Kunetseka Kusingaperi: Simba Rinorwisana Nouchangamire Hwehurumende muAmerica

Nyika yeAmerica yakavakirwa padzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasanorongwa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende 50. Iyi haisati iri zvayo chinyorwa chenhau asi chipenyu, nguva dzose ikurukurirano inoitwa kuti igadzirire chinhu chiri chose kubva kumuganhu wekumhanya pamugwagwa womunzvimbomo kusvikira kukuchengetwa kwemiraudzo yemhoteredzo mukondinendi. Kunzwisisa iyi ganhuriro yechiremera inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mutemo unoitwa sei, kuti mitemo inodenhwa sei, uye kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei muUnited States. Chivako, chakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo, chinoitirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba, asi muganhu chaiwo pakati pehurumende nehurumende wave uri manyuko ekurukurirano chifo chekuvamba kwenyika.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nedzidziso

Kurwisa pamusoro pesimba guru iro hurumende yenyika inofanira kuita kuti Bumbiro reMitemo risaitike. Zvikamu zveConfederation, chinyorwa chokutanga chinodzora chenyika, zvakaumba hurumende yapakati isina simba yaisagona kutera mutero, kudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kuchengeta uto rakamira nenzira inobudirira. Uku kuedza munenge musero yezvosero yehurumende kunofanira kuva kusingashandi, kuchitungamirira kuGungano reFiladelphia ra1787. Vagadziri, kubatanidza James Madison naAlexander Hamilton, vakagadzira gadziriro yakanga iri nzvimbo yapakati: hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, namamwe masimba ose anochengeterwa kunyika kana kuti vanhu.

Mapepa Anorongwa Nevanhu Sechirongwa Chisina Kutsarukana

Ruramisiro youngwaru nokuda kweiyi boka resimba inoratidzwa mu Federalist Papers, zvikurukuru Federal list No. 45 naU. 46. Madison akarangarira kuti masimba ehurumende aizova "ashoma uye anorondedzerwa," nepo aya enyika aizova "ane nhamba neasingagumi". Izvi zvakarehwa kuvimbisa vatsigiri veAnti-Federalist avo vaitya, chiremera chorudzi chine simba chaizoparadza maruramiro enyika. Chivako chakasika uchangamire huviri: hurumende yorudzi yakakwirira zvikurusa mumabhora ayo, nezviito zvakakwirira. Uyu mumuenzaniso wakakwirira zvikuru. Uyu "mubatanidzwa wehurumende yomunyika inogaro", pane dzimwe nguva, uchienzaniswa nechikamu chikuru chezana ramakore rechi19.

Penjere Rechigumi Nesimba Rezvichengetedzo

Nheyo youchangamire hwehurumende inodzivirirwa zvakajeka ne menduru [:

“ Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.”

Iyi gadziridzo haisati iri chibvumikiso chesimba kuhurumende; mutemo wokuvaka. Inojekesa kuti simba ripi neripi risati rapiwa zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende, uye harina kurambwa kuhurumende, rakaramba riripo nehurumende. Irori razova hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwechiremera chehurumende pamusoro pedzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, mutemo wezvinhu, uye utano hwavanhu, pakati pedzimwe nharaunda.

Kugadzirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Remasimba Ehurumende Nehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshandisa mapoka makuru matatu kugovera chiremera: chakarongwa, chakabatana, uye chakachengetwa. Kunzwisisa aya mapoka kunokosha kukunzvera rwisano ipi neipi yehurumende.

Ane Simba Rakasimbiswa, Akashandiswa, uye Ane Simba Achiripo

  • Masimba akaverengwa (kana kuti Akagoverwa): Aya akarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Anobatanidza simba rokuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora nyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe, uye kutanga hofisi yepositi.
  • Masimba anoshandiswa:[[FT:1] Akabva ku [[FT:2] Nesarudzo neSano Claus [ (Nyanganiswa I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), Dare rine simba rokuita mitemo yose iri "yepamutemo neyakafanira" yokuita masimba aro akarongwa. Chikamu ichi chakava hwaro hwewedzero hurusa yemubatanidzwa wenyika, kuvambira pakugadza bhangi renyika yose kudzora chinenge chikamu chiri chose chemari.
  • Masimba azvino uno: Aya masimba anogoveranwa navose vari vaviri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza simba remutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kuisa mitemo. Apo masimba azvino uno anoshandiswa panguva imwe cheteyo, ukuru hwehurumende hunogona kutamba kana pane rwisano yakananga.
  • Masimba akachengetwa: Masimba ose asina kupiwa kuUnited States kana kuti kuhurumende akarambidzwa kunzvimbo akachengetwa kunyika. Ikoku kunobatanidza murairo wezvokutengeserana zvenyika, kuitisa sarudzo, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye kuchengeta zvikoro zvavose.

Kufurwa Nemakoko

Claus [ (Mathyle VI, Claus 2) muitiro wakakomba wokupedza rwisano pakati pomutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende.

“ Iyi Bumbiro reMitemo, uye Mitemo yeUnited States ichaitwa muPurosa yaro; uye Tsamba dzose dzinoitwa, kana kuti dzichaitwa, muChiremera cheUnited States, dzichava Mutemo mukurusa weNyika; uye Vatongi muHurumende iri yose vachasungwa nenzira iyoyo, Mutezo upi noupi muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti Mitemo ipi neipi yeHurumende kusvikira Kunopesana.”

Apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unovapo. Ikoku kunozivikanwa se dandadziro. Kusunungurwa kunogona kuratidzirwa (Chorever zvakajeka inoreva kuti mutemo wehurumende) kana kuti unorehwa (mutemo wehurumende unoregwa zvikuru zvokuti hausiyi nzvimbo nokuda kwemirairo yenyika, kana kuti kungava kusingabviri nokuda kwebato kuwirirana nemitemo yose iri miviri). Dzidziso yacho yave iri chinhu chikuru munharaunda dzakafanana nokutama, mutemo wemhoteredzo, uye chibereko chemitengo, umo mipimo yenyika inowirirana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inorwisana nokuedza kwehurumende.

Kuchinja KwechiFederalism Mukufamba Kwenguva

Zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau uye kutonga kweDare Repamusorosoro zvakachinja chiremera chehurumende zvinoshamisa.

Kubva Pakubatana Kuenda Kumubatanidzwa Wenzanga

The New Deance yema1930 yakanga iri translate. Dare guru pakutanga rakaputsa mapurogiramu akawanda New Deac sechiremera chakakwirira cheCongress pasi peChoom Claus, asi pashure po "slotch munguva yakaponesa mapfumbamwe," Dare rakavamba kuwirirana nokuraviwa kwechikamu cheCongress. Ikoku kwakazarura suo nokuda kwokukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende. Rekopote yehurumende re "rayer keke" renyika mbiri dzakapa nzira ku "counic conic conicismism," kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzerwa se "keke yokugadzira," umo dare, uye hurumende yomunzvimbomo inobatira pamwero mubatanidzwa mumibatanidzwa.

Great Society Nokumuka KwechiFiscal Federalism

Lyndon Johnson weGreat Society yama 1960 akakurumidzisa iyi kombamiro kupfurikidza ne unani hwehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakavamba kupa mari yemari nechero kuhurumende, ine tambo dzakabatanidzwa. Manyika aizogamuchira mari yedzidzo, migwagwa, kana kuti tarisiro youtano mukutsinhana nokuda kwewirirano nemipimo yehurumende. Ikoku kwakabvumira hurumende yenyika kushandisa pesvedzero huru munharaunda idzo dzaichimbova nzvimbo dzehurumende, dzakadai sedzidzo nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, kunwa kushomanene kwenyika yezera ramakore 21 kwakaiswa nenzira inobudirira pamitengo yose kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kubhadharo yemugwagwa kuti itevedzerwe.

Dare reRehnquist neDmvolution

Muma1990 namavambo ama 2000, Dare Rapamusoro-soro pasi poMutongi Mukuru William Rehnquist rakaedza kudzosa simba rehurumende. Nhevedzano yezvisarudzo (mutoo, United States] v.Lopez, [[FLT]] Printz v. United States[FLT][FON]] [FOLT]]) yakaisa miganhu mitsva paCongress Congress Claisenceicee nesimba rinodzivirira uchangamire kubva kumurairo wehurumende kana kuti gadziriro dzehurumende. Iri "New Federal" rakaona Dare richirova zvikamu zveGun-Free Countles Act neRM yokurwisana naMadoult Acts panzvimbo dzehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare rapashure rakasiya simba iri risingabvumirwi namashoko anote.

Kupinza Zvikuru Musimba Guru Nerwisano

Kudzivirira Nyika Nenhau Dzedzimwe Nyika

Hurumende yehurumende ine simba rehurumende pamusoro pedziviriro yenyika. Nyika hadzigoni kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuzivisa hondo, kana kuti kuchengeta mauto akamira. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinoita basa kupfurikidza namauto adzo eNational Guard, anogona kuiswa mubatanidzwa nokuda kwemishoni yenyika. Nhamo dzinomuka apo hurumende yehurumende inotsvaka kushandisa zviwanikwa zvehurumende zvokuchengetesa vagari vemo kuti vasapinda munyika, sezvinoonekwa muhondo dzepamutemo pa "guta reSantarcuary" miraudzo. Nhau ndeyokuti hurumende yehurumende inogona kumanikidza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kutungamirira mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika (Dare rakati hapana mutemo wehurumende mu ] Pritz. United States]).

Kutengeserana Kwenyika Nekudzorwa Kwemari

Commerce Claus (Njeresa, Chikamu 8, Claus 3) ndiro manyuko mamwe ane simba zvikurusa echiremera chehurumende, anoshandiswa kudzora chinhu chiri chose kuvambira kumwero yenjanji kusvikira kumigariro yebasa. Nokuda kwezana ramakore rechi20, Dare rakakududzira chose chose kubvumira Congress kudzora mubato upi noupi ne "chinotanhamariso" pakutengeserana kwomubatanidzwa. Uku kurangarira kwakabvumira murairo wekugadzirwa kwegorosi nokuda kwokushandiswa kwomunhu oga ([[FLT:]]] Wickard v. Flur.) uye chinodikanwa chokutenga choutano ([FLD]][FF]][5][5][FFFF]][5]]

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokupiwa Mabasa

v. Board of Education (1954) inoramba iri muenzaniso mukuru wemitemo yehurumende inodzora kodzero dzinokosha. Dare rakaramba kuti muganhu wehurumende wakapfuudzwa parudzi muzvikoro zvehurumende wakaputsa kuva Nhevedzo ye 144 yePuncince's Development. Iyi chisarudzo chakamutsa kupesana kukuru mune dzimwe nyika dzekumaodzanyemba, kuchitungamirira kukupindira kwehurumende, kubatanidza Kodzero dzeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChiviko cha194649 uye chiRevotion Act ya 1965. Nhasi, anotaura kuti pari pakati penhau dzekodzero dzokuvhotera. Mitemo inobvumira pamusoro pekuvhotera kwapakuvamba, kuvhotera, uye kushata. Hurumende yehurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neDare reSanihesitimoni remitemo, inogona kudenha kana ichi chitemwa pahwa panhau yenhau yenhau kana kuti kuvhomedzerwa panhau yokwa pamutemo.[5] Mitevero inodzo inodzo inodzosera kurudyi yemitemo: [3]

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Kungwarira kwezveutano imhaka huru. Act yeyamuro yeInishuwarenzi youtano ya2010 yakaita gadziriro huru yehurumende yeinishuwarenzi youtano, asi yakatsamira zvikuru pabatira pamwe yehurumende. Dare guru rakagovera nokuda kwokukura kweMedicaid, purogiramu yeinishuwarenzi yehurumende yezvoutano yehurumende nokuda kwavanhu vakaderera. Mu NFIB v. Sebelius, Dare gurusa rakatonga kuti hurumende yehurumende yehurumende haingagoni kutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose iripo inodzorwa kubva kunyika idzo dzinoramba kuwedzerwa kurudzwa kwepurogiramu. Iyi yakapa chisarudzo chokuwedzera. Kuramba zvakanaka, nyika dzinoramba, dzinoita basa, dzinobatanidza, mamiriro ezvinhu adzo, mabhizimisi, mazazamukero, magoroko, magoro ezvo, anodzoro anoshandiswa pamusoro pemijeko, mishonga.

Kunyoresa Pamutemo: Kurwisana Kunopfuurira

Zvichida rwisano inooneka zvikurusa yepanguva ino imhaka yembanje. Chifo cha 1970, mutemo wehurumende wakarangarira mbanje sechisakiso chaMabasa I chinodzorwa, kuita kuti ive chigadzirwa chayo, kuparadzira, uye kuva nayo kusiri pamutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, mu2023, nyika dzinopfuura 20 dzakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandisa nhanda, uye dzinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana kwakananga. Nepo Department yeRuramende pasi pevaramisiri iripo yaramba zvikuru kuisa muganhu wenyika inodzorwa kupfurikidza nomutemo unozivikanwa seCole Mee nomutsivi wayo), mabhizimisi anoramba kupfurikidza nechinjo yapamutemo. Mabhizimisi ehurumende anoramba kushandisa gadziriro inotongeidzo dzinoshanda apo nyika dzinotonga kuirwisa, uye anoisa simba kupfurikidza nokuchinja chiremera chomutemo kana kuti chinjo yomutemo. [5]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Dzinokanganisa Magariro Avanhu Nhasi

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokuchinja Kwemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inopokanidzwa zvikuru. Nyika dzinogadza mipimo yenyika pasi pemitemo seCeake Air Act. Nyika dzine mutoro wokushandisa mipimo iyi kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvehurumende. Zvisinei, kufanana neCalifornia ine chiremera chaicho pasi peCheaty Air Act kuti iise mipimo inodzoreka zvikuru yemotokari, simba rakashorwa nehurumende. Kana hurumende yehurumende ichidzokera shure mitemo yemhoteredzo yapasi (muchimbishiyo, simba kana kuti motokari) inowanzodzivisa kuchinja kana kuti kugamuchira mitemo yayo inodzorwa nemitemo yakakomba yehurumende, kana kuti mamiriro okunze echitoro akakomba angadzorera basa rebasa rinowana bhizimisi rinonetsa bhizimisi.

Kutamira kune imwe nyika: Kupopotedzana kwaChangamire

Kutora nzvimbo inharaunda yechinodokuva chiremera chapamutemo chakakwana, asi zviito zvehurumende nomunzvimbomo nguva dzose zvinoparira rwisano. Nyika dzakagadza mitemo yakaitirwa kuodza kutama kusiri kwapamutemo, zvakadai sokuda kuchengetwa kwehurumende nomutemo womunzvimbomo kunzvera mugariro wokutama (g., SB 1070, mativi acho akaparadzwa neDare repamusorosoro mu ] Arizona v. United States )). Munguva ino, "anctuary" mativi anoganhurira batira pamwero yavo nokuchengetwa kwehurumende. Mubvunzo mukuru ndiwo mwero uyo ungagona kutora rutivi uye pesvedzero muitiro uyo mabumbiro emitemo muhurumende yenyika. Chinetsoro chinenge chinoramba chiri nhau yenhau yeAmerica.

Utano Hwevanhu Vose Nesimba Renjodzi

, denda reCOVID-19 rakaisa mirayiridzo yehurumende mumisoro mikuru. Hurumende yehurumende payakanga yabudisa nhungamiro uye yakagovera mari nokuda kwemishonga neyamuro yezvemari ( CARES Act), nyika dzakava nemhosva yokubudisa mirayiro yepamusha, mirayiro yemabhakitire, uye mitemo yokuvhara bhizimisi. Izvi zvakatungamirirawo kuzvinetso zvepamutemo pamusoro pemasangano ekurumidziro avana vagavhuna uye kana mirayiro yezvoutano yomunzvimbomo ingagona kubvisa nhungamiro yemubatanidzwa wehurumende kana kuti kodzero dzemitemo. Chirwerevo chakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti marabhodhi ehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi chakaratidzawo chitambudzo chokuita kuti nyika yose ipedzirwe.

Kukurukurirana Kusingaperi

Dzikamo yamasimba ehurumende nehurumende haisati iri nhamba yakatsiga yemasvomhu. Iro ikurukurirano yokufema inoratidzira mipimo, zvinodikanwa, uye zvokutanga zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenhambo imwe neimwe. Kubva pakurukurirano pamusoro pouranda nekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kunharo dzazvino uno pamusoro poutano nemhoteredzo, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kurwisana nemubvunzo: idenderedzwai rehurumende rakanakisisa kubata nenhau yakati? Iwewewewewete permende ne Suprecy Clausleace ndirots yemagconst, asi simba riri pakati pazvo rinoramba richichinja nguva dzose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vemo, kunzwisisa iri simba harisiro basa rokudzidzira. [F] Nhesterono hurusa yenhau dzinogoverwa.[3]