Kutanga: Pesvedzero Inopfuurira yeBumbiro Romutemo Pachiremera Chehurumende yeAmerica

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, inoramba iri mutemo mukurusa wenyika, ichigovera gadziriro yapamutemo mukati mayo mamasangano ose ehurumende. Pakati pemiuyo yayo inowirirana zvikuru asi ichifuratirwa ibasa rayo mukuumba gadziriro yemari yenyika nebhangi rapakati(Federal Reserve). Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudziri bhangi repakati nezita, rinoisa nheyo yesangano rakadaro kupfurikidza nezvipo zvesimba rakananga, nheyo dzemitemo yehurumende, uye gadziriro yemitengidziro yemitemo yetsika nedzikamo. Kunzwisisa iri muganhu wemitemo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti Federal Reservesss jimei inoita sei zviremera zvaro, uye nei kurukurirano yakati pamusoro pezvigaro zvaF kana kuti mugariro wadzoro wamasimba ayo anozvidzosera.

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Chikamu 5 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba “Kuumba Mari, Kudzora Ukoshi hwayo, uye hweKoin yokumwe, uye kugadzira Sheder of Weights and Mages.” Ichi chitsama, chakabatanidzwa neChibvumirano chaIdinei neFanet Clause Clause (Clause 18), chinopa Congress directment yakafara kuumba masangano ndokupfuudza mitemo inoigonesa kushandisa aya masimba emari nenzira inobudirira. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, ichi chiremera chapamutemo chave chiri chiteshi chepamutemo cheFederal Reserve Act of 191373, icho chakasika Federal Reservel Sy. Fed . jumigreme . $maxissigdable trans nemists shoborst yemists shoborst yemis transwo yokushandisa mari nemis, uye ukama hwayoseidzorongedzero yemitemo yakaitwa kubva pamitemo yakaitwa, uye kudare rezvematongerwopurestituro.

Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakaumba sei Federal Reserve nomufambiro waro wemiitiro yemari. Tichanzvera nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo rebhangi rapakati muUnited States, gakava renhau rakatungamirira kukusikwa kweFid, ganhuriro dzapamutemo pamabasa aro, uye revo dzenguva ino dzeiyi mavambo ebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, tinovavarira kugovera nzwisiso huru yechikonzero nei Federal Reserve ichishanda sezvainoita (neicho nei kurukurirano dzemitemo inopfuurira kubuda mukurukurirano pamusoro pechinjo yemari, Fed kuzvimirira, uye ganhuriro dzesimba renyika.

Tsigiro yeConstitution nokuda kwokubhangisa Central Bank muUnited States

Bumbiro reMitemo haribvumiri zvakajeka kuumbwa kwebhangi guru. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinobvumira masimba akaverengwa kuCongress, neTenth Amendment ichichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Nhau yokuti Kondirasi ingagona kubvumira bhangi renyika yose (naizvozvo), bhangi guru rapamberi penyika (newedzero), rakakakavadzana zvinotyisa muRepublic yapakuvamba. Chisarudzo chekurukurirano iyoyo chakagadza muenzaniso unopfuurira kuumba Federal Reserve nhasi.

Nyaya I, Chikamu 8: Masimba eDare reMonetary

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakakomba dzinowirirana neFederal Reserve dzinowanikwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Kupfuura chitsama chemari, Congress inewo simba rokukwereta mari pachikwereti cheUnited States, kudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe napakati pehurumende dzinoverengeka (Chommerce Claus), uye kuita mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuita kuti masimba achangobva kududzwa aurawe. Pamwe chete, iyi mitsetse inogovera hwaro hwakafara hwapamutemo hwebhangi guru rinogona kupa mari, kudzora gadziriro yemitero yenyika, uye migariro yechikwereti.

Nenzira inokosha, Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidzawo zvakajeka kubva mukuumba mari, kubudisa zvikwereti zvechikwereti, kana kuti kuita chinhu chipi nechipi kunze kwendarama nesirivha mari pfupi mukubhadharwa kwezvikwereti (Artle I, Chikamu 10). Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti chiremera chemari mutoro wehurumende, kubvisa nyongano yemari dzehurumende yakanga yatambudza nhambo yeKostance. Federal Reserve, sebhangi guru renyika, rinoshanda mukati mouku kugadzirwa kwemari kwomubatanidzwa.

Chinokosha uye Chakafanira chaClaus Namasimba Akashandiswa

Mumutengo weFederal Reserve. Muedzo weMariccolch v. Maryland [1819], Mutongi John Marshall [1819] akatsigira kuti Communist akanga ane masimba akarongwa zvakajeka kupfuura ayo akarongwa muBumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yakamuka kubva kuFederal Reserve. [FLT] MCloch , mutungamiriri weFed. Dare rakatonga kuti bhangi rakanga riri “mutengo uye nzira yakafanira yokutakura nayo masimba eDare akarongwa muPurongwa hwemitemo, uye kutora mari yemitero, kunyange zvazvo pasina kukwereta mari, uye kutengesa kwakadaro kwakadudzwa mubumbiro remitemo.

Iyi nheyo yamasimba anorehwa inheyo yebumbiro remitemo pairi panzvimbo payo Federal Reserve. Apo Congress yakapfuudza Federal Reserve Act muna 1913, yakatsamira pamurangariro mumwe chetewo: kugadzira bhangi rapakati rakanga riri chishandiso chakakodzera uye chinobetsera nokuda kwokushandisa chiremera charo chebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pemari, chikwereti, uye gadziriro yokubhangi. Kutevera mhaka dzeDare Rapamusorosoro, dzakadai se United States v. Butler [1993] na Wickard v. Filburn [1942]), yakawedzerazve ukurusarira mberi ukukura kwesimba renyika pasi peClaus, ichigovera kutsigirwa kwomutemo wemitemo yebasa renyika yose mumite yemari.

Nhoroondo: Kubva kuBank Rokutanga Kuenda kuFederal Reserve Act

Kunzwisisa pesvedzero yebumbiro remitemo paFederal Reserve, kunobetsera kunzwisisa mhindumupindu yenhau yebhangi rapakati muUnited States.

Mabhangi Okutanga neeechipiri eUnited States

Alexander Hamilton, soMunyori weTreasure, akakarakadza Bank rokutanga reUnited States muna 1791. Iye akarangarira kuti Kudikanwa kweBumbiro remitemo neFanity Claus yakabvumira Congress kugadzira bhangi renyika sechishandiso chokutarisira mari yorudzi. Thomas Jefferson naJames Madison vakashora bhangi, vachiitirana nharo kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo harina kupa Hurumende iyoyo. George Washington akatsigira Hamilton, akasaina bhangi mumutemo. Bhangi rokutanga rakashanda kusvikira bhishopu yaroma yaro yarosarwa muna 1811, achigadza muenzaniso wokubatanidzwa kwehurumende mubhangi.

Dare reChipiri reUnited States rakanyoreswa muna 1816, pashure pekubviswa kwezvemari kweHondo ya1812. Kupesana kwaro kwebumbiro remitemo kwakadenhwa zvakare, asi chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muna Mcloch v. Maryland yakasimbisa kuti Congress yaigona kubvumira bhangi. Zvisinei, Andrew Jackson, mushori mukuru weBhangi reChipiri, akaita kuti rive redictive restatitution raro muna 1832, achiramba kuti rakanga risiri reconstituation uye kuti masimba ayo akanga asati ari “akafanira uye akakodzera chete” asi akakodzera. Jacksons devo nokuparara kweBhandi yeChipiri yeUnited States pasina kuva nebhanki repakati ramakore 80.

Kutya kwa19907 uye Kudiwa Kwokuchinja Zvinhu

Kushayikwa kwebhangi repakati kwakaparira nhevedzano yekangaidziko dzemari, zvikurukuru Panic ya 1907, iyo yakafumura kusashanda zvakanaka kwegadziriro yemari yehurumende yokubhangi yenyika. Mumhinduro, Congress yakatanga National Monetary Commission, iyo yakafunda gadziriro dzepakati dzebhangi muEurope ndokurumbidza kuumbwa kwebhangi repakati. Federal Reserve Act ye1973 yakanga iri purojeti yekurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo. Vatsigiri vakataura kuti bhizimisi reBumbiro reMitekiso nemasimba emari zvinoruramisa kuumbwa kwegadziriro yemitengidzo yemitengidzo kuti igove kugovera mari inonakidzwa, pedzero yezvokutengeserana, pedzero yezvokutengeserana, uye kushanda somubhangi wechipo yokupedzisira. Vatsorori, vanodzokorodza dare ramatongetepfenya simba rePreji.

Congress pakupedzisira yakapfuudza chiito chacho, uye Purezidhendi Woodrow Wilson akachisaina mumutemo. Federal Reserve System yakagadzirwa sebhengi rapakati rakafanira(Federal , iko kunobvumiranisa mamiriro ezvinhu pakati peavo vaitya simba rehurumende naavo vaida chiremera chemari chakasimba. Gadziriro yacho yaibatanidza gumi namaviri eFederal Reserve Banks, Board of Gavanars muWashington, D.C., uye Federal Open Market Komiti (FHOMC), iyo inoisa miraudzo yemari. Chivako ichi chakaratidzira pamutemo pamusoro pekudzoresaidzo yehurumende pamusoro pekudzo inodzorwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokuchengeta basa rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenzvimbo nemiririro yeruwa.

Masangano eMitemo neMasimba eFederal Reserve

Federal Reserve Act, seyakagadziridzwa, inoronga vavariro nemasimba zvaFed. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingarayiri nharidzano dzakananga, rinogadza gadziriro umo Congress inotumira chiremera kuNguva. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare ranatsiridza murairo weFed, zvikurukuru negadziridzo dza 1977 dzakaumba murairo uviri.

Kuronga: Basa Rakawanda Nemibayiro Isingakuvadzi

Federal Reserve inowanzorondedzerwa se “chirevo chapamutemo”: kusimudzira basa rakakwirira nemitengo inodzikama. Ichi chirevo chinobva muchiremera chebumbiro remitemo cheCongress chokudzora mari yezvokutengeserana nemari. Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo harisati richidudza basa kana kuti dzikamo yemutengo, asi Congress yakatsunga kuti zvinangwa zvakadaro zviri madikanwa kuita masimba ayo anorongwa. Chiratidzo chamativi maviri iratidzirwo rwenheyo dzapamutemo dzedzikamo yemari negarikano yose zvayo.

Mubasa, Fed anorondedzera “basa gurusa” semwero wakakwirira zvikurusa webasa rinowirirana nokukwira kwemitengo kunotsiga.“ Mitengo yakatemwa” inowanzorondedzerwa somwero wemitengo yokukwira kwemitengo 2% munguva refu, sezvinoyerwa neEnical Consumpliture Expenditures (PCE) rendicero yemutengo. Zvishandiso zveFed zvemari zvinoshandiswa kupesvedzera miuyo nemari uye kugoverwa kwemari murongedzero dzeidzidzi. Ruramisiro yezviito dzinopauro dzinoparirwa papfungwa yokuti Dare rePrejissss rinopa chiremera chokushandisa ganhuriro yemari mukati medzero dzomutemo.

Kuzvimirira Kwechipembere uye Kutarisira Kwemagungano

Humwe hwemativi anoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa echimiro chebumbiro remitemo cheFederal Reserve kuzvimirira kwayo. Fed harisi dhipatimendi redare; isangano rakazvimirira mukati mehurumende. zvisarudzo zvaro pamusoro pomuitiro wemari hazvisati zviri pasi petendero yakananga naPrezidhendi kana kuti Congress, kunyange zvazvo mitezo yaro ichigadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, uye Congress inogona kuvandudza Federal Reserve Act panguva ipi neipi.

Uku kuzvimirira kwakavakirwa munheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzeparadzano yamasimba nenzvero nedzikamo. Vatangi vakanzwisisa kuti kudzora mari nechikwereti kungagona kuva pasi pekudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokuvhara bhangi rapakati padzvinyiriro dzenhambo pfupi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, Fed inogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamigariro yemari panzvimbo pezvidzokorodzo zvehurumende. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Bumbiro remitemo rinoda kuti simba rose rehurumende rishandiswe mukati megadziriro yokuzvidavirira. Mishumo yeFed yenguva dzose kuCongress, kutaura kwayo kwemari kunodzorwa, uye vakuru vakuru varo vanopupurira pamberi pematare anotarisira.

Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kuzvimirira kwaFed mumativi anoverengeka, kunyange zvazvo rakasimbisawo simba reCongress rokuchinja kana kuti kunyange kuparadza sangano racho. Mu Lovach v. United States [1988] uye dzimwe nhau, Dare rakaziva kuti Dare ringapa chiremera kumasangano epabumbiro rebazu chero bedzi richigovera nheyo inowirirana kutungamirira zviito zvavo. Federal Reserve Act inobatira senheyo iyoyo inotungamirira.

Mitemo Yemitemo Pamutemo Womutemo

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo richipa nheyo yepamutemo yeFederal Reserve, rinoisawo miganhu. izvi zvinokonzerwa neBill of Rights, chirongwa chehurumende, uye nheyo yemuitiro wakakodzera.

Kutora Claus uye Kuisa Mitemo Yemari Pachinhu Chimwe

Kutora kwaGandment yeFindre Expression kwairambidza kutora zvinhu zvemunhu oga nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu pasina muripo, kwave kuchikumbirwa panhambo nenhambo mudenho kumabasa eFederal Reserve. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yakadai sokuwedzera (kutengwa kwemari yakawanda) yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwemari ingagona kuderedza uye kuderedza simba rokutenga mari. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakarangarira kana miuyo yakadaro ichiumba “kutora” zvinhu. Matare akarangarira nguva dzose kuti miitiro yemitengo yemari inotapura ukoshi hwemari yose zvayo haisi inokwana kutora mari, nemhaka yokuti ishandisiswa kwapamutemo kwamasimba emari eDare reHurumende. Zvisinei, nheyo yemitemo inobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti F inofanira kushanda mukati muganhu yenzvimbo yacho yepfuma.

Kurongwa Kwakafanira uye Kuitwa Kwokutonga KweFederal Reserve

Dare reNhevedzo reFederal Reserve reSendment rinonzi The Screate Claus rinoshandawo kuFederal Reserve parinopa mitemo inotapura mabhangi, masangano ezvemari, uye vanhu. Fedd inofanira kutevera muitiro wokutarisira, inogovera chiziviso nebanza zvetsinhiro, uye iva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yaro haisi yokuzvidira kana kuti yokuchinja. Somuenzaniso, apo Fad inoisa zvinodikanwa zvemasero kana kuti zvinoshandisa kuedza kudzvinyirira, inofanira kuita kudaro nenzira inowirirana nemitemo yemitemo yetsika yaanodzora. Nepo izvi zvinodiwa zvisiri zvechidiro cheFid, zvinobuda muvimbiso yomutemo yokururama.

Chirefu Nezvivako Zvomunharaunda Zvechikwata

Chivako chebumbiro remitemo chinopesvedzera kushanda kwaFed munzira dzamanomano zvikuru. MaFederal Reserve Bank ane gumi namaviri akaumbwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wemari unoratidzira migariro yemari yakasiana - siana munyika yose. bhangi rimwe nerimwe reruwa rine purezidhendi anotora rutivi mumisangano yeFOMC uye rinogovera murangariro wenharaunda. Iyi gadziriro inowirirana inoratidzira chishuvo chavadzori kudzivirira simba munzvimbo imwe. Irowo rinowirirana nenheyo iyo inotaura nenharaunda ine inzwi muhurumende yorudzi yezvemari.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Dzebumbiro reMitemo Dzakapoteredza Chipatara Chamapuraneti

Nhau idzi dzinowanzonyanya kutaura nezvokuti kukurumidzira kweFederal Reserve kunopa chiremera, basa rayo mumitemo yenhau, uye kujeka kwemabasa aro.

Kutsvaka Muchikamu 13(3)

Panguva yakaitika zvinetso zvemari ya2008, Feded akakumbira urongwa husingawanzoshandisiwi hweFederal Reserve Act h(3) 13(3) kuti akwerete masangano ezvemari asiri emahombe, akadai semabhangi ezvemari uye mapepa ezvokutengeserana. Chinodikanwa cheBumbiro reMitemo chekuti kukweretesa kwakabva muCongress pamusoro penhau yokuti kukweretesa kwakadaro kwaibatanidzwa nemari yavose pasina kutenderwa. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kuzviisa kwemitemo yePrositemu ya2010 yakaisirwa mishato mitsva paChikamu 13(3), kukumbira kuti Fropsss atenderwe kuti pave negadziriro dzokukwereta mari dzinotsigirwa panzvimbo yemakambani. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kunetseka kwepamutemo pamusoro penyika dzinoparadza nyika nemitemo yeBhindi.

Mu DEutsche Bank National Trust Co. v. Federal Reserve Bank yeNew York (2013) nedzimwe nhau, matare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji chiremera chekurumidziro cheFid chinopa chiremera, kududza chisarudzo chakafara chakapiwa neCongress. Zvisinei, kusagadzikana kwebumbiro remitemo kunoramba kuripo: kuzvimirira kwaFed mumuitiro wemari kunofanira kudzikamiswa mukurwisana nekodzero yeChurchy kubvumira kushandisa nokurondedzera ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende.

Kurerutsa Kunoita Vari Kuyaruka uye Bumbiro Remitemo

Chisarudzo chaFed chokutenga zvitsama zvikuru zvezvisungo zvehurumende nemubatanidzwa wemari inodzorwa pashure pa2008/84 uye zvakare mukati medenda reCOVID-19 yakamutsawo gakava rebumbiro remitemo remitemo. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuisa muganhu pakati pemari nemitemo yemari, nenzira inobudirira kubvumira Hurumende kubhadhara mari pasina mvumo yepamutemo. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti Fed iri kushandisa chiremera chayo chebumbiro remitemo kudzora kugoverwa kwemari uye kuti Komisheni itsigiriki inoita kuti zvisarumbiso izvi zvibvumire kubhadhara mhindu panzvimbo inochengeterwa mari.

Kusvikira panguva ino, hapana dare rakamisa purogiramu inoderedza purogiramu seyaisafanira kutongwa, asi kukurukurirana kwacho kunosimbisa kukosha kunoramba kuchiita kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yepamutemo mumitemo yemari.

Kudhinda nokuda kwegirazi rinooneka

Mumwe musoro webumbiro remitemo ndewokuoneka. Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment kwekutaura nenhau, pamwe chete nenheyo yokuzvidavirira kwehurumende, zvisakiso zvinoraira kuti pave nokuoneka kukuru. Muna 1993, Dare rapamusoro rakaitirwa mu Féderal Open Market Committee v. Merrill[[FLD:1]] kuti FOMC haina kudikanwa kuzivisa chisarudzo chayo chenguva dzose nokukurumidza, asi chinjo dzinotevera dzakawedzera kusununguka kweFed. Nhasi, Fedroad inobudisa maminiti emusangano, mabumbiro emari, uye mapepa ane makore mashanu anononoka. Vamwe vatsoropote kuti kuoneka kukuru kunodikanwa kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwedeokrame; vamwe vanodzivisa zvikuru kuoneka kwapa muganhu kugona kukura muganhu uku.

Bumbiro Remitemo Nenguva Yemberi Renyika Inochengeterwa Vakwegura

Somuenzaniso, kumuka kwemadhigineti anonyadzisira kunotanga nyaya dzine chokuita nesimba reCongress rokuumba mari uye kana Fid ichikwanisa kupa mari yemari yebhangi (CBDC) pasi pomutemo uripo. Vatsigiri vehurumende vakamutsa zvinetso zveCwechinai pamusoro pokuongorora uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko mugadziriro yemitengo.

Nenzira yakafanana, zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja kupesana kweFed − zvakadai sokuisa mutemo wemari waizobatanidza miuyo nemuitiro wakadai semuitiro webumbiro remitemo pamusoro penhume dzesimba remitemo. Kana Congress yaizoganhurira uchenjeri hweFed zvakanyanyosimba, kungaonekwa sokutyora chiremera chehurumende; kana ukatumira zvakanyanyowanda, kungagona kuputsa dzidziso isingatenderwi, inoda kuti Dare ripe nheyo yakajeka. Chisarudzo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mukudzorerazve dare rehurumende chingakarakadza kuti nhau dzenguva yemberi dzeProfesa dzingagona kuedza miganhuro yokuzvitonga kwaro zvaro.

Mugumisiro: Sangano reBumbiro reMitemo nokuda Kwemari Inochinja

Federal Reserve System ichibereko cheBumbiro reMitemo rakaitwa pasi pamasimba anorongwa neCongress, akaumbwa nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, uye achidzorwa namaruramiro omunhu oga nehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richiraira udzame hwegadziriro yemari, asi rinopa mitemo yomutambo umo Fed inofanira kushanda. Kuvambira pabhangi raAlexander Hamilton kusvikira kuFOMC yazvino uno, nheyo dzapamutemo dzechekero nedzinodzikano, masimba anorehwa, uye kuzvidavirira zvakatungamirira kushanduka - shanduka kwemari yeAmerica nechikwereti.

Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, Fed ichapfuurira kutarisana nenzvero yebumbiro remitemo. Chingava nhau yacho iri kukweretesa, mari yemadhigirii, kana kuti miganhu yokuzvimirira kwayo, Bumbiro reMitemo richaramba riri gwaro rehwaro iro zvose zviri zviviri rinopa simba nokuganhurira chiremera chemari cheUnited States. Kunzwisisa iyi nhaka yebumbiro remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kubata basa reFederal Reserve mugadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende.

For further reading, see the Federal Reserve’s official overview of its structure, the Constitution Annotated’s analysis of the coinage clause, the text of McCulloch v. Maryland, and the United States v. Butler decision on the spending power. These sources provide deeper insight into the constitutional issues discussed above.