodivi yehurumende yapamutemo yakakurumbira zvikuru uye yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyaya ino inonongedzera kunzvimbo idzodzo, ichinzvera nzvimbo huru dzokutenderera — kubva panzvimbo dzinomanikidza chibvumirano paRunnymede kusvikira kunzverwa kwemitauro kwedare razvino uno — uko kwakarondedzera ukama pakati peKirone nehurumende.

Anglo-Saxon naNorman Seeds (Pre - 1215)

Norman Consolation isati yasvika muna 1066, madzimambo eEngland eSaxon eEngland haana kutonga nechiremera chisingadzorwi. Witan [ (varume vakachenjera]]), gungano ravakuru vakuru navakuru, rakashanda sedare redare. Rakaraira mambo pamusoro penhau dzomutemo, nyika inopa mvumo, uye kunyange mutsivi. Nepo mambo akanga ari mutungamiriri mukuru, Witan akamirira kukurumidza kurangarira zvisarudzo zvikuru.

William Mukundi akaunza gadziriro yapakati zvikuru yeBrinel kuEngland. Iye ndiye aiva nenyika, akabudisa ruramisiro, uye akaraira kuvimbika kwakakwana. Bva, iye akatanga Curia Regis (Dare raMambo), boka ravarendi navakuru vorudzidziso vakamuraira. Muzana ramakore rakatevera, pasi pamadzimambo saHenry I naHenry II, Curia Regis yakavamba kugadza. Chinjo dzapamutemo dzaHenry II dzakaita nheyo dzenheyo dzenheyo ye Mutemo weP.] [5]]

Chati Huru: Magna Carta (1215)

Kutonga kwaMambo John kune ngwavaira kwairatidzirwa nemitero inorema, kukundikana kwehondo muFrance, uye gakava routsinye naPapa / yakaputsa varwi veEngland. Muna 1215, vakapanduka, vakabata London ndokumanikidzira Mambo kukurukura. Muuyo wakanga uri Magna Carta (Mutendi Mukuru). Nepo chinyorwa chacho chaibata nezvigumbu zvakati kuti, icho chaiva nenheyo mbiri dzaidzokororwa mumazana amakore.

Kutanga, mambo aisagona kubvisa mitero pasina kutenderana noushe. Iyi mbeu yokudzora mutero. Chechipiri, Claus 39 akataura kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kusungwa, kudzingwa, kana kuti kutapwa "kunze kworutongeso rwavanhu vake kana kuti nomurairo wenyika. Iyi nheyo ye mufambiro wakafanira uye mutemo waishanda kunyange kuna mambo.

Magna Carta akasimbiswazve ndokusimbiswa kanoverengeka namadzimambo apashure, zvikurukuru Henry III naEdward I, avo vaida tsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yavarindi.Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 17, yakanga yava chiratidzo chine simba chorusununguko rwekare, chaiwanzodudzwa navakuru veMitemo mukurwisa kwavo Stuart absolistism.

Kuberekwa kweParamende (1265-1485)

Mukuwirirana naMagna Carta, nheyo yokukurukura yakakura. Muna 1265, Simon de Montfort, achitungamirira kupandukira Henry III, akadana paramende iyo yaibatanidza kwete bedzi vabati navafundisi asiwo varwi vaibva kumisha nembuya vakabva mumataundi. Uku kwakanga kuri kukura kwokuchinja kwomufananidzo.

Edward I, muzivi akangwara, akaziva kushandiswa kweparamende yakafara nokuda kwokubvumira mutero unorema unodikanwa muhondo dzake. " Paramende yeModell ya1295 yakava mutendi wezvomunguva yemberi. Muzana ramakore rechi14, Paramende yakakamurwa kuva dzimba mbiri dzakajeka: [[FLT:] Imba yaMadzishe [[[FLT]] (kuva nokwechikurusa]) uye [[FLT] Imba yezvizvarwa zvavose [[FLT]] [[FLT] [FLT] [ma] [makuru] [magate] [makurukota]] [maza]] [mazati]). Chinokosha chakabuda: "zvinofanira kubvumwa navose. Kusvika pakati penguva yapakati, chikakwakwakwa pamakore, hapana kudzoromedzerwa nokuda kwemiteveri.

Tudor Monarchy: Kunyanyisa uye Paramende

Muzinda weTudor wakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa ukama hwehurumende youmambo nebumbiro remitemo. Chishuvo chaHenry VIII chokuparadza roorano yake naCatherine weAragon chakamuisa pabonde neSabata. Mhinduro yake yakanga iri yokuparadza Roma ndokuzvizivisa amene Musoro weChechi yeEngland [ kupfurikidza neChibvumirano cheSupremacy muna 1534.

Uku kwaiva kutaura kukuru kwesimba roumambo. Zvisinei, kuti riitwe, Henry VIII aifanira kushandisa Paramende. Aida mirau kuti itenderedze kuputsika, kubvisa mamongi, uye kuita kuti Mambo ave chiremera chikurusa muzvose zviri zviviri nhau dzomudzimu nedzenguva pfupi. Uku kukwidziridza kwakakwirira kweParamende: mambo aisagona kuita zvinangwa zvake zvokumukira pasina chiremera cheparamende. Pakasvika mugumo wenhambo yeTudor, Huru yakanga yava nesimba guru zvikuru, asi yaitonga kupfurikidza nomutemo, uye mutemo waida Paramende.

Dambudziko Rakaoma Rava Stuart: Hondo Yevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete neHurumende Yavose

Kuiswa kwomutsara wamadzimambo waStuart muna 1603 kwakaunza denho yakananga kuiyi dzikamo inobuda yebumbiro remitemo. James I nomwanakomana wake Charles I vaidavira mu Kururama Kwoumwari kwaMadzimambo[, iri pfungwa yokuti mambo akanga achizvidavirira kuna Mwari bedzi, kwete kuParamende. Kuedza kwake kutonga pasina Paramende (Kutonga Kwamatomato (Kubva muna 1629 kusvikira muna 1640) uye kuisa kwake mitero se "mari yechikepe" pasina kubvumira.

Apo pakupedzisira akamanikidzirwa kuyeuka Paramende, njodzi yebumbiro remitemo yakatanga. Paramende yakamupa chirangariro che [[FLT:] Kupiwa kweChikuru muna 1628, ichiraira kuti arege kuiswa mutorongo nokutera mutero pasina kubvumirana. Chibvumirano chaCharles pakupedzisira uye kusateerera kwaichiparadza chivimbo. Rwisano yakatevera yakasvika mu [[FLT:] yeGyntheast [[[FLT:]] [1642], [1651], kurwisana kwoutsinye pakati paMambo naParamendi. Kuurawa kwaCharles I muna 1649] kwakanga kuri kurambwa kwokupedzisira kwoumambo hwakakwana. RweRGwaromendiwose pasi paCorthromellwell rwakanga ruchinjira rupfupi uye rusingafarikanwi, asi kwakaratidza zvechigarire kuti "udzorongwiro yesimba rehurumende rehurumende, rakaganhurka rakaganhuridzika.

Chinjo Ine Mbiri uye Bhishopi Yamaruramiro (1688-1689)

Mukoma wake James II, muKaturike, aishingaira kutevera mitemo yaityisa sangano revaPurotesitendi, kusanganisira kuchinjwa kwemitemo yakapiwa neParamende.

Boka ravakuru vakuru rakakoka muPurotesitendi William weOrange nomudzimai wake Mary (mwanasikana waJames wePurotesitendi) kuti avhozhe ndokutora chigaro choumambo. James II akatiza, uye "Glorious Revolution" yakanga isina ropa muEngland. Zvisinei, William naMary vasati vapfekedzwa korona yapamutemo, Paramende yakavapa Bhill yekodzero Dzevanhu [[ muna 1689. Ichi chinyorwa ndicho chinhu chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa chenheyo yemitemo yapamutemo yazvino uno.

Bhuku rinonzi The Bill of Rights rakazivisa kuti mambo aisagona:

  • Mitemo yokudzikamisa yakaitwa neParamende.
  • Mutero weLevy pasina kubvumira kweParamende.
  • Chengeta uto rakasimba munguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kweParamende.

Yakasimbisawo maruramiro ezvigaro kukumbira mambo, rusununguko rwokutaura muParamende (vaPurotesitendi vakanga vasingafaniri kubvunzwa mudare ripi neripi), uye dikanwo yeparamende yenguva dzose. Torlective Act of 1689 yakateverwa, kupa rusununguko rwerudzidziso kuvasiri vaPurotesitendi (kunyange vasiri vaKaturike). Act of Parice of 1701[[FLT]]] Rimwe simba reparamendio rakadzika kupfurikidza nokunongedzera mambo wePurotesitendi, kusimbisa nheyo iyoyo, kwete youmwari, yakatsunga kupfeka korona.

Zana Remakore Rechi18: Hurumende Yehurumende Yedare Neyedare

Zana ramakore rechi18 rakava nokuchinja kwapashoma napashoma asi kukuru musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuna mambo kuenda kuParamende navakuru vakuru vayo. Mambo wokutanga weHanoverian, George I (1714-1727), akataura chiNgezi zvishoma uye akanga asingafari zvikuru muminuutiae yehurumende yeBritain. Iye akatsamira zvikuru pavafundisi vake kuti vadzorere nyika, kurega kupinda misangano yeKibinome. Ikoku kwakaisa mavambo egadziriro ye [[FLT: 0] Cabinet[ nebasa re [[FLT:] Prime]

Sir Robert Walpole, anowanzorangarirwa kuva Mutungamiriri weChinzvimbo chokutanga weAmerica (1721-1742), achidzorwa nokutungamirira voruzhinji muImba yeCommons. Akaita kudaro muzita raMambo, asi chiremera chake chakabva kuParamende. Mamitevedzeri emadzimambo, kufanana naGeorge III, akaedza kudzoresazve udzori hwomunhu oga, asi kurasikirwa nenzvimbo dzapasi dzeAmerica mukati mokutonga kwake kwakapomerwa zvikuru nemhaka yokukundikana kwevatarisiri voumambo, kupfuurirazve kupindira kwoumambo kunoshingaira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore, nheyo yakasimbiswa zvakasimba kuti mambo anofanira kuramba ari pamusoro pebato rezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzora kupfurikidza navafundisi avo vakaraira voruzhinji vomuparaparaparame.

Nzvimbo Yokugara YeVictoria: Nzvimbo Dzinokudzwa uye Dziri Nani

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakapedza chinjo kuumambo hwapamutemo hwakazara. Nhevedzano ya Nzvero yaMabasa (1867, 1884) yakawedzera zvinoshamisa kusarudzwa, kubvisa manyuko okupedzisira echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuHuru nevapfumi kuenda kuImba yaMapome.

Muzivi akachenjera zvikurusa weiyi nhevedzano itsva akanga ari Walter Bagehot. Mubasa rake repamberi, Bumbiro reMitemo reEngland (1867), Bagejot yakakurumbira yakakamuranisa murairo mumativi maviri: [[" mativi" aisimbiswa"[ mativi [mativi] mativi (mitezo neImba yaMadzi), ayo airanga, ayo anonyandura nokuchengeta ruvimbiko rwavanhu vazhinji, uye " inodzorwa"" mativi [ [Imba yavose neyavane]), ayo anoita chaizvoizvo basa rokutonga. Mutongi weMonambhisalm akanga ari chirati chokuva, kuopera, kuti aongorore, uye kuti anyevedzerwe pakupedzisira, kuti akurudze dare rehurumende.

Kurega kwake upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika hunoshingaira pashure porufu rwaPrince Albert kwakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti mambo mukuru anokosha panzvimbo pomutambi wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusimba Kwezana Ramakore Rechi20: Kuipa Nokubatana

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaedza umambo hwebumbiro remitemo nedenho dzisina kumboitika. Parliament Act ye1911 yakaderedza zvakakomba simba reImba yaMadzimu, ichibvisa mano ayo okuvhara mari nokuganhurira kumira kwayo pane mumwe mutemo, ichisimbisazve kamuri ravamiriri.

Sangano reWestminster muna 1931 yakarondedzerazve basa reKorona muUmambo, ichiziva udzori (Canada, Australia, South Africa, zvichingodaro) senyika dzakazvimirira, dzakabatanidzwa bedzi nokuzvipira kwavo vose kuHuru. Ikoku kwakashandura madzimambo kuva chiratidzo chesangano rokuzvidira ramarudzi akasununguka

Njodzi yakakomba zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo yezana ramakore yakanga iri njodzi yeBhangizimu ya 1936. Kutsunga kwaMambo Edward VIII kuroora Wallis Simpson akapinzwa mungozi yakananga nekabati, Chechi yeEngland, uye imwe yacho yeMadominiti. Kokorodzano yokuti mambo anoshandisa zano ravafundisi vake yakaedzwa uye yakawanikwa kuva yakakwana. Edward VIII akamanikidzirwa kubvisa, uye mukoma wake akamutsiva saGeorge VI. Njodziro yacho yakaratidzira zvakasimba kuti zvishuvo zvomunhu oga zvehurumende hazvingatongobvumirwi kukanganisa kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yehurumende.

Bumbiro Remitemo Risina Kusimbiswa: Mamhanzi Egadziriro Yazvino Uno

Bumbiro remitemo reBritain rinoramba risina kusimbiswa, asi kushanda kwaro kunodzorwa namanyuko anoverengeka akasiana echiremera anodzvinyirira umambo.

Mutemo Wezviratidzo

Mabasa eParamende ndiwo rudzi rwakakwirira zvikurusa rwomutemo. Chiratidzo chinogara chose chose mukati megadziriro yomutemo. Mabasa makuru anobatanidza Bhill yekodzero , , Act of Paration [701] [, [[FLT]], [[[FLT]]], [[FLT]], [[FM] , [[FM] , [[FLT]]

Kokorodzano Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Iyi mitemo isina kunyorwa haishandiswi pamutemo asi inorangarirwa kuva inosungisa mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kokorodzano huru dzinobatanidza umambo hunobatanidza:

  • [[[FOL:0] Assance:[[FT:1] Mambo achapa nguva dzose Royal Asspect register apfuudzira mutemo. Kuramba kwokupedzisira kwakanga kuri muna 1708 (Queen Anne).
  • Kugadzwa kweMutungamiriri weHurumende: Mambo anogadza mutungamiriri webato rinogona kuraira voruzhinji muImba yeMapoka.
  • The Lascelles Principles (1950): A ekokorodzano pamusoro pesimba ramambo rokuramba chikumbiro choMutungamiriri weHurumende chokuparadzwa kweParamende.
  • Kusatora rutivi kweProtaticism: Mambo anofanira kuramba asina kwaakarerekera munhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuita pazano ravashumiri.

Kuzvikudza Kwoumambo

Aya masimba asingadikanwi eHurumende, anoshandiswa munguva dzazvino uno noMutungamiriri weHurumende. Anobatanidza simba rokuzivisa hondo, zvibvumirano zvokusaina, kutumira mauto ane zvombo, kudzora basa rehurumende, uye mapasipoti. Nepo sezvinorondedzerwa zvamambo, aya masimba anoshandiswa chose chose pazano ravashumiri. Ukuru hwechiremera hunowedzera kudzokororwa nematare.

Kutonga Kwemadzimambo Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Nhasi, basa rebumbiro remitemo ramambo weBritain rinorondedzerwa zvakajeka. Mambo Charles III, kufanana naamai vake pamberi pake, anoshanda somutungamiriri wenyika asiri wezvamatongerwe enyika. Mabasa amambo zvikurukuru anochengetwa uye anobatanidza: State Prevention of Paramente [, kupiwa kwaMambo Speach [ [[FLT]] (akanyorwa nehurumende), kupiwa rukudzo, uye kumirira rudzi pashanyo dzehurumende uye panguva dzokuchema kworudzi kana kuti kupemberera.

Changamire Grant (anoshongedzwa nependi muzana yemhindu yeHurumende Yokuisa Mibayiro) mari yamabasa apamutemo eumambo, gadziriro inoitirwa kubvisa Hurumende pakutsamira kwakananga paHendero. Tsigiro yavose yemibatanidzwa yehurumende yamambo inoramba ichikosha, asi sangano rinotarisana nokunzverwa kwenguva dzose kubva kuvarevi venhau nevorumwe rudzi rushoma. Chikamu cha 21-zana chehurumende chinofanira kururamisa ndyiko dzaro nohunokosha muvero yazvino uno uno.

Mugumisiro: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunotsungirira

Nhau yebumbiro remitemo reBritain inhau inoshamisa yokuchinja. Rwendo runobva kusimba rakakwana, rakagadzwa naMwari kuchiremera chinodzorwa nokungwarira, chokufananidzira. madzimambo haana kungopa simba rawo; akabviswa zvishoma nezvishoma nezviitiko, mitemo, masangano, uye Mabasa eParamende munenge chiuru chemakore. Chinoramba chiri chinhu chine simba guru remitemo remitemo: Musoro weHurumende hauna simba rechokwadi rezvematongerw enyika, bva iwo anokosha kushandira hurumende yeBritain.

Bumbiro Remitemo reBritain rinoramba risina kunyorwa, asi basa reMambo rakajeka kupfuura nakare kose: kutonga, kwete kutonga.