Kunzwisisa Bazu Rokutonga reHurumende yeUnited States

Bazu redare rinotonga rinomira seshongwe yakaenzana yehurumende yehurumende iri parutivi pebazu rehurumende inotonga neremitemo. Yakagadzwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, mutoro waro mukuru unobatanidza kuturikira mitemo yehurumende, kuvimbisa ruramisiro, uye kupedza nharo dzapamutemo. Dare Gurusa rinogara pamusimboti wetsika sedare rokupedzisira rokukwirira uye mududziri mukuru werevo yemitemo. Kusafanana nebazu remitemo rinonyora mitemo kana kuti bazi rinotonga rinoidzika mitemo, bazi rinoyera kana mitemo nezviito zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo rimene. Uku kuparadza kwamasimba kunoparira gadziriro yechekero nedzikano inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi neripi kudzora mamwe. Dare gurusa, kupfurikidza nokutonga kwaro, rinorondedzera miganhuro yehurumende uye inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu padzimwe nzvimbo dzinodzo dzinodzorwa nemamwe mabazu.

Kuvakwa Nokuumbwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Rapamusoro zvino rinoumbwa nemitezo mipfumbamwe: Mutongi mukuru mumwe naVatongi vasere vanowirirana. Ichi chiverengero hachina kugadzikiswa nguva dzose. Chiito chaJudiciary cha 1789 chakagadza Dare remitezo mitanhatu, uye Chibvumirano chakachinja nhamba inoverengeka muzana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, kubva pamitezo mishanu kusvikira kugumi. Chibviro cha 1869, nhamba yacho yasara papfumbamwe. Chiratidzo chimwe nechimwe chine kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinoti vatongi vomubatanidzwa "vako vadzore vadzo vavo mukati mechipo chakanaka. Chirongwa ichi chinovimbisa kuzvitonga kupfurikidza nokudzivirira maruramisiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti dzvinyiriro yakakurumbira. Kutonga kungangobviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokusarusarusaitiso, muitiro wakaitika kamwe chete munhau yeSamuchikurusaruti

Gadziriro Nokusimbisa Muudzame

Nzira inoenda kuDare Gurusai inobatanidza mutoo wakaoma unodzikamisa simba ravakuru vakuru neremitemo. Purezidhendi anoisa mudanho, zvikurukuru anosarudza vanhu vane mabasa akatanhamara epamutemo savatongi, vadzidzisi, kana kuti varapi. Pashure pokunatsiwa, Dare reSamende reMutongi rinotonga mufambiro mukuru apo vanhu vanotarisana nouzivi hwedare, mitemo yakare, uye kududzirwa kwemitemo. dare ipapo rinovhotera kana richifanira kurumbidza mubatanidzwa kuDare rakazara. Dare rose redare uye mavhoti paripoti, richida kuti voruzhinji vabvume. Muitiro uyu wakawedzera kuva unopesana zvikuru munguva dzazvino uno, pasina kunzvera zvikuru migumisiro yazvo panhau dzavo dzinomukapo. Kusimbisa kwenhau kunenge 80% yeDare Gurusaresaro kwave kwave kwasimbiswa, kunyange zvazvo makumi amakore achangobva kusimbiswa zvikuru.

Ruramisiro Huru Neruramisiro Yakabatanidzwa

Mutongi Mukuru weUnited States ane nzvimbo yechienzi mudare reDare. Nepo Mutongi Mukuru ane vhoti imwe bedzi panhau, imwe cheteyo neYomubiyake, basa rinotakura mitoro yokuwedzera. Mutongi Mukuru anotungamirira panharo dzinotaurwa, anotungamirira mabasa okutonga eDare, uye anogovera kunyorwa kwemirangariro yakawanda apo anovhota voruzhinji. Mugadziriro yakafara yedare, Mutongi Mukuru anogara muDare reChigamuchibvumirano reUnited States, mutumbi mukuru unoumba mutemo unoumba vatongi vakuru wehurumende. Vasere vanogoverana simba rokuvhotera naSahlulero, vachiita Dare racho kuva sangano rinowirirana zvikuru nemitezo mipfumbamwe inotonga. Ruramisi yedare rimwe nerimwe rinounza mirangariro yakarongwa nerovedzo yapamutemo, ruzivo rwapamutemo, uye uzivi hwedare.

Mabasa eDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka mukati mebazu rokutonga ayo pamwe chete anochengeta tsinhirano yebumbiro remitemo nokutsinhirana kwapamutemo muUnited States mose.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare kunomirira chishandiso cheDare gurusa chine simba. Chinogadzwa mumhaka yechiratidzo [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison, ichi chiremera chinobvumira Dare kuzivisa mitemo, mabasa evakuru, uye zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare zvisina kupesana. Chirevo chaMambo John Marshall mumhaka yacho chakagadza nheyo yokuti "inosimbisa purovhinzi nomubato kuti izivise kuti mutemo ndewai. Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuruso rwedare redare rapamutemo. Dare rapamusoro rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare reProsaidzo nemabasa anowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo. Iri simba rinotambanurira kudzokorora mitemo yehurumende, mitemo, mitemo, uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Dare rinoshandura nguva dzose, rinoparadza gadziriro dzinodzorwa nemitemo chibvumirano chibvumirano chiteshi chibviro cha 2000, mativi ose anovimbisa mitemo yapamutemo. [3][3][3]

Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Dare Gurusa rinobatira sedare rezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira nokuda kwemhaka dzose dzinomuka mumutemo wehurumende. Dare rinorasikirwa nematare ehurumende akaderera kana kuti matare makurusa angakumbira Dare rapamusoro-soro kuti rihwirudzure kupfurikidza nemheteko yecertiari. Dare rinogamuchira inenge 7 000 kusvikira ku8 000 mikumbiro asi rinopa hwirudzuro yakazara kunhau dzinenge 80 bedzi, 1% yaavo vakaiswa pasi. Dare rinogamuchira mhaka dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yemitemo yapamutemo, kurwisana kwematare eduku panhau dzinokosha dzepamutemo, kana kuti nhau dzoukoshi hwerudzi. Uyu muitiro wakasarudzwa, unodzorwa no "mutongi wechina," unoreva kuti unofanira kuvhotera kunzwa mhaka isati yapiwa kurangarirwa kwakazara. Vatongi vanofanira kuratidzira mhaka yacho nokuda kwedare rapamutemo.

Kugadza Kuranga Kurangana Kusingadzorwi

Dzidziso ye inogovera decis, inoreva "kumira nezvinhu zvasarudzwa," inoumba hwaro hwedare gurusa rinoita chisarudzo. Apo Dare rinotonga panhau yapamutemo, kuti kutonga kunova muenzaniso unobatira nokuda kwematare ose akaderera mugadziriro yehurumende. Iyi nheyo inogovera kusachinja uye kufanorongera kumira mumutemo weAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rinotevera mipimo yaro muzvinoitika zvizhinjisaizhinjisaidzo asi panhambo nenhambo kuputsa zvisarudzo apo migariro yapamberi inoruramisa kubva mukutonga kwapakuvamba. Mienzaniso inobatanidza [[FLT:] Brown v. . Dare redzidzo yeD [FLT] [FF] [3] [5] [5] mumiganhu] yapakuvamba, kana kuti zvikanganiso zvemitemo.

Kupedza Kusawirirana kweInternate neFederal - Fortements

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera chapakuvamba padare rapamberi penhau dzinobatanidza Hurumende. Ikoku kunoreva mhaka dzakadaro dzinovamba zvakananga muDare Rapamusorosa panzvimbo pokupfuurira nomumatare akaderera. Dare rinogadzikisa rwisano pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura, kukakavadzana kwemimwe muganhu, uye dzimwe nhau dzenyika. Mienzaniso inosaikwa inobatanidza Kansas v. Coloradorado [ pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura muRwizi rwaArkansas uye [[FLT] New Jersey v. pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo pamusoro peChitsuwa cheEllilm. Dare rinopedzawo nharo pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende yomunhu oga, kuchengeta dzikamo pakati petsika nehurumende yorudzi munharaunda yakadai semitemo yemhoteredzo yavanhu, kudzorongedzerwa kwehurumende, kudzorwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapanyika Dzakapesvedzera Nhau yeAmerica

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakapesvedzera zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica mumativi akawanda oupenyu hwenyika. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunojekesa kuti simba reDare rinotsanangura rinoita sei migumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Dare Gurusa rakaita mabasa ose ari maviri akanaka neakaipa mukodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica yose. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) rakadavira nenzira ine mukurumbira kuti vaAmerica vaisagona kuva vagari vemo, chisarudzo chakadzorwa gare gare neRwisano yeChivilinic War. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Court yakava chiwirirano chekufambira mberi kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. [[FLT:][FLT] brown. Board of Education[FLD] [FFFFF] [5] [56] [54] (19]) yakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti kuganhurana kweCerometi yeSangano reP] yenhauro. [F] inodzosa pamutemo.[19]

Kusununguka Kwomunhu Mumwe Norusununguko Rwomunhu

Dare rakaziva dziviriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechivande chavanhu vamwe navamwe. Griswold v.Connecticut (65) yakatanga kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kuva voga mumashoko akapoteredza evakaroorana kukwanisa kudzivirira pamuviri. Roe v. [[FLT][FLT] [[3]] [73] [73]) yakawedzera iyi gadziriro yechivande kukodzero yokubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakazoramba chisarudzo chacho [[FLT:] muv]. Jackson’s reVakadzi [[FLT] Garg] [[5]] [2] [2] , kudzokera kudzora kumugariro wokubereka kumugariro wekunze wenhau, [FLT] uye kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kwenzira kwenzira dzemitemo dzinoshandiswa kuzivisa magetsi.

Simba Rehurumende Nerezvokutengeserana Claus

Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira simba reCongress pasi peCommerce Claus kuti ridzore basa remari, uye idzi dudziro dzakachinja pashure penguva yakati. Wickard v. Filbur [192] [42]) nesimba guru rebhizimisi rokudzora gorosi rinokura nokuda kwokushandisa kwomunhu oga. Kusvikira makumi amakore, uyu murangariro mukuru wakatsigira mutemo wehurumende wakabva kumitemo yapamutemo yavagari vemo yairambidza rusaruro mumitemo yavose kumiraudzo yezvakatipoteredza. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez[FLT] [FLT] [FF:] (1995] uye [FFF] [G] [G.G.G.NUM.NUM.[5]

Kupiwa Mutongo Wedare Rapamusoro Uye Mabasa Anokosha

Kupfuura basa rayo rokutonga, Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa chiremera chapakuvamba pamapoka akati enhau. Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa chiremera chapakuvamba muDare mu "Mashoko anotapura vamiririri vasosha, vamwe Vashumiri voruzhinji naConsultes, uye ayo umo Hurumende ichava Party. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba pa889 nemitemo yakatevera rinobatanidza kuti chiremera cheDare rinofukidza makakatanwa pakati pemitezo miviri kana kuti mizhinji, nhau dzinobatanidza vamiririri vokumwe nyika, uye nhau dzakaunzwa nehurumende dzinoparirwa navagari vemo vedzimwe nyika kana kuti nyika. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba paanenge 0,1,1% yechiteshina charo chezvikepeto. Iyi nhau kazhinji dzinobatanidza maruramiro anokosha sekodzero dzemvura munyika dzokumadokero kumadokero muganhu woruwa, miganhuro yehurumende. Dare reDare redare rinogadza kuti riunganidze kutongwa noudzo dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Nzira Iyo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinotora Nayo: Mashoko, Zviito, uye Kuitwa Kwechisarudzo

Dare reSupreme Court rinovamba paMuvhuro wokutanga muna October uye rinowanzopfuura nokupera kwaJune kana kuti pakuvamba kwaJuly. Shoko racho rakakamurwa kuva nhambo mbiri dzinochinjana vhiki: mavhiki maviri enharo dzokutaura achiteverwa namavhiki maviri enhambo yokunyora kwemirangariro nenhau. Mukati mezvikamu zvenharo, Dare rinonzwa inenge mhaka mbiri kana kuti nhatu pazuva, imwe neimwe inogoverwa awa imwe yenguva yenharo. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runowana maminiti makumi matatu okupa mhaka yarwo, kunyange zvazvo ruramisiro dzichigarodzotsa zano nemibvunzo. Kubvunza kunozivisa mirangariro yeruramisiro uye kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoratidzira mirangariro yavo panhau.

Musangano Nezvinoitwa Zvokuvaka

Pashure pezvibvumikiso zvokutaura, vatongi vanosangana mumusangano wavanhu voga kuti vakurukure uye vavhote panhau. Vatongi bedzi vanopinda misangano iyi, pasina vamiririri vemitemo, vashandi, kana kuti marekodhi anotaurwa. Chiratidzo chikuru chinotungamirira kurukurirano, kupfupikisa nhau imwe neimwe uye kupa murangariro wakarurama. Vasarudzi vanowirirana ipapo vanotaura mirangariro yavo mukudzika kwoukuru. Pashure pekurukurirano, vatongi vanosarudza mukupesana nenhevedzano yezvokukura, nedare rinovhota. Iyi inodzivisa vatongi vakuru zvikuru kupesvedzerwa nevota vavakuru vavo. Voruzhinji vanosarudza muuyo, nebata dare rapasi apo dare rinochengeta chisarudzo kana kuti apo Dare rinova namitezo misere bedzi.

Kunyora Mafungiro Nokusabvumirana

Apo Mutongi Mukuru anovhota nevoruzhinji, vanopa basa rokunyora pfungwa kururamisiro muruzhinji. Kana Mutongi Mukuru akapesana, Mutongi mukurusa muvoruzhinji anoita mugove wacho. Ruramisiro yakagoverwa inoronga pfungwa dzinotsanangura kurangarira kweDare nemitemo. Mifungo inotenderera pakati pedzimba, nemitemo inopa zvikarakadzo, kana kuti kukumbira chinjo, kana kuti kutaura kuti vachakumbanira murangariro. Kunyora uku nokunyora muitiro wokutonga kunogona kutora mavhiki kana mwedzi. Vatongi vanganyora mirangariro inobvumirana nemugumisiro asi vachipa kurangarira kwakasiana, kana kuti kupesana nemirangariro yavo. Kuramba mirangariro inobvumira, nepo kushaiwa simba rapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji matare enguva yemberi nedzidzo yapamutemo. Kuramba kwenhau kunoitwa naMakorelson Holmerson.

Ukama hweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Namamwe Mapazu

Dare rapamusoro rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo zvinorondedzera ukama hwaro neCongress naPurezidhendi. Dare nepo Dare ringaparadza mutemo serisiri rehurumende, Congress inochengeta pesvedzero huru pamusoro pedare kupfurikidza namasimba ayo ebumbiro remitemo. Dare rinosarudza ukuru hweDare, chimiro, uye muganhu. Nepo Congress haina kuchinja ukuru hweDare chibviro chibvire 1869, simba rokutonga rinopa chiremera chakasimba. Darewo rinodzora bhajeko reDare uye ringakarakadza kuti zvigadziriso zvemitemo zvishandurwe. Purezidhendi weDare rinopesvedzera kupfurikidza nezvigarudzo zvaro asi risingadzorwi zvakananga pamusoro pezvigarudzo zvaro zvamatare. Dare rinochengeta kuzvimirira kwaro kupfurikidza noupenyu gumi nemari inodzivirirwa.

Kumanikidzwa Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Gurusa harina mutoo waro wokuchengeta pamutemo uye rinotsamira pabazu guru kuti riite chisarudzo charo. Uku kutsamira kunoparira kusawirirana kungavapo apo mukuru mukuru anopesana nezvisarudzo zveDare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Andrew Jackson anoshumwa kuti akataura nezve . Georgia[ [1832], "John Marshall], kuti aite chisarudzo chake; zvino ngaachiite kuti chive nesimba. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon anobvumirana ne United States v.[FLT:][FLT] [12] [127])] anoraira kuti asunungure tepi, achitungamirira kukuwa kwake. Kuramba kwemitemo yake yapamutemo. Kudzivisa Dare ramakurukota munhau yose, kubva mukurayira muna 1950 uye kuma1960 kurwisana nokubvisa roorano kwapa. Zvitendero zvakateverwa kupfurikidza nemitemo, zvinotsigira matare zvapamutemo, zvinotsigira kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nokubvumirana nokuda kwemitemo nokuda kwemitemo nokuda kwemitevero.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenhungamiro Yenguva Yemberi Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare razvino uno Gurusa rinonangana nemibvunzo yapamutemo yakaoma inomuka kubva kuchinjo yeruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, mirangariro inochinja nzanga, uye kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza zvikamu zvesocionakude zvinobatanidzwa zvechisarudzo chemasangano enhau zvinoedza miganhu yokutaura norusununguko muzera remitauro. Mibvunzo pamusoro pouchenjeri hwokuzviitira, kuva woga kworuzivo, uye ruzivo rwokuongorora zvinhu inomutsa nhau itsva idzo Dare rinofanira kukurukura kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zviripo. Chiteshi chedare chinoratidzira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, mari yezvirongwa, rusununguko rwechitendero, uye chiremera chesangano rokutarisira.

Kushandiswa Kwavanhu uye Kupiwa Kwomutemo Kwamasangano

Zviverengero zvetendero zveDare guru zvakachinja zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nokuwedzera kwekubatana kwenzvimbo dzinobatanidza kuvimba kwevanhu nesangano. Kusimbisa kwevatongi vemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kwakabatanidzwa nezvisarudzo zvakakwirira panhau dzinopesana mune zvematongerwe enyika, kwakabetsera kunzwisisa kuti Dare pacharo rachinja. Nzvero dzevo yavose dzinoratidza kuti chivimbo chinoderera muDare Guru, neveAmerica vanoona chirongwa chacho nenzira inowedzera kupfurikidza nerendi. Kutenderwa kwedare kunotsamira paruzhinji pakugamuchira basa raro seasingatori muteveri werevi werevi remitemo. Vatongi vakakurukura izvi kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuzvipira kwavo kurangarira kwapamutemo namagamuchidzanwa esangano, kunyange zvazvo kurukurirano pamusoro pouzivi hwedare nedzekududzira nzira yokutonga dzichiramba dziri pakati pebasa reDare.

Kuchinja Kwezvirongwa uye Kuchinja Kwemasangano

Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana----phara zvokuchinja Dare guru rakawana ngwariro muhurukuro yavose. Zvikarakadzo zvinobatanidza miganhu yemitemo nokuda kwemitemo, bumbiro retsika dzine mipimo yokubvumikisa, zvinodikanwa zvokuoneka nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvechero, uye kukura kwedare. Kudzikamisa ganhuriro dzenguva kungada kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kutoti kuitwe kupfurikidza nechinjo dzinoparira ruramisiro nenzira inobudirira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa kusarudza kwapamutemo kana kuti kufanirwa nokuda kwematare adzoro akakwirira, dzichigovera mienzaniso yakateverwa. Dare rakagamuchira murairo wetsika mudavidzo kunhau yetsika, kunyange zvazvo dare risitongorina kutsigiro yakazvidzorwa. Chinjo ipi neipi yedare mukati mebazu rinotonga uye ukama hwaro nemamwe mabazu ehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi kweDare Repamusorosoro

Dare rapamusoro rinomira sesangano rinosiyanisa mukutonga kweAmerica, richishandisa simba rinoshamisa kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakarongwa panzvimbo pesimba kana kuti sarudzo yakakurumbira. Chiremera charo chokududzira Bumbiro remitemo, kuhwirudzura zviito zvemitemo nezvokutungamirira, uye kugadza muenzaniso unowirirana wedare rose rehurumende rinoiita muchengeti wokupedzisira wenheyo dzemitemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinoumba upenyu hweAmerica munzira dzinokosha, kubva pakudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga dzokurondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende. Sezvo Amakurusa edare anobuda mumutemo, Dare Gurusa richaramba richizadzika basa raro repamutemo apo richichichinjira mamiriro ezvinhu ebumbiro remitemo. Tsigiro yemitemo inosigira mutsika uye kupindura zvinodiwa nemitemo, zvichapesvedzera mutemo weAmerica nenzanga kuti zvisvike. Kunzwisisa mabasa eDare remitemo rekare, uye renhau rinogonesa renhau kubetsera kunzwisiswa negogotavi rehurumende.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nemabasa zveDare Gurusa, nzvera pawebsite yeDare Rapamusoro-soro iyo inogovera mirangariro, nharo dzapamuromo, uye mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yeDare. Zvimwe zvitengo zvine chiremera zvinobatanidza [ projez project[ College of Chicago, iyo inopa nhau dzakajekajeka nezvinorekodwa, uye [[FLT: 4,]FED]FED Recuality Center , izvo zvinogovera mashoko enhau pamusoro pechikoti cheChicago