Sumo: Chiratidzo Chorugare Noutongi

Chibvumirano cheGood Weshanu, chinozivikanwa nenzira yakanyorerwa seBelfast Agreement, chakasainwa pana 10 April 1998 uye chinomira sechimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikurusa muchisarudzo cherwisano yazvino uno. Chakagumisa rwisano yemasekete yakareba matatu inozivikanwa seNhamo, iyo yakanga yauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 uye yakasiya mavanga akadzika midzi enzanga. Kupfuura kumira kwomoto, chibvumirano chacho chakagadza gadziriro inogara nguva refu nokuda kwehurumende yeNorthern Ireland yakavakirwa pasimba, batira pamwero yemuchinjikwa, uye kodzero dzavanhu dzinokosha. Makore makumi maviri mashanu-shanu padziviri padziviri, inopfuurira kuumba mavarapikirwo ezveridziko rezvamatongerwe enyika, ichigovera zvose zviri zviviri chigadziko nokuda kwezvinetsoro zvinopfuurira.

Mavambo Nemashoko Akapoteredza

Mavambo Ezvinetso

Northern Ireland yakaitwa muna 1921 muGurukota reIreland Act, ichiparadzanisa chitsuwa kuva nharaunda yePurotesitendi zvikurukuru yeruwa muchamhembe nenharaunda yeKaturike yourudzi kumaodzanyemba. Kuvambira pamavambo acho, nyika yeNorthern Ireland yakaratidzirwa nokusarura muvaKaturike vashoma mudzimba, basa, uye kumiririrwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo dzehurumende dzevashakabvu dzenguva dza1960, dzanyandurwa nerwisano yenyika yose nokuda kwokuenzana, dzakasangana nechishoro chamasimba masimba kubva kumapoka ekuvimbika nemhinduro huru inobva kuRoyal Ulster Contabulary. Ikoku kwakanyandura kumuka kweNhamo yeNhamo muna 1969, rwisano yaibatanidza mauto eRiphabliki reRGy (pamberi reIdra), mauto akavimbika, uye mauto eBritain aidzokororo yakaitwa nokupfurwa kwehondo, pasina kupfurwa kwehurumende yavagari vehurumende, uye kupfura.

Nzira Yokunzwa Kuchinzwika

Pakasvika ma1990, ndyiko dzomunhu nedzemari dzerwisano dzakanga dzava dzisingadzoreki. Zvikurukuru zvakavanzika pakati pehurumende yeBritain neIRA, pamwe chete noutungamiriri hweSocial Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) mutungamiriri John Hume naSin Féin Gerry Adams, zvakagadzira nzira yokurega kupisa muna 1994. Zvisinei, muitiro worugare wakaguma nemhaka yekubvisa zvombo. Kubudirira kwakauya nokusarudzwa kwehurumende yaTony Blair muna 1997, yakatangira muhurukuro dzakapfuudzwa. Kutaurirana kwapaundaro neStena George Mitchell, wai kubatanidza masangano makuru ose kunze kweDidemoc Union (UP), izvo zvakaguma. [10]

Gadziriro Huru Dzomubvumirano

Good Friver Agreement igwaro rakaoma kunzwisisa iro rinotaura nezvezvikamu zvitatu zvehurumende, chimwe nechimwe chakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa maruramiro nezvishuvo zvinokwikwidzana zvenzanga mbiri huru. Nheyo dzaro huru dzinobatanidza kubvuma (nheyo yokuti mugariro webumbiro remitemo weNorthern Ireland unogona bedzi kuchinja nokubvumira kwavanhu varo), simba rinova rinova ramasimba, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro avanhu.

Strand 1: Democratic Institutions muNorthern Ireland

Iyi tambo yakatanga mubatanidzwa wakaderera Northern Ireland Assembly naGuendment. Gungano rinosarudzwa nomufananidzo unowirirana (vhoti inotamiswa imwe) kuvimbisa kuratidzwa zvakanaka. Mukuru Mukuru anoshanda pahwaro hwesimba, naMutungamiriri wokutanga namuteveri weMutungamiriri weMasangano weChiuru anomirira mubatanidzwa mukurusa nevezvourudzi, uye vanoshumira vanodzivirira nzanga ipi neipi inogoverwa mukuwirirana negadziriro yed’Hondt. Chibvumirano chakagoverwawo nokuda kwechikamu chemasangano ehurumende anogara nyika yose — kunyange zvazvo ruzhinji rwevose vari vaviri vakabatana nemitezo yenyika imwe kana kuti voruzhinji vakaremedzwa na 60% vane 40% vamaruwa vanobva munzanga imwe neimwe.

Strand 2: Kuchamhembe/South Service Council

Kusimudzira batira pamwe pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, Chibvumirano chakaumba North/South Minister Council. Dare iri rinounganidza vashumiri vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri kuti vakurukure nzvimbo dzinofarirwa nevose, dzakadai sokurima, zvokufambisa, zvokushambadza, uye mhoteredzo. Chinotsigirwa namatunhu matanhatu anoshanda, kubatanidza Ireland neFoood Safety Protitionion Board. Dare rinoshanda pahwaro hwebvumirano, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinodzorwa kudzorwa neNorthern Ireland Assembly neIrland Conferame. Mubatanidzwa uyu wakanga uchikosha mukupa varwi venyika yose batano yeIreland chibvumirano chinobva murugare kuti uchangamire hwakaramba husingawiriraniswi.

Strand 3: Kumabvazuva - West Institutions

British-Irish Council neBritish Intergovernmental Conference inomirira museve wechitatu. British-Irish Council inobatanidza vamiririri vanobva kuhurumende dzeUK neIreland, vadzori vadzoreri veScotland, Wales, neNorthern Ireland, uyewo chiIsle of Man neChannel Islands. Inopfavirira kubatira pamwe mumativi emitemo. British-Irish Conference inobata nhau dzisina kubviswa kuNorthern Ireland, dzakadai sechengeteko neruramisiro, uye inogovera Hurumende yeIreland kuti ikwidziridze kodzero dzechidzirishi muNorthern Ireland. Izvi zvinoziva ukama hwezvitsuwa.

Kodzero Dzevanhu, Kuenzana, uye Kuremekedza

Kupfuura mitaro mitatu, chibvumirano chacho chaibatanidza kutsiviwa kwakafara kwekodzero dzevanhu nepurogiramu yokuenzana. Zvakatungamirira kukutangwa kweNorthern Ireland Rights Commission yeHungwe neFomatimendity Commission. Chibvumirano chakarairawo kugadziridzwa kweRoyal Ulster Consabulally, kuchitungamirira kukutsiviwa kwayo nePuce Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), uye kuumbwa kwePolice Ombudsman kuongorora kunyunyuta. Chibvumirano chinokosha chakanga chiri kusunungurwa kwokutanga kwevasungwa vemauto, uko kwakanga kuri kusiri madikanwa zvikuru kutenga masangano ose ari maviri eRepublican Ireland. Chibvumirano chacho chakabatanidzawo zvibvumirano pamusoro pokubudiswa kwezvombo, demutari, demtaril, uye kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose.

Tapuro Pakutonga Norugare

Kugadziridzwa Mumasimba Masimba Nokusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chinonyanya kudzorwa neGood Friver Agreement kwaiva kuderera kukuru kwechisimba chezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhamba yenzufu dzinobatanidzwa nehondo dzakaderera kubva paavhareji ye100 pagore kuma1990 kusvika padoro painenge pakati pema2000. Simba reProviment inotonga kubva muna 1999 kusvika muna 2002, uye kubva muna 2007 zvichienda mberi, raigovera mwero wedzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika yaisazivikanwa mumakumi emakore akapfuura. Kukwanisa kwevavevengi kugara muhurumende imwe cheteyo kwaiva chiratidzo chine simba chokuyananisa. Chibvumirano chakagonesawo kubvisa chirongwa cheProkudzora uye masimba okutonga kuGungano muna 2010, zvichiratidza kupera kwekugadzikiswa kwemagariro ezvematongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwezvemari Nenzanga

Chikamu chorugare chakanga chiri chikuru. Kumwe kuisa mari yakananga kune imwe nyika kwakanga kwawedzera, kufambira mberi, uye indasitiri yokuvaka yakakura. Nhembe yeguta reBelfast yakakudziridzwazve, uye zvirongwa zvengarava zvinofamba nengarava zvakadai seTitanic Quarter zvakaratidzira chizivikanwo chitsva, chokunze. Munzanga, nzvimbo dzedzimba dzakavhengana nezvikoro zvakavhengana zvakava zvakakurumbira zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo fambiro mberi yave isina kuenzana yakabetsera kuderedza rusaruro, uye kuyera kwenheyo yetsika — kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri British neIrishrian ́shivity — yakasimbiswa muupenyu.

Basa Renyika DzokuEurope

EU yakaita basa rinokosha rokutsigira, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza ne Programmes dzakawanira mari zvirongwa zvemichinjikwa. Mitezo yose iri miviri yeUK neIreland muEU yakarerutsawo batira pamwe yeNorth/South yakarehwa naStrand 2. Kuvimba kwakakwana kweEU mativi ebhizimisi neboka ravanhu kwakava nzvimbo huru yokusawirirana pashure porusarirano rwama 2016 Bret endentum.

Zvinetso uye Nhau Dziri Kungoramba Dzichimuka

Kusakwanisa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kuparadza

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzaro, masangano esimba anorapa akamiswa adzokororwazve. Kuchinja kwokutanga kwakaitika muna 2002 nemhaka yokupomerwa kwokuunganidza kwoungwaru kweIRA mukati meGungano. Masangano akadzorerwa muna 2007 kutevera St Andrews Recouncip, yaida Sinn Féin kugamuchira zvirongwa zvitsva zvamapurisa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, vakuru vakuru vakuru vakaparara kubva muna 2017 kusvikira ku202020 pamusoro pechishamiso chinodzodzo cheIntelliveridzo nenharo pamusoro pekodzero dzomutauro weIrland. Yakapararazve muna 2022 nemhaka yeDUP kushora chibvumirano cheP kuIrland [[FLT: 0] Northern Ireland [[FLT]].

Brexit neMuitiro Wemitemo woKuchamhembe kweIreland

Kubuda kweUK kubva kuEuropean Union kwakamutsa tyisidziro yakakomba zvikurusa kuChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chifo chayo. Paratition yeIreland yokuMadokero yeIreland , yaikurukurwa serutivi rweUK-Eafreatractal Avenvengation, yakachengeta nokubudirira kuNorthern Ireland mumusika mumwe weEUFOR yeEU yezvinhu zvekudzivisa zvinhu zvakaoma pachitsuwa. Ikoku kwakaparira muganhu webhizimisi muIrish Gungwa, iro vatsigirini vakashora nzvimbo yeIreland mukati me UK. DP yakavhara kuumbwa kwechinjo itsva mukuramba, uye nzanga dzakavimbika dzakaratidzira hasha. [FLT.] Frame [FLD2]

Nhaka Yekare Nokupesana Kunopfuurira

Chibvumirano chakavimbisa nzira yakakwana yokubata nayo nenhaka yeNhamo — kubatanidza kunzvera, kuranga, uye tsigiro nokuda kwavanyajambwa. Zvisinei, fambiro mberi yave iri inononoka uye inokakavadzana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Mhuri zhinji dzavanyajambwa dzinorangarira kuti musungwa apakuvamba akabudiswa uye anobviswa nokuda kwemasangano ehondo. Gakava reUK’s Legacy Act (2023), iro rinopa dziviriro yezvinetso zvizhinji zvine chokuita nedzimba kana vapanduki vakabatira pamwe neSuntependero itsva yeReconciliation Commissioneration for Reconciliation and Information Reficiation, rakashoorwa nehurumende yeIreland nekodzero dzavanhu. Imhiko dzinosimbisa kuti chibvumirano cheyananiso chakabva kure nokuresa. Sosaiti inoramba ichigara pasi pevhu, dzidzo, uye chikanzi chinozivikanwa ne “chinowirirana neHugurome murust Belfast.

Mubato Wehondo Nokuronga Utsotsi

Pasinei zvapo nokurega, mapoka eRepublic anopandukira nyika yapasi (mutoo, IRA) namamwe mapoka akavimbika anopfuurira kupinda mumasimba masimba, kutengesa mirimo, uye tyisidziro. aya mapoka anoramba Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu ndokutsvaka kubvisa masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo mwero wamasimba masimba wakaderera kana uchienzaniswa neMatambudziko, unoramba uri tyisidziro yakakomba kuchengeteko yenzanga uye kuruvimbiko rwemuitiro worugare. Mapulice Service of Northern Ireland yakatarisanawo nezvinetso mukupinza nokuchengeta vakuru vakuru vakuru veKaturike, icho chakanga chiri vavariro huru yechinjo dzechinjo dzechiPitten.

Kariro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kuchinja Chibvumirano Kuti Chienderane Nezvinhu Zvitsva Zviri Kuitika

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu chakagadzirwa sechirongwa chipenyu, chinokwanisa kugadziridzwa nokubvumirana pakati pemapati. Kuchinja kwomunguva yemberi kungave kuri madikanwa kugadzirisa kuchinja kwezviverengero zvevanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika. 2021 yakaratidza kuti nhamba yevagari vemo veKaturike (45,7%) zvino inopfuura nhamba dzevaPurotesitendi (43,5%) kwenguva yokutanga, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekugadzikana kwenguva refu kwemubatanidzwa wacho nebviro yokuvhota. Kuchinja kupi nokupi kutsika kungada kuti vasarumbidze mutezo wemitemo pasi pechibvumirano, asi mamiriro ezvinhu okuongorora akadaro anoramba kusinganzwisisiki.

Kuvandudza Simba Rinovakazve Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Kuti vave nechokwadi chokutsigirwa kwekubviswa kwenzvimbo, vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kufamba kupfuura kutarisirwa kwenjodzi ndokugadzirisa zvisakiso zvikuru zvokusagadzikana. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuzadzika kwakakwana misengwa yebvumirano, yakadai seIrish Language Act (yakabvumirana muNguva Itsva, New Appy ya2020) uye Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. Masangano enzanga avagari vemo, akaita basa rinokosha mumuitiro worugare, anopfuurira kutsigira kuyanana nokuyambuka. Zvidzidzo zvinobva kuNorthern Ireland zvakadzikwa ndokushandiswa mune dzimwe nharaunda, dzakadai seSouth Africa neColombia, zvinosimbisa kushanda kwepasi pose kwebvumirano.

Basa Revaiti Vemitemo Vanobva Kune

Hurumende dzeBritain neIrish, sevatsigiri vechibvumirano, dzinofanira kuramba dzichitsigira masangano. United States, kupfurikidza negadziriro dzinotevedzana, yakaitawo basa rinokosha, US Special Envoys ichiitawo zvirongwa zvinobatanidza njodzi. Kutsigira kwemari kunopfuurira kupfurikidza nePUS PUS Semily (US,1 bhirion,2021-2027) inoramba ichikosha nokuda kwokuvaka ruwa. Chinjo ipi neipi yomunguva yemberi kuBrtit inofanira kuremekedza Good Agreement “mumativi ayo ose" — chinodikanwa chinodzorwa muUK-ECRATES.

Rugare Rwenguva Refu Nokuyananiswa

Pakupedzisira, budiriro yeGood Frinth Agreement ichayerwa kwete bedzi nokusavapo kwamasimba masimba asi nokusikwa kwechaunga chinobatanidza. Ikoku kunoda chinjo yedzidzo kuti igadzirise nzanga dzesekete, kuisa mari munharaunda dzinoshaiwa, uye hurukuro yavose yokutendeseka pamusoro penguva yakapfuura. Chibvumirano chinogovera zvivako zvezvirongwa nokuda kweidzi nhamburiko, asi chinoraira kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuurira uye kuzvipira kwenzanga. Sezvo Northern Ireland inosvika chiverengero chikuru chezvikamu zvina zverugare, chibvumirano chinoramba chiri zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira uye chirongwa chapachena chavose — icho chinopa mapu yemirayiridzo yenguva yemberi asi inoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nemugadziridzo.

Kwakabatana kwamamwe mashoko nokuda kwokumwe kurava: