Murangariro wechisakiso chinobvira unomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinotambudza zvikurusa mumiitiro youtsotsi yeAmerica, inodzora zvakananga apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungavhozhokera nokunzvera nokusumwa. Pasina nzwisiso yakajeka yechisakiso chinobvira, dzikano yakakomba pakati pekodzero dzinoshanda nebumbiro remitemo inova isina kujeka. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti chii chinoparira kuti mabasa anoitwa zvakananga mumashoko okubatanidza zvikwaniriso, kunzvera rondedzero yapamutemo, mutoo wokuigadza pamberi pamejasita, uye kusanzwisisa kwakaganhurirwa kunobvumira kunzvera pasina chikonzero. Pamugumo, varavi varavi vachava nokunzwisisa zvakakwana kuti chikonzero chinobvira sei chisakiso chinoitwa navagari vehurumende pamabasa asina mufungo apo ichiri kubvumira mutemo kuita mabasa avo.

Kunzwisisa Chisakiso Chinoshanda

Tsananguro Netsika Dzapamutemo

Chisakiso chine mufungo chitendero, chakavakirwa mumaidi chaiwo nemigariro, kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa kana kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huripo munzvimbo yakati. Mupimo unowira pakati penyumwirowo zvayo noufakazi husingapanikirwi zvine mufungo. Dare Gurusa reU. rakarondedzera chisakiso chinobvira se "chinoshanda, chisiri chesayenzi" pfungwa inoda kurangarirwa kwendangariro imwe cheteyo kwemugariro. Hahusati huchiraira uchokwadi chose chose chose; panzvimbo pezvo, hunoraira kuti munhu ane mufungo, akavakirwa pamashoko anowanika, angagumisa kuti chisakiso chinenge chiri chakarurama.

Mavambo Enhau Mu Amendedzero Yechina

Gadziriro yeChina yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakatenderwa muna 1791, inopa gadziriro yapamutemo: "Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, haisati ichizoputswa, asi pachinhu chimwe, asi pachikonzero chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inoda kutsvakwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.." Mutauro uyu wakanga uri mhinduro yakananga kuruzivo rwechikwata chehurumende nemhindu, izvo zvakabvumira zviremera zveBritain kunzvera mishavo pasina chisakiso chaichoicho. Frameterss yakada kuva inodzivirira hurumende inonyengera. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwenhau, ona [FLC]

Chinodikanwa Chinobvumira Kurwa uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Icho Amendedzero Yechina Inoda

Gadziriro yeChina haidi maruramiro chose chose nokuda kwokunzvera kuri kwose kana kuti kubvuta, asi inosimbisa kuti matendero mutoo wakarongwa wokuva nenzwisiso. Apo vatsigiri vomutemo vanotsvaka kunzvera musha, motokari, kana kuti munhu, vanofanira kuwana rugwaro kubva kumajaji asingatori rutivi. Kuti vawane pamutemo iwoyo, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kupa chibvumikiso chinobvumikisa chisakiso. Mutemo umene unofanira kurondedzera nenzvimbo yakati kuti ishandiswe uye zvinhu kana kuti vanhu kuti vabatwe. Ichi chinodikanwa chaicho chinodzivisa kunzvera uye kuvimbisa kuti kunzvera kwacho kunosanowirirana noufakazi hunotsvakwa.

Kuhwirudzura Nokutonga

Muitiro wacho unovamba apo mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anogadzirira mutongi akapika kunyora mashoko anotsigira angava anokonzerwa. Mutongi angabatanidza tsinhiro dzakaitwa nomukuru mukuru, mashoko anobva kuvanyajambwa kana kuti zvapupu, ufakazi chaihwo, kana kuti mashoko kubva kuvazivi vanovimbika. Mutongi anopa mutongi mutongo kudare kana kuti mutongi, nokuti anoongorora kuti anenge agutsikana. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora kuti zvinhu zvacho zvingatungamirira here munhu ane mufungo kuti adavire kuti uchapupu hwemhosva huwanikwe munzvimbo yacho yaanofanira kunzi ite. Kana mutongi wacho awana chikonzero chacho, anopa rugwaro rwacho rune mvumo. Kuongorora uku kunokosha nokuti kunoisa mugadziri wechisarudzo chazvimirira pakati pemapurisa nevagari vemo, achideredza ngozi yokuda kuongorora kwapa mhaka.

Mazivisirwo Anoitwa Chikonzero Chinoshanda

Uchapupu Hwakananga uye Kucherechedza Kwevakuru Vakuru

Chisakiso chingagona kusimbiswa kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakananga, zvakadai somukuru mukuru achipupurira utsotsi huri kufambira mberi kana kuti kuwana bhinyi mukuona kusina pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru akaona kutengeserana mirimo kuchiitika pakona yomugwagwa, ikoko kucherekedza kwoga kunopa chisakiso chinobvira chokusunga vapindi uye kuvanzvera nokuda kwohumwe ufakazi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana mukuru mukuru wemapurisa akanhuwidza mbanje inobuda mumotokari mukati mokumira kwemotokari, unhuwi, hukabatanidzwa nedzimwe cherechedzo, hungaparira chikonzero chakati kuti shoorwe motokari. Matare akarovedza kuisa mutemo anogona kutsamira papfungwa dzavo noruzivo rwokuzviwanira kuti zvive chaita chisakiso chinobvira.

Mazano uye Kushandisa Informant

Chisakiso chinogona kupiwawo pamashoko anopiwa navazivi, asi matare anonzvera mifungo yakadaro nokungwarira. Mu chitsama chemiedzo yemigariro [ chakasimbiswa mu. [[FLT]]]] . Magete[[FLT]] anokwanisa kurangarira maidi ose nemigariro, kubatanidza chiziviso, kuvimbika, uye hwaro hwezivo, kuziva kana pachiri chisakafanira. Chisanozivikanwa, chimire chiri choga, chinowanzoita kuti chive chinhu chakazvimirira kutonge chazvishandira. [[FLTLT:5], mutengi mumunhu asina kuzivikanwa, anorondedzera murondedzero yakananga mudura kumira bhazi rakati, uye kucherekedza bhokisi rinotemwa kuoneka. Chinotoko, chisingazivikanwi chikashatsamate. Chino chapameso chetso chinenge chinenge chinenge chajekateverwa mugwagwa chinenge chateverwa, chinenge chichiteverwa chaitika, chinenge chichiteveri chinenge chichi

Kukwana Kwemiedzo

Pamberi pa Illinois v. , matare aiwanzoshandisa muedzo wakaoma we [[FLT:] waireva kuratidzwa kwakasiyana kwehwaro hwezivo nerevo. Texas [[FLT]] (1964]) uye [[FLT]] Spinellib v. United States[FLT]] [5] [5] [5]) yaida kuratidzwa kwakasiyana kwehwaro hwezivo noruzivo. Dare Rapamusoro rinotsiva kusvika nehwerengedzo yakakwana zvikuru yemiedzo, iyo inobvumira vatongi kushandisa pfungwa inoshanda zvakanaka nokurangarira. Muiyi muedzo, mudariro (hasinosaikwakwakafanana) inogona kuratidzirwa nokuda kwerimwe pfundo guru remashoko.

Basa Rechisakiso Chinosarira Mukungwarira

Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Nounhu Hwako

Chisakiso chinoparirwa hachisipo muzvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki; chinofanira kuva nechokuita nenzvimbo chaiyo nezvinhu zvakati. IPramende yechina inoda kuti zvitendere kuti nzvimbo yacho ishandiswe uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Uku kubatira madonzo maviri: inoganhurira maruramiro okutsvaka uye inodzivisa zvibvumikiso zvehurumende zvakashandiswa zvisina kufanira mune zvenhau. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unobvumira kunzvera "nzvimbo" pakero isina kujeka. Panzvimbo pezvo, chiratidzo chinofanira kududza nzvimbo chaiyoiyo, zvakadai se "123 Main Street, Kupashambadza 4" uye rondedzera zvinhu, zvakadai se "a black Samssply, nhamba inotevedzana XZZZ, uye mapepa api naapi ane chokuita kunyengera." Chisakiso chitsauko chinofanira kuva chitsauko chezvinhu zvinenge chinofanira kuisa zvinhu zvisaririra panzvimbo izvozvo.

Kuhwirudzurwa Nenyanzvi Yokuziva Zvematongerwe Enyika

Chimwe chezvinodzivirira zvinokosha zvikuru mugadziriro yetsamba yacho chinodikanwa kuti mutongi asingatori rutivi uye asina mhaka, kwete mukuru mukuru anonzvera, anofanira kuita chisarudzo. Gavhuna anofanira kushanda sechekeso pamirayiro yemapurisa. Kana jasitiriti akawana kuti mutengi akundikana kuwana chisakiso chingabvira, dare rinofanira kurambwa. Iri dare rinovimbisa kuti kunzvera hakuitwi kwakavakirwa pahunchi, rusaruro, kana kuti vavariro dzisina kufanira. Muitiro, kumbirisa kukumbira kwacho kunotenderwa, asi muitiro wacho uchiri kugovera mhinganidzo ine revo. Varevereri vanodavira rugwaro rwakapiwa pasina chikonzero vanogona kudenha kupfurikidza nokuedza, vachipikisa kuti kunzvera kunoguma kunopesana nePendeko.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Nepo chisakiso sezvingabvira chiri chikuru kumuitiro wokuraira, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva nzvimbo dzinoverengeka umo nzvero ingaitwa pasina maruramiro. Muizvi zvisizvo, chisakiso sezvingabvira chichiri chinodikanwa, asi maruramiro amene haasati. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisizvo kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo navagari vemo zvakafanana.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kana munhu akabvumira nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa pachena uye kwete kumanikidzwa. Kubvuma kunogona kuratidzwa kana kuti kurehwa, uye kunogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi. Mapurisa haadikanirwi kuzivisa munhu wacho kuti ane kodzero yokuramba, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inoda kuzivikanwa kwakadaro. Kutendwa kwacho kunoganhurirwa kuurefu hwemvumo inopiwa. Somuenzaniso, kubvumira kunzvera motokari hakungobatani kunzvera chikwama chakakiyiwa chinowanwa mubumbiro.

Tsvaka Chinokonzera Kusungwa

Apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoitwa kusungwa kwapamutemo, vanganzvera munhu womusungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo pasina pamutemo. Uku kusiiwa kunoruramiswa nokudikanwa kwokudzivirira mapurisa (kupfurikidza nokubvisa zvombo) uye kuchengeta ufakazi (kupfurikidza nokudzivisa ruparadziko). Kunzvera kunofanira kuva panguva imwe chete nokusungwa uye kwakaganhurirwa kunharaunda uko musungwa aigona kusvika. Nokuda kwenzvero yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeichisiano, ona [ rondedzero yehurumende yechinoitika chokunzvera kuti asungwe.]

Migariro Yakaoma

Mumigariro yakasiana, mapurisa angapinda mumusha kana kuti imwe nzvimbo yakadzivirirwa pasina maruramiro apo panenge pane kudikanwa kwokudzivisa kuvadziko yomuviri, kunzvenga, kana kuti ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Somuenzaniso, kana vakuru vakuru vakanzwa kurira mukati meimba, vangapinda kuti vagogovera yamuro. Nenzira yakafanana, kana vane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti ufakazi hwava kuda kuputirwa muchimbudzi, vangapinda nokukurumidza. Kudanidzira kunofanira kuva kwechokwadi uye kusasikwa nokunonoka kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vamene.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo ndokuona chisatenderwa kana kuti ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka, vangachitora pasina maruramiro. Dzidziso yacho inoda kuti mukuru mukuru ave namaruramiro apamutemo okupinda kuchinhu uye kuti rudzi rwokupa mhaka rwechinhu ruve pachena nokukurumidza. Murangariro wedikanwi woga hausati uchiparira chisakiso chinobvira nokuda kwokumwe kunzvera; unongoruramisa bedzi kutorwa kwechinhu mumurangariro.

Chinjo Yemotokari

Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinogona kubviswa nokukurumidza munzvimbo, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kana mapurisa ane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti motokari ine ufakazi hweutsotsi, vanganzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi akavharwa mukati mayo, pasina maruramiro. Uku kusiiwa kwakavakirwa pakukarira kwakaderedzerwa kwokuva woga mumotokari uye denho dzinoshanda dzokuwana maruramiro emotokari inofamba. Cherekedza kuti kusiiwa kwemotokari kunoshanda bedzi kumotokari imene, kwete kumiuyo yomunhu oga yavagari vangagona kubviswa mumotokari.

Bhuku Rinoshanda Rokumanikidza uye Rokugarika

Kunzwisisa chisakiso chinobvira hachisi chingoriwo hacho muitiro wedzidzo; chine miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika zuva riri rose. Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo, rovedzo yakafanira pamusoro penzira inobvira inokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzvero nepfari dzinopukunyuka denho yapamutemo uye kuti ufakazi hunoshanda mudare. Varwi vanofanira kunyora tsinhiro dzavo nokungwarira, kutsigira vazivi, uye kujekesa hwaro hwechokwadi hwezvitendero zvavo muvatambi. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuguma nokudzvinyirira ufakazi uye kubviswa kwepomero.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kuziva basa rechisakiso chinobvira kunovapa simba rokusimbisa maruramiro avo. Kana mukuru mukuru akaraira kunzvera musha kana kuti motokari pasina rugwaro kana kuti bvumirano, mugari angabvunza kana mukuru mukuru ane chisakiso chinobvira. Mumigariro yakawanda, mhinduro ichava aiwa, uye mugari wemo anogona kuramba nokuremekedza kunzvera. Zvisinei, kunokosha kucherekedza kuti kudzivisa kutsvaka rugwaro rwakapiwa kana kuti zvimwe chisakiso chiripo chinogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera mhaka. Nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokutaura zvakajeka, "Ini handibvumiri kutsvaki kutsvaka uku," uye ipapo wirirana nemirairo yapamutemo apo anochengeta maruramiro okudenha bvunzurudza gare gare gare mudare.

Matare anopfuurira kunatsa nzira dzezvisakiso zvinobvira munguva yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvakadai sokunzvera serura, GPS kunyora, uye kunzvera. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Riley v. California (Somuenzaniso, yaidavira kuti mapurisa anowanzoda rugwaro rwokunzvera serura yabatwa kuti isungwe, ichiziva chitsama chikuru chemashoko omunhu oga ari mumidziyo yazvino uno. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimbisa kuti zvimwe zvinoramba zvichiparira mupimo unoshamisa uye unochinjika, wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira chiso chitsva chezvishandiso zvitsva zvokuongorora.

mhedziso

Chisakiso chinoparirwa ikokudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Chinovimbisa kuti mabasa okuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe muchitendero chine mufungo, anotsigirwa namaidi akati, uye anotarisirwa nedare. Chinodikanwa, nesimbiso yacho pachikonzero, chimwe, uye kuhwirudzurwa, zvinomira sedziviriro yakakomba pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kusina mufungo. Nepo kusingabviri kuripo nokuda kwemigariro yengozi, kubvumira, uye mamwe migariro, nheyo yapakuvamba inoramba iripo: Hurumende isati yagona kupinda pachivande, inofanira kuva nehwaro hwechokwadi hwezvingaitika. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa chikonzero chisakiso chemitemo navagari vemo vanogona kushanda mukati pamutemo mugadziriro yapamutemo inowirirana nekodzero huru dzekodzero dzavose nekodzero dzepachena muBumbiro remitemo.