Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yeparadzano yamasimba, ichikamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: chibvumirano chomutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Ichi chivako, chakapinzwa muBumbiro reMitemo, chakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanya. Bva pasinei zvapo nebasa raro renheyo muvagari veAmerica, vagari vazhinji vane mirangariro isina kururama inopfuurira pamusoro pokuti aya mapazi anoshanda sei chaizvoizvo uye anoshandira pamwe. Uku kusanzwisisa kunogona kushatisa gakavaradza gakavara, kuparira kariro dzisiri dzevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kunyange kuderedza chivimbo mumasangano ehurumende ino inokudzwa. Muiyi nhungamiro huru, tichabvisa rondedzero dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa pamusoro pamapazu matatu ehurumende, kugovera tsananguro dzakajekadzano zvakajeka pamusoro petsika dzenhau dzenhau, uye chinoitika chazvinoitika nazvinoitika. Kupfurikidza nokutsiva neidi razvinozivikanwa navanhu.

Nhema 1: Bazu Rinotonga Rinoita Mitemo Riri Roga

Chitendero chakapararira chokuti Congress — Imba yavamiriri neDare — ine chiremera chapose pakuita mutemo. Nepo Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa misengwa "masimba ose okutonga" muCongress, chokwadi chinoshanda pamwe. Muitiro wemitemo unobatanidza mutevedzero wenguva dzose kubva kumapazu evakuru neanotonga, uchitanga kutamba kwakaoma kwezvikarakadzo, kukurukura, uye kuhwirudzura.

Simba Rehurumende reVeto

Kana Congress yangopfuudza musengwa, inofanira kupiwa Purezidhendi kuti atendere. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusaina mutemo kana kuti kupa chitsoro, achidzorera nenzira inobudirira mutongo kuCongress nokuramba. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoramba kungoita bedzi netatu mbiri dzezvikwereti zvakakwirira mudzimba dzose dzinoti—a bhawa rakakwirira rinoita kuti chiito chemhinonichanga chive chakaoma. Kubvira muna 1789, vapurezidhendi vakadzosa zvikwereti zvinopfuura 2 500, nezvikwereti zvisingasviki 5%. Ikoku kunoreva kuti bazu guru rine ruoko rwakananga, rune simba mukuva pamutemo.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Zvirevo

Kunyange pashure pokunge mutemo waitwa, bazu rinotonga rinoshandisa pesvedzero. Dare rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera ane simba rokuhwirudzura — chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo isina kutongwa uye naizvozvo isina chinhu. Yakagadzwa muchinyorwa chacho nhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [FLT]], simba iri rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unofanira kuwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Kuwedzerazve, matare anodudzira mutauro wakarongwa nenzira inobudirira, achibvisa rondedzero yemitemo nenzira inoshanda mumitemo mudzimwe nzira dzingasava nedzaro. judiary yehurumende inotsanangura[FLD], "ba rinotonga mitemo yehurumende uye mimwe mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pedzimwe nharo.""

Key inoreva: bhizimisi rinogoverwa. Dare rinokarakadza ndokupfuudza zvikwereti, asi Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuzvisundira, uye matare anogona kuzvirova kana kuzvidudzirazve.

Ngano 2: Purezidhendi Anogona Kuzivisa Hondo Nenzira Isina Kujeka

Zvichida hapana ngano iri pamuuyo mukuru zvikuru kupfuura chitendero chokuti Purezidhendi, somutungamiriri weChief, anogona kuisa pasina donzo mauto eU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rakajeka: Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinopa Congress simba rimwe rokuzivisa hondo. Purezidhendi, pasi peChikamu II, ndi "Mfumo muChiremberi cheBumbiro reHondo neNavy" asi bedzi pashure peChibvumirano ndicho chakabvumira hondo.

Chisarudzo cheHondo cha 1973

Mukupedzisa kweHondo yeVietnam &— kuranga uko Purezidhendi Johnson naNixon vakapinda muchiito chehondo chakarebesa pasina kuziviswa kwehondo — Conwarfey akapfuura Chisarudzo cheHondo paPrezidenti Nixon ’s. Mutemo uyu unoda kuti Purezidhendi aende ku neCongress[[FLLLD]] Comment asati apinza mauto ane zvombo mukurwisana uye kushuma kuDare rapamberi mukati mamaawa 48. Kupfuurirazve, unoraira kuti mauto anofanira kubviswa mukati ma 60 mazuva (newedzero yezuva 30) kutonge kubvumira maProgiramu yeHondo dzeHondo dzeHondo dzapfuurira. Nepo mubatanidzwa nesimba ramasangano eHondo zvaverenjero, kusimbisa kuti simba ritange hondo iwirira mberi.

Nharaunda Dzine Zvakaitika Kare Uye Dzokuchena Kwazvo

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, Mapurezidhendi akapinda mumabasa ehondo pasina ziziviso dzechiuto — Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, uye Libya mienzaniso inocherekedzwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Purezidhendi ’ chiremera chomuzvarirwo soMutungamiriri weChief anobvumira kushandiswa kwakaganhurirwa kwesimba kudzivirira denho kana kuti dziviriro upenyu hweAmerica. Zvisinei, Vavaki veMadzibaba vakaisa noune simba rehondo muCongress kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti chisarudzo chokuenda kuhondo chicharatidzira kuda kwavanhu, kwete kuda kwomutungamiriri mumwe. [[FLT:] National Constitution Center , “ Nhauni imwe yavengove yavei yavei muparadzani masimba ehondo.

Key inoenda: Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo nenzira yapamutemo, uye Purezidhendi anodikanirwa mubumbiro remitemo kutsvaka tendero yebvumirano dzehondo dzinopfuurira.

Ngano 3: Bazu Rokutonga Rinongodudzira Mitemo Chete

Vanhu vazhinji vanoisa vatongi sevaturikiri vasingaiti basa; kungorava bedzi mitemo nokuishandisa kunhau. Chaizvoizvo, vatongi vanoumba mutemo nokuongorora kwokutonga, muenzaniso, uye kunyange kugadzira mutemo. Kududzira kumene chiito chokusika; mutauro hauwanzova wakajeka, uye vatongi vanofanira kusarudza pakati pokurava kunokwikwidza kunowirirana kwomutemo kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Semitemo

Apo Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinozivisa mutemo usingawirirani nomutemo, harisi kungodudzira; riri kubvisa zvisarudzo zvakasarudzwa zvemapazu ’ basa. Gaspitalm zvisarudzo zvakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo[ (1954), iro rakaparadza rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose, uye Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iro rinonyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo yete-hexhease munyika yose, rakava nemigumisiro mikuru. Iyi murairo haina kungodudzira chete mutemo uripo; yakaita maruramiro matsva nemasimba kuti nzanga yeAmerica ishandukezve.

Simba Rokutanga

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinogadza zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza izvo matare maduku anofanira kutevera. Iyi dzidziso, inozivikanwa se stare decis, inopa jaji basa rokuita mutemo muwirirano nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Supreme Court’ inochinja 1973 chisarudzo mu Roas. Wade v. yakasimbisa kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri, iyo Hurumende nemitemo zvisingagoni kuputsanyadzisa kwamakore 50. Dare pacharo rakagadziridza muenzaniso mu Dobs v.Vakadzi &rsonquo; Health Organization [FFFF5:], [202], rinoratidzira kushandura simba uye kupfuudzira kwokutonga kwapamhindirira mberi kwemitemo.

Key inoenda: Dare rinoita zvinopfuura zvikuru kududzira; rinoumba mutemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo, muenzaniso, uye pane dzimwe nguva zvisarudzo zvemiitiro youshingi zvinogona kuchinja nzvimbo yapamutemo.

Ngano 4: Bazu Rebazi Ritatu Rinovhiya Nokuzvimirira

Gadziriro yavanhu inonyanyova yavanhu ndeyokuti mapazi matatu anoshanda musilos yakaparadzana. Zvokwadi, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopinza noune masimba awo kupfurikidza negadziriro yecheki nedzikamo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro inopfuudzwa inoda batira pamwe nokutarisira pamwe. Nharidzano yacho haisati iri paradzaniswa asi [ simba rakagoverwa [.

Dare Rinoongorora Mutungamiriri

Dare rinodzora bhajeti, rinosimbisa vagadziri vapurezidhendi, uye rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihedherini, uye vatongi vehurumende. Dare ‘ ma “dhivice nemvumo ” basa rinoreva kuti zvibvumirano zvikuru zvokutonga zvinoda kutenderwa kweDare — kukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uko kazhinji kazhinji kunoumba muitiro. Kuwedzera, Congress inogona kuitisa nzvero nokumanikidza chipupuriro kubva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu, sezvinoonwa mumisoro inoverengeka pamusoro penhau dzinovambira paWatergate kusvikira kuna January 6th.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Pajeri

Purezidhendi anodudza vatongi vose vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, vachipiwa tsigiro yeDare. Ikoku kunopa mukuru mukuru pesvedzero isingagumi padare redare dzvuruvuru rinodzora dzvuru. Kupfuurirazve, Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira vanhu vakawanwa vane mhaka dzemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, achisimbisa nenzira inobudirira vatongi vebazu ’ zvinotonga. Mutungamiriri ane mutorowo wokuita kuti kutonga kwedare kuitwe, asi kana Purezidhendi akaramba kuita kuti chisarudzo (chiito chisingawanzowaniki asi chakakomba), mutongi ane zvishandiso zvishomanene zvokuraira kutendwa.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Dare rinogona kushayisa basa zviito zvehurumende nemitemo sezvisiri zvehurumende. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro, vatongi vanobatira somutarisiri wokupedzisira pamiganhu yesimba rehurumende. Uku kubatana kunosimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kudzora; rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kupinda namamwe kuti rizadzike nharidzano dzaro. USA.gov inotsanangura[[, “ U.S.Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa gadziriro yechekero nedzikano kuvimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova nesimba zvikuru. ”

Key inoenda: Mapazu haasati ari akazvimirira; ari kutsamirana uye anonzverana nguva dzose, achiita kuti kudzora kuve muitiro unobatira pamwe uye kazhinji kazhinji unokakavadzana.

Nhema 5: Dare Gurusa Ndiro Bazu Rine Simba Zvikurusa

Akapiwa Dare ’ mano okuparadza mitemo negadziriro yokugadzira, vanhu vazhinji vanorangarira kuti iro ibazu rine simba zvikurusa. Bva dare idongo rakaneta zvikurusa. Harina simba rechikwama (kudzora kweConrever kudzora), hakuna chiremera chokudzika mutemo (mukuru mukuru anofanira kushandisa mirau yaro), uye hakuna murairo wakakurumbira (ruramisiro dzinosarudzwa ndokubatira mirau youpenyu). Dare rinotsamira chose chose chose pamamwe mapazu kuti riremekedze nokuita zvisarudzo zvaro.

Kumanikidzirwa

Muna 1832, Dare Gurusa rakasarudza mu Worcester v. Georgia kuti Georgia nyika yaisagona kuisa mitemo yayo munyika dzeAmerica. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson anonokorwa mashoko akakurumbira seanotaura, “ John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino ngaaite kuti chiitwe. &lquo; Jackson akaramba kuita chisarudzo, uye Dare rakanga risina nzira yokumumanikidza nayo. Iyi chiitiko chinoratidzira judiary ’ Sving pakutonga kwechiremera. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati me nhambo yechikoro, Purezidhendi Eisenhoussoer yaifanira kutumira mauto edare kubatira Dare &quo; [FLT] [FFFF]

Kuganhurirwa Kwegadziriro

Congress inogonawo kuganhurira chiBasa ’ simba kupfurikidza nokuchinja udzori hwaro, kuchinja ukuru hwaro (zvinonanga zvachinjwa kubva panhanhanhatu kusvikira kugumi kusvikira ku 7 kusvikira kumapfumbamwe), kana kuti kukarakadza kugadziriso dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinokurira zvisarudzo zveDare. Bazu redare rinotonga harigoni kutanga chiito; rinogona bedzi kupindura kumhaka yaro. Nokudaro, nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro richishandisa pesvedzero huru, harisati riri bazi rine simba zvikurusa mumashoko anoshanda. Bazu rinotonga rinobata simba rapedyo zvikurusa, nokudzora mauto, mutemo, uye dare gurusa.

Key inoenda: Dare Rapamusoro rinotsamira pamukuru mukuru kuti apedze mitemo yaro uye paCongress kutsigira mabasa aro, achiiita bazu rakaneta zvikurusa mukuwirirana nesimba risina kugadzirwa.

Nhema 6: Bazu Romutemo Rinorema

Vatsoropodzi vanowanzoramba Congress se “do-any ” chikwata chakatsvikinyidzirwa mukukakavadzana kwemifungo uye kusarura. Nepo kugadzirwa kwemitemo kwaderera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, iyi ngano inofuratira zviitwa zvinokosha zvenhau nebasa rayo rinokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gridlock hachisi chiratidzo nguva dzose chokukundikana; inogona kuva chiratidzo chavavambi va’ chirongwa chamaune chokuderedza chinjo huru nebvumirano.

Mitemo Yapanyika Yakapfuudzwa Pasinei Zvapo Nokupesana

Dare rakaita mitemo yokushandura kunyange mukati menhambo dzoruwa rukuru. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu cha1946 chakapfuvura nechivhoti chinoputsa chivhoti muDare, kukurira chishoro chokumaodzanyemba. Zviidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti Congress inogona kuva inoshanda kana purojeti imwe chete yeRepublican munzvimbo ipi neipi yakaramba iripo papi kana ipi asi yakaramba iri pfundo rehuvara hwezvoutano hweAmerica. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvikwereti zvezvirongwa zvezviwiro zvebhurubhurubhu zvakabvisa Congsmendi pasinei zvapo nokuparadzana pfungwa. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti Koromendi inogona kuva inoshanda kana matare akakwirira uye vatungamiriri vadzoresa.

Basa Rematare Nekuzvidira

Gadziriro yemitemo inononoka namaune. Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura nomumatare akawanda, makomate, makakatanwa ouriri, uye matare esangano kuyananisa misiyano pakati peImba neshanduro dzeDare. Uku kuoma kubudisa zvikarakadzo zvakanyorerwa nokukurumidza kana kuti zvisina kunzwisiswa. Zvizhinjisa zvemabhiri (zvinopfuura 95% zveDare rimwe nerimwe) zvinokundikana kuva mutemo u— uyo unoumbwa, kwete nebhurokwa. John Adams akambotaura, “ Hakuna kumbova nedemocracy asi haana kuzviuraya, ” anonongedzera kukudikanwa kwezvikamu zvehurumende zvinonzvera kurwisana nechishuvo chakakurumbira. Dare, nebiral raro rebicrate, rinobatira sechiito chokumhanya-muvhuruma.

Key inoenda: Nepo Congress ichigona kunonoka uye kushata, yakaratidzira yaratidzirazve kukwanisa kwayo kupfuudza mutemo mukuru, uye mamiriro ayo ezvinhu okuzvidemba chinhu, kwete chikanganiso, chetsika.

Ngano 7: Bumbiro Romutemo Ichinyorwa Chisingabvumiki

Vamwe vaAmerica vanobata Bumbiro reMitemo sorugwaro rwakaoma, rusingachinji urwo runofanira kududzirwa chaizvoizvo seizvo Vagadziri vanorinzwisisa muna 1787. Chaizvoizvo, Bumbiro reMitemo igadziriro mhenyu yakashanduka kupfurikidza negadziridzo, kududzira dare, uye kuchinjika kunoshanda. VaFrame vamene vaikarira chinjo kupfurikidza nokubatanidza muitiro wokugadziridza muChikamu V uye kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutauro wakafara uyo ungagona kushandiswa kumigariro yomunguva yemberi.

Gadziriro Ye Amendeji

Chifo chokunatswa, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa ka 27. Mitero gumi yokutanga (Bill of Rights) yakawedzerwa nokukurumidza kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Kuperazve dziviriro dzakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana (14th), yakarambidza kuvhota kwakavakirwa padzinza (15th), vatano (yechi198), kana kuti mitero yokuvhota (24), uye yakaderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku18 (26). Kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kunoratidza muganhu wetsika yechikaro chenyika (musiti) uye kuratidzira chinyorwa ’s Crimplection. Vatangi vakaita kuti kudzosa pamutemo muganhu weBumbiro reMitemo (pato yezvikamu zviviri zvedzimba dzose mbiri nerezvitatu) asi hakubviri.

Kududzira Kutonga Nokufamba Kwenguva

Supreme Court’ kunzwisiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo kwachinja zvikuru. Muzana ramakore rechi19, Dare rakatsigira paradzano yedzinza mu Prevery v. Ferguson [1896] uye ipapo yakachinja nzira mu [[FLT:] Brown v.[FLT] v [FLT].[FLT] [[FLT]] [[6]] [5]] [54] [[4]] [[4] . Dare rakatanga kudavira kuti maruramiro okutakura zvombo akanga ari maruramiro akabatana nemauto akabatana nemauto ([[[FLT:]]]]]]][FLT]], [[FLT], NW], asi gare gare gare rinorasai kuziva mashoko echipo [[F]]

Key inoenda: Bumbiro reBumbiro remitemo igwaro rine simba, rakagadzirirwa kugadziridzwa ndokutsanangurwazve, kuvimbisa kushanda kwaro mumazana ose amakore.

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Tichibvisa Ngano Nhau

Kunzwisisa mapazu matatu ehurumende hakusati kuri kungoshandiswawo zvako kwedzidzo. Zivo yakarurama yemaparadzirwe esimba nokunzverwa inokosha nokuda kwokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire, kuyera zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, uye kutora rutivi zvine revo muupenyu hwehurumende. Nhema pamusoro pamapazu e’ mabasa anogona kutungamirira kukuisa panzvimbo yehasha — somuenzaniso, kupomera Purezidhendi mhaka Purezidhendi nokuda kwePresslatendi ’ kukundikana kuita chiito, kana kuti kukarira Dare Rapamusorosoro kupedza zvinetso zvinoda mishonga yemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa idzi mhoshonga dzinozivikanwa navose norudzo dzinobetsera vagari vemo vaizova vatsi vebasa zvikuru, vhoshori, vhoterategi vatori vehurumende inotonga hurumende.

Nyanzvi dzetsika yeAmerica dziri mudzikamo yadzo: bazu remitemo rinoita mitemo, rinoita kuti ive, uye mutongi anovadudzira — asi mumwe nomumwe ane kutaura muEncycrsquo; basa. Uku kudyidzana hakusi chipupukanana kana kuti kukundikana; idziviriro yakachengeta republic kwamazana anopfuura maviri amakore. Ruzivo rukuru icherekedzo yokupedzisira pamapazu ose matatu, uye kunzwisisa zvokwadi pamusoro penzira iyo inoshanda nayo iri nhano yokutanga kukushandisa ikoko nokuchenjera.