Hurumende dzehurumende ndidzo mavambo ehurumende yeAmerica, dzinoshandisa chiremera chikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo vanopfuura 330 mamirioni. Nepo hurumende yehurumende muWashington, D.C., inobata dziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, uye kutengeserana kwehurumende, hurumende dzinotarisira mabasa nemirau inoumba nzanga yako zvakananga zvikurusa, nzvimbo yako yokushandira, uye musha wako. Kubva mumugariro wenzira dzenzira dzaunofambira mberi kudzidzo dzinodzidziswa muzvikoro zvavana vako, hurumende ndiyo nhau huru yeonano pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yavo. Ungwarudzano Hurumende — magadzirirwe adzo adzorerwe adzo idzo dzine masimba, uye kuti unogona sei kuvapesvedzera — zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kufamba achienda kuupenyu hwomushambadzinga.

Hurumende Chii?

Hurumende isangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodzora rimwe ramapoka 50 akasiana ezvamatongerwe enyika eUnited States. Nyika imwe neimwe inoshanda pasi pebumbiro rayo rimene remitemo rakanyorwa — chinyorwa icho chinoumba gadziriro yokutonga, chinoronga masimba amapazu matatu, uye chinodzivirira maruramiro avagari varo. aya mabumbiro ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji akareba zvikuru uye ane udzame zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo reU.S., chinoratidzira ukuru hukurusa hwemitoro yehurumende.

Nheyo yepamutemo yechiremera chehurumende iTenth Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S., iyo inochengeta kuhurumende (kana kuti kuvanhu) masimba ose asingapiwi hurumende. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sehurumende, inopa murairo wakafara nounochinjika wokuisa murairo panhau dzakadai soutano hwavose, dzidzo, zvokufambisa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Somuuyo, nyika dzinobatira samatura ehurumende, kutevera mitemo iyo gare gare ingagamuchirwa murudzi — kubva pakugadziridzwa kwegarikano kumitemo yemhoteredzo.

Hurumende dzemo dzinosikwa uye dzinowana simba radzo kubva kunyika inogona kudzichinja kana kudzibvisa. Hurumende dzine ukama hwakasiyana nehurumende dzemadzinza, dzinotonga dzichitungamirirwa nemutemo wehurumende.

Kuvakwa Kwehurumende Dzehurumende

Hurumende iri yose yehurumende inoratidzira mufananidzo wehurumende namapazu matatu akaenzana: vakuru vakuru, vatongi, uye vatongi. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kunovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rinova nesimba zvikuru, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogovera cheki pamamwe. Zvisinei, kutenderera chaiko kwamapazu iwaya kunosiana mumugariro mumwe nomumwe.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Gavhuna ndiye mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru mukuru anooneka zvikurusa akasarudzwa. Kusafanana napurezidhendi weU.S., magavhuna ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anotova noudzori hukuru hwemari yokushandisa mari, kubatanidza simba remutsetse rezvinhu (mano okurova zvinhu zvakananga zvokushandisa kubva mubhiri pasina kubvisa pamutemo wose). Vatongi vanogadzawo vakuru vakuru vamasangano ehurumende, vanopa zviratidzo zvehurumende, uye vanoraira National Guard (kana kusava mapurisa anogadzwa).

Nyika zhinjisa dzinosarudzawo zvadzimene gavhuna mukuru, gweta guru, munyori wehurumende, muchengeti wemari, uye coptorller — chivako chinogona kutungamirira kukuva mukuru mukuru anokamuranisa kana vakuru vakuru vachibva kumapoka akasiana - siana. Bazu ravakuru rinoumba madhipatimendi akawanda namasangano, kubatanidza avo vane mutoro wedzidzo, utano, zvokufambisa, mhoteredzo, uye basa. Sangano chairo rinova negadziriro yebasa yavagari vemo inoita basa rezuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva rimwe.

Bazu Romutemo

Masangano ehurumende ane mutoro wokuita mitemo, kutendera bhajeti rehurumende, uye kutungamirira bazi guru. Nyika dzina makumi mana ne4 dzemabhinameral dzine magomarara maviri: Imba yaVamiririri kana kuti Dare, uye Dare. Chisiiwo chimwe chete iNebraska, ine unicameral, isiri girapartic. Majeri anosarudzwa zvapamutemo mumaruwa anokohwiwa makore gumi oga oga oga pashure peU.S.CUSCURC.

Mitemo inosiana zvikuru muukuru nomurudungwe. New Hampshire House of Desiderations, ine mitezo 400, ndiimwe yemitumbi mikurusa inobvisa maruramiro munyika, nepo Alaska House ine 40 bedzi dzimwe mirau yehurumende inosangana nguva yakazara (umt. California, New York), nepo dzimwe, saTexas na Montana, dzinobata marusando egore akaenzana nemwedzi mishomanene. Boka rinodzora chigadziko rinosarudza zvigaro zvedare neendeko remitemo, richiita masanhambano anoshamisa.

Basa guru redare rinopa chikwama isimba rechikwama: chinofanira kupa mvumo kumari yose nemitero. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kunzwa, kurumbidza dare, nharo dzapauriri, uye pakupedzisira vhoti. Hurumende zhinji dzinewo simba rokurambidza vakuru vakuru venyika, kubatanidza gavhuna.

Bazu Rokutonga

Dare rehurumende rinodudzira mitemo yenyika uye mitemo, rinoita kuti nyaya dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dziwirirane, uye rinoita kuti pave nematare okugadzirisa kusawirirana.

  • matare echiPutukezi — anowanzonzi matare makuru, matunhu, kana kuti maruwa — apo mhaka dzinovamba uye ufakazi hunopiwa.
  • matare eIntermediate appellate [ — aripo munyika zhinjisa kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvedare (muenzaniso womubatanidzwa wakafanana).
  • Sango redare rapamusoro-soro — dare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira nokuda kwenhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvaro ndezvokupedzisira kutoti zvikapinza mutemo womubatanidzwa, umo Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. ringapindira.

Vatongi vanosarudza nemitoo yakasiana - siana: vamwe vanosarudzwa navavhoti (kazhinji kazhinji mukusarudza kusiri kweparapatiti kana kuti kwevavhota), vamwe vanogadzwa nagavhuna nesimbiso yomutemo, uye vamwezve vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yakafanirwa yokusarudza (Missouri Plan). matare ehurumende anobata zviitiko zvizhinjisa zvemitemo muU.S., kubva pamatikiti emotokari kusvikira kumutemo wemhuri kubvumirano yegakavadzano.

Mabasa eHurumende dzeHurumende

Masimba ehurumende dzehurumende anobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichinangidzira ngwariro panhau dzorudzi nedzamarudzi ose, hurumende ndidzo dzodzo huru dzenhau dzomumba. Pasi apa pane nharaunda huru dzemiitiro umo chiito chehurumende chine tapuro hurusa.

Dzidzo

Dzidzo itsika inodhura zvikurusa uye inopomerwa mhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika yehurumende. United States inopa zvikoro zvavose K-12 (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemipimo inodzikamisa mitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo), inogadza mipimo yedzidzo, vadzidzisi vanotenderwa, uye inotungamirira nzvero dzinotevedzerwa. Mitemo inotarisirawo makoreji avose namayunivhesiti, ayo anowanzorongwa kuva gadziriro yeyunivhesiti inodzorwa neboka ravatendi kana kuti vatendi vanovimbwa. Zvisarudzo zvemari yakakwirira zvinotapura mwero yemitero yemari inotanharo, basa rokunzvera, uye kukwanisa kupedza vadzidzi vakaderera. Komishoni yezvokudzo yeUnited States miitiro inodzo inodzo inodzorwa neyamutengwa navose 50.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Madhipatimendi ehurumende egadziriro dzezvifambiso, kuvaka, uye kuchengetedza migwagwa, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvendege, zviteshi, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa. Anodzora mumugwagwa mukuru, kuparadzira mari yomumugwagwa mukuru, uye kushandisa migwagwa inodzorwa nemotokari muzvimwe zviitiko. Mitemo inodzora kunyoresa kwemotokari nedzinofambisa, inodzora kumira, inoita kuti vakuru vakuru vepachiteshi chengarava nevakuru vakuru vezviteshi. Mamite emigwagwa nebhurorobhuro anotapura zvakananga nguva, kukura kwemari, uye kuchengeteka. Somuenzaniso, American Society of Civil Ingiture Intareals Ratier.[[FLT:]

Utano Nemabasa Avanhu

Hurumende dzinotarisira Midicaid (inishuwarenzi yezvoutano yehurumende inobatana yehurumende inoronga vanhu vane mari shoma inotambirwa), dzinodzora misika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, nyanzvi dzezvoutano hwerezinesi, dzinoshandisa zvipatara zvavose nezvivako zvendangariro, uye dzinoshandisa nhimbe dzavose. Dzinotarisirawo garikano yavana, tarisiro yokurera vana, uye mabasa okurera vana. Dhipatimendi rezvoutano rinonzvera hosha dzehosha, rinovimbisa mvura yokunwa yakachena, uye resitorendi. Mukati mekunzvera COVID . Vatongi vezvoutano vehurumende vakaita zvisarudzo zvakakomba pamusoro pezviwiro, nhimberiso, uye mabasa echipatara, zvinosimbisa basa guru rehurumende mumugariro woutano.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Mapoka ehurumende (kubatanidza kudzorwa kwemikoto mikuru) anomanikidzira kushandiswa kwemitemo nemitemo youtsotsi, nepo mapurisa omunzvimbomo achishanda pasi pechiremera chehurumende. Hurumende dzinorondedzera mhosva zhinjisa uye dzinogadza zvirango, kubatanidza chirango chorufu muidzo dzinochengeta. matare ehurumende anobata mativi makuru emhosva dzoutsotsi, kubva kuvaparamende kusvikira kumatare akakomba. Madhipatimendi eruramiso ehurumende anoshandisa majeri, mapato anosarudza pakuvamba, uye madhipatimendi ehurumende anotarisira vaiti munzanga. Chiratidzo chemhosva, kubatanidza kugadziridza, kubatanidza kupiwa mirayiridzo, uye kudzo, zvinoiswa mugweverwa nomutoo unowedzera pamwero mukuru wehurumende.

Kubudirira Kwezvemari Nokugadziridzwa Kwebhizimisi

Nyika dzinotsvaka nokushingaira mabhizimisi kupfurikidza nevavariro dzemitero, mapurogiramu erovedzo yavashandi, uye zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvemarongedzero. Dzinodzora inishuwarenzi, mishonga, uye kutengeserana kwemabhizimisi. Madhipatimendi ebasa ehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo inotanhanhanhanisa mitero, mitemo yekotsekano yavashandi, uye muripo wokushaikwa kwemabasa. Masangano ezvoupfumi anopawo marezinesi ebasa nokuda kwemabasa anobva kuvavedzi vebvudzi kuna vanachiremba. Nyika dzakawanda dzine mari shoma kudarika yehurumende, zvichiratidzira mutengo womunzvimbomo wezvinodiwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano ezvokubudirira emari anoshanda kuti atsigire mari yomunzvimbomo, atsigire bhizimisi duku, uye anokwezva mari yokumwe nyika yokumwe nyika.

Zvinhu Zvakasikwa Zvakasikwa Zvakatipoteredza Nezvakatipoteredza

Nyika dzinotarisira nyika dzavose (mapaki ezvivako, masango, uye nzvimbo dzemhuka), dzinodzora mhepo nemvura (kazhinji kazhinji munhume dzinobva kuU.S. Environmental Protection Agency), dzinotarisira migodhi neoiri yokucherazve, uye dzinomanikidzira kudzora mitemo yokudzoresa. Nyika dzemhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzinodzora magasi nenzvimbo dzokure. Masangano emhoteredzo ehurumende anobvumirawo nzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzira zvinhu uye anoona mwero yokushatisa. California, somuenzaniso, ine mipimo yemotokari yemotokari inopesvedzera zvikuru inoita kuti motokari dzishande. Tenth Amend Amend inopaworation inopawora remounzi remote yogasition inobvumirawo kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo anogara nenzvimbo dzamabasa okunze ayo anodzivirira kupfuura mipimo yehurumende.

Kusarudza Nokutarisira

Hurumende dzakagadza mitemo nokuda kwesarudzo, kubatanidza miganhu yokuvhota, nhambo dzapakuvamba dzokuvhota, posigin blolotats, uye zvinodikanwa zvevoti. Dzinonyorazve maruwa emitemo pashure pokuverengwa kumwe nokumwe — muitiro unogona kuva mukuru. Vasarudzo vehurumende ndivo vakuru vakuru vamasarudzo munyika dzavo. Zvisarudzo izvi zvine tapuro huru pakuvhota nokuvhota miuyo. National Conference of Legastitus

Kutapura Kunoita Hurumende Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kuri nyore kufuratira kuti izhinji sei kwomuitiro wako unoumbwa nomutemo wehurumende nomuitiro. Rangarira zuva chairo: unomuka mumusha wakavakwa mukuwirirana nemitemo yokuvaka yehurumende; mvura yaunonwa inosangana nemipimo yetsika yehurumende; unochaira kuti ushande pamugwagwa une raisekisi rezinesi rokutyaira rakapiwa nehurumende; chikoro mwana wako anopinda zvinodikanwa zvezvidzidzo zvehurumende; bhizimisi apo unoshanda rinobhadhara mitero yehurumende ndokutevera mitemo yebasa; unobhadhara mari yehurumende kana kuti mutero wokutengesa; uye manheru, ungatarira roorano yemhuri, roorano, chengeterwo yavana, uye nhaka — zvinodzorwa zvikurukuru nomutemo.

Mitero yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika, seTexas neFlorida, hadzina mutero womunhu oga asi dzinovimba nemitero yemari yakawanda yemari nepfuma. Dzimwe, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York, dzine mitero inofambira mberi uye mitero yokutengesa ine mwero. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotapura mari yako inoraswa, mutengo wedzimba, uye kunaka kwemabasa avose anowanika kwauri. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pokuva nepfuti, kubvisa pamuviri, uye kuenzana kweroorano zvinogona kusiana zvikuru. Kutama kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe mitero yemari inotengwa.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pehurumende Nehurumende Yehurumende

Hurumende dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yehurumende, iyo inoparira ukama hune simba uye pane dzimwe nguva hunokakavadzana nehurumende yorudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa hurumende inoronga masimba ehurumende anorongwa (mutoo, kuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, kutungamirira kutengeserana kwehurumende) uye kuisa yasara yose kunyika. Muitiro wacho unogona kuva nekahasha. Mutemo weFederal mukuru pasi peSupremacy Claus — apo Hurumende nemitemo yehurumende inorwisana, mutemo womubatanidzwa unorevera, asi kana bedzi Hurumende yehurumende ikashanda mukati mechiremera yayo yemitemo.

Kushandisa mari kunowanzova namatanho akabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, inotaura kuti kugamuchira mari yomumugwagwa mukuru mukuru kunofanira kugamuchira zera rakaderera rokunwa ramakore 21, muitiro uyo nyika dzinomanikidzirwa nenzira inobudirira kuti dziwirirane pasinei zvapo nesimba radzo regamuchidzanwa pamusoro pemirairo yezvinodhaka. Nenzira yakafanana, Affordcable Care Act inodikanwa nyika kukudza Médicaid (kana kuti kurasikirwa nemari yehurumende) — chinodikanwa chikurusasasasagona kudzorwa nokunyima mari yose. Kurwisana uku kunoitwa nguva dzose, uye tsinhirano yemigariro yezvamatongerwe enyika ne chinjo dzehurumende muWashington uye mumadzimbahwe ehurumende.

Pasinei zvapo nenyanduko, ukama hwehurumende hunobatira pamwewo. United States inoshandisa zvirongwa zvakawanda zvehurumende (muremo, National Voter Relibration Act, Coocter Water Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act) uye inogamuchira zvipo nokuda kwekubudirira kwenzanga, kudzikamisa mutemo, uye mabasa enzanga. USA.gov rehurumende nzvimbo yamashoko [[] inogovera zvishandiso zvokufambisa iyi miganhuro inochinjika.

Zvaungaita Kuti Ushande Nehurumende Yako

Hurumende yehurumende inowanika chaizvoizvo zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo kunogona kuva nesimba rinooneka. Hedzino nzira dzinoverengeka dzinobudirira dzokutora rutivi:

  • Vari musarudzo dzehurumende. Hurumende nemubatanidzwa wehurumende kazhinji kazhinji ine nhambo yakaderera kupfuura sarudzo dzapurezidhendi, kureva kuti vhoti yako inotakura uremu hukuru. Mitemo yakawanda yehurumende inosarudzwa nezvirongwa zvokuvhota kana kuti zvikumbiro, apo unogona kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo.
  • Kuonana navaiti vemitemo vomunyika yako. Mitezo yeimba yehurumende nesenate inomirira maruwa maduku kupfuura maruwa emisangano, kuaita kuti ave nyore kusvika. Email kana kuti runhare rune mufungo zvikuru runogona kupesvedzera chimiro chavo papepa. Ziva vamiriri vako kupfurikidza newebsite yedare rehurumende.
  • inoidzwa pakutonga kwavose. Hurumende zhinjisa dzinotonga pamabhiri anenge avigwa. Unogona kusaina kuti upe chipupuriro chamashoko kana kuti kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa. Iyi inzira yakananga yokutsigira nayo nhau dzaune hanya nadzo, kubva pakushandisa mari yechikoro kusvikira kumitemo yemhoteredzo.
  • Misangano yehoro yetaundi yakare nenzanga. Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vakawanda vanoita zvinoitika mumaruwa avo mukati menhambo. Iyoyi mikana yokubvunza mibvunzo, kutaura funganyo, uye nzanga navamwe vagari vemo vakaronzeswa.
  • Iva neboka revagari vemo kana kuti rehurumende. Masangano akadai seChinzwano cheVakadzi, Common Century, uye mapoka ehurumende COMPLAC anogovera rovedzo, nhamburiko dzinotsinhirana, uye kugoverana mashoko pamusoro pezvinoitika zvemitemo.
  • Kurumidza nokuda kwehofisi yomunzvimbomo kana kuti yenyika. mabhodhi ezvikoro, madare eguta, uye zvigaro zvehurumende zvemitemo inzvimbo dzinosvikwa nokuda kwavanhu vatsva kuzvamatongerwe enyika. Unyanzvi noukama zvinovakwa paiyi mwero zvinogona kutungamirira kunzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru nechinjo dzemiitiro ine revo.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzinopfuura zvikuru mativi okutonga egadziriro yehurumende — dzine simba, masangano anozvitonga ayo anosarudza zvakananga kunaka kwedzidzo yako, chengeteko yemigwagwa yako, ndyiko yemitero yako, uye ukuru hwekodzero dzako. Nokunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei, mabasa anotaurwa kuti achaita, uye kuti unogona sei kupesvedzera zvisarudzo izvozvo, ungava mutevedzeri ane ruzivo rukuru zvikuru muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kana uri kuvhotera pamwero yedzidzo yebasa, uchipupurira papepa, kana kuti kungosarudza zvaunofanira kurarama, zviito zvehurumende yako zvinoumba mabanza ako nenguva yako yemberi. Kubatira pamwe nehurumende yako hakungovi bedzi kwakarurama asi kudikanwa kunoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutaura mumitemo inodzora upenyu hwavo hwezuva riri rose.