Table of Contents
Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira serinopfuura mativi ose egadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica, rinoshandisa simba rinoshamisa kuumba mitemo yorudzi, kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, uye kupesvedzera nzira yenzanga. Yakaumbwa kuChikamu III, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo muna 1789, Dare Gurusa rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira savatongi vokupedzisira verwisano dzapamutemo dzinosvika mwero mukurusa wenzvero yedare. Kunzwisisa kuti sangano rino rinobatira sei, kuti ruramisiro inoita sei zvisarudzo zvavo, uye muuyo mukuru wemitemo inopa kungwararira kunokosha mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.
Chii Chiri Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Nefandesheni Yaro Yebumbiro remitemo?
Dare Gurusa rinomirira bazu redare rehurumende yeUnited States, richibatira sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa mudare rehurumende. Rine chiremera chapakuvamba pamhaka duku dzenhau, dzakadai sesutu pakati pehurumende mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda, uye idzo dzinobatanidza nhume, uye rinewo chiremera chakakwana padare rose rehurumende nenhau dzehurumende izvo zvinobatanidza pfundo remitemo kana kuti remitemo. Iyi dare rinobvumira Dare kurangarira nhau dzakati zvakananga apo rinoshandawo sedare rokupedzisira rekwidzamakwirira nokuda kwenharo idzo dzakashanda kupfurikidza nematare akaderera.
Pari zvino, pane matare mapfumbamwe paDare, uye asati atora basa, ruramisiro imwe neimwe inofanira kugadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, nedare riine nzvimbo mukati momufambiro wakanaka, zvikurukuru nokuda kwoupenyu. Kugadzwa uku kwoupenyu hwose kunorongedzerwa kudzivirira ruramisiro padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa panheyo dzemitemo panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvapamutemo. Kunyora kweDare hakuna kugadzwa nguva dzose pamitezo mipfumbamwe mutsika dzakanaka, kunoisa simba rokutema nhamba yeruramisiro mumaoko eDare redare, nechiito chokutanga cheJadicary cha 1789 panhamba nhanhatu, kunyorwa kubva padanho dzapamusoro pegumi kusvikira kumakore gumi, kutozosvikira Chiito chaJudicci chamakore 1869 chakasimbiswa.
Chiremera cheDare chinotambanudza kupfuura kungosarudza mhaka dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Dare rine simba rokuhwirudzura, mano okushatisa mutemo wokuputsa gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo kana kuti chiito choukuru nokuda kwokuva kusiri kwapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo ringaita mukati memashoko akapoteredza enhau munharaunda yomutemo yariri kudzora. Iri simba rokuongorora kutonga, kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, rakatangwa kupfurikidza nemuenzaniso wakatanhamara uye rinoramba riri rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa eDare.
Heavy of Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison
Imwe yepfungwa dzakavakirwa zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica ihwirudzuro yokutonga,(8) chiremera cheDare Gurusa kusarudza kana mitemo inoitwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvinoitwa nebazu guru zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba harina kupiwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rakatangwa kupfurikidza neimwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa munhau yemitemo yeAmerica.
Nechisarudzo cheMarbury new. Madison, Dare rakatonga kuti Congress haina simba rokuita mitemo inodarika Bumbiro reMitemo, ichipa bazu rokutonga simba rokusarudza kana zviito zveCongress zvakanga zviri zvebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kwete, nepesvedzero yeDare pamusoro pomutemo wakabva pachisarudzo ichi nesimba rokuongorora. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall muiyi mhaka 1803 akashandura zvikuru basa reDare Rapamusoro, achirisimbisa sebazi rehurumende rine chiremera chokunzvera masimba ose ari maviri eCongress nePrezident.
Nheyo yakaziviswa muMarbury new. Madison inoramba iri pakati pebasa reDare nhasi. Nguva iri yose Dare Rapamusorosoro rinotonga mutemo seusingabvumirani nehurumende kana kuti rinotsigira mutemo unodenha, unoshandisa simba rokuongorora dare rakatangwa anopfuura mazana maviri amakore akapfuura. Iri chiremera rinoita Dare rive muchengeti anokosha wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo uye nzvero padzinga ringada kuva mukororo wehurumende.
Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kutaura idi, zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvenzvero dzeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa zvinorambwa.Mizhinjisa yenhau iyo Dare Rapamusoro rinotonga zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare akaderera, uye muitiro wokuita nhau pamberi pevatongi unobatanidza miitiro yakananga inoverengeka.
Kukumbira Certiorari
Hapana maruramiro akakwana okuita kuti Dare rinzwe kukwirira, uye mumwe munhu anoda kukwidza kuDare anofanira kuisa chikumbiro nokuda kwechibvumirano checertiorari. Shoko rokuti "certiori" rinobva muchiLatin, kureva kuti "kuziviswa," uye kumirira chikumbiro chokuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rihwirudzure chisarudzo chedare rakaderera.
Dare rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinoda kusvika 7 000 8 000 zveshoko rimwe nerimwe, asi Dare rinopa uye rinonzwa nharo mumhaka dzinenge 80. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinenge 1-2% zvezvikumbiro zvinogamuchirwa chaizvoizvo nokuda kwokudzokororwa kwakazara. Vatongi vanosarudza zvikuru nyaya dzavanosarudza kuteerera, vachinangidzira ngwariro pane avo vane revo hurusa yepamutemo kana kuti avo vanopedza rwisano pakati pematare epasi.
Kutonga Kwevana
Chisarudzo chokupa dare guru recertiorari hachidi voruzhinji(hwuno bedzi vana vavatongi vapfumbamwe vanofanira kubvumirana kupa mhesano yecertiorari. Iyi "Nhamba yeV4" inovimbisa kuti vashomanene vevatongi vanogona kuunza nhau dzinokosha pamberi peDare rakazara nokuda kwokurangarira, kunyange kana voruzhinji vangatanga kuva vasina chokwadi.
Dare ringapa mukana mukuru wokupa mutongo mukuru wecertiorari kana matare epasipo asvika zvisarudzo zvinopesana panhau yacho, kana kuti kana ane revo huru yorudzi.
Mhando Dzemhosva Dzinotongwa neDare Dzinoteerera
Nepo nhau zhinjisa dzeDare Gurusa dzichisvika kupfurikidza nomuitiro wecertiorari, Dare rinewo simba rapakuvamba pamarudzi akati egakava. Mhaka dzinowira pasi pechiremera chapakuvamba chedare dzinoenda kudare, pasina kuva nedare kana kuti kukwirira mudare rakaderera pakutanga, uye izvozvi nenzira yegamuchidzanwa zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvakadai serwisano pakati pemiganhu miviri kana kuti mizhinji pamusoro penhau dzakafanana nekodzero dzemvura, kana kuti pakati pehurumende nehurumende.
Kudzora kwokusarudza kweDare panzvimbo yaro yedare ifambiro mberi yazvino uno zvikuru. Pasati pa 1925, mapoka akawanda enhau akatakura kodzero inongoerekana yakwirira kuDare Gurusa, kureva kuti vatongi havana kuva nechisarudzo pamusoro penhau idzo vakanzwa, asi ikoko kwakachinja neMutongi Mukuru William Howard Taft, ane nhamburiko dzakatungamirira kukupfuudzwa kweChibvumirano cheJudicary cha 1925, icho chakasimbisa muitiro wechibhedreti senzira hurusa yedare. Ichi chinjo yakabvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro nguva yaro yakaganhurirwa nepfuma pamibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikurusa yakatarisana norudzi.
Chisarudzo Chedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kana Dare Rapamusoro rangobvuma bedzi kunzwa nhau yacho, rinotevera muitiro wakasanorongwa unobatanidza kupfupi kwokunyora, nharo dzapamuromo, misangano yakavanzika, uye kunyorwa kwemirangariro. Kunzwisisa rutivi rumwe norumwe rweiyi gadziriro kunozivisa kuti vanhu vapfumbamwe vane uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga vanoshanda sei pamwe chete kupedza mimwe yemibvunzo inodenha zvikurusa yapamutemo yorudzi.
Zvakanyorwa Zvipfupi uye Kukakavadzana Mumutemo
Kana vatongi vakasarudza kugamuchira mhaka, mhaka inoiswa pachiteshi chedare, uye mukuwirirana nemirairo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, mukumbiri ane chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora pfupi, kwete kupfuura mapeji 50, achiisa mhaka yake yapamutemo pamusoro penhau iyo Dare rakabvumira hwirudzuro, pashure pacho mugamuchiri anopiwa chitsama chakati chenguva chokunyora mhinduro pfupi, uyewo kupfuuresa mapeji 50.
Idzi nhetembo dzinomirira zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo izvo rutivi rumwe norumwe runogovera kuDare.
Vanhu kana kuti masangano asiri mumhaka yacho anogonawo kuisa mipfupi, inonzi anicus curiae mipfupiso mipfupi, ine "amicuscuriae" inoreva kuti "shamwari yedare" muchiLatin, uye zvimwe murondedzero, chinangwa cheidzi pfupi ndechokubetsera Dare mukusarudza nhau yacho, nenhau dzakakwirira pane dzimwe nguva dzine nhamba huru zvikuru dzeaicus mipfupiso duku(hin Dobs, somuenzaniso, kwakanga kune dzimwe nguva dzinopfuura 140 dzemanyoro. Idzi shamwari-pfupikidzwa dzezvidimbu dzinobvumira masangano anofarira, masangano ehurumende, masangano ehurumende, uye mapoka echitsoko kuti agoverane mirangariro yawo pamaererano nedare.
Mhosva Dzakarerekera Pamberi Pedare
Dare parinenge ragara, marusando avose anovamba nokukurumidza pa 10 a.m., navatongi kazhinji kazhinji vachinzwa nharo mbiri dzinotaurwa mumangwanani, namarusando amasikati akarongwa seakafanira, uye marusando avose anoitwa nenzira yakakurumbira paMivhuro, Chipiri, uye Chitatu.
Vatongi ipapo vanoverenga mipfupi mumhaka yacho, uye Dare Gurusa rinopa nharo mukutaura, apo magweta parutivi rumwe norumwe anosvika pakutaura nhau dzavo uye vatongi vanosvika pakubvunza mibvunzo, neiyi tsinhiro dzinowanzogara pasi pemaawa maviri. Mukati menharo dzinotaurwa, magweta kazhinji kazhinji anodzongonyedza magweta nemibvunzo yakananga, fungidziro, uye denho. Idzi dzinokurukura dzinogovera nzwisiso mukufunga kweruramisiro ndokuvabvumira kuedza simba renharo dzerutivi rumwe norumwe.
Zvibvumikiso zvemashoko zvinobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda. Zvinobvumira ruramisiro kujekesa mapfundo angave akajekeswa mumashoko mapfupi akanyorwa, kunzvera revo dzinoshanda dzemitemo yakasiana - siana, uye chiratidzo kuvashandi biyavo kuti mativi api enhau avanowana kuva anokosha zvikurusa. Nokuda kwagweta, kutaura kunomirira mukana wakakomba wokunyengetedza Dare, kunyange zvazvo muuyo uchiwanzopesvedzerwa zvikuru nepfupi nenzvero yakanyorwa namatongerwo akaitwa pamberi pezvi.
Musangano Wevatongi
Apo nharo dzokutaura dzinopedzwa, vatongi vanofanira kutonga nhau yacho pane inozivikanwa seMusangano weRumbidzo, uye apo Dare rinenge riri murusando, kune misangano miviri yakarongwa pavhiki paChitatu masikati uye imwe masikati eChishanu. Iyi misangano iri pakati pemativi akavanzika zvikurusa emiitiro yeDare Rapamusorosoro.
Maererano nemitemo yeDare Gurusa, vatongi bedzi vanobvumirwa mukamuri reMusangano panguva ino — hapana mapurisa, mabharani emitemo, vanyori, zvichingodaro.) uye Mutongi Mukuru anodana rusando rwacho kuti ruve norudzo uye, sechiratidzo chechimiro chesangano racho, vatongi vose vanobatana. Iyi gamuchidzanwa rokubatana maoko pamberi pemusangano rinosimbisa kuti pasinei zvapo nokusabvumirana kwavo panhau dzepamutemo, vatongi vanochengeta ruremekedzo nokuda kwomumwe nomumwe seshamwari.
Mukuwirirana nechibvumirano chemitemo cheDare Gurusa, vatongi vose vane banza rokutaura mirangariro yavo panhau yacho ndokumutsa mibvunzo ipi neipi kana kuti itiro hanya dzavangava nazvo, neruramisiro imwe neimwe ichitaura pasina kudzongonyedzwa kunobva kune dzimwe, sezvo Chiratidzo chikuru chinoita kutaura kwokutanga, ipapo ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotaura munhevedzano yokuderera kwoukuru, inoguma neruramisiro yakaderera zvikurusa. Iyi kurukurirano yakarongwa inovimbisa kuti inzwi riri rose reruramisiro rinonzwiwa uye kuti ruramisiro huru hadzidzore kurukurirano.
Apo kutaura kwacho kunenge kwaguma, Mutongi Mukuru anovhota pakutanga, uye Vatsigiri Vakabatana vanovhota mukudzika nhevedzano youkuru, namavhoti akaverengwa, uye ipapo ruramisiro yakasarudzwa kunyora murangariro weDare. ruramisiro imwe neimwe ine chisarudzo chimwe mukusarudza mhaka dzakapokanidzwa pamberi pedare, uye apo inenge iri voruzhinji, ruramisiro hurusa inosarudza kuti ndiani anonyora murangariro wedare; kana kuti zvimwe, ruramisiro hurusa muvoruzhinji inogovera basa racho.
Kunyora Nokuumba Mifungo
Kana vanhu vakawanda vangoda kunyora voga, mutongi anoriparadzira kudare rakazara, uye panguva iyoyo, mumwe mutongi anogona kusarudza kuti anzi aende ku "join" pfungwa yacho, anogona kukumbira kuchinja pfungwa yacho asati abatana, kana kuti anogona kusarudza kunyora pfungwa dzakasiyana. Kuchinja uku kunogona kuita kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kunokosha sokushanda kunoita munyori kuti achengetedze nzanga dzakawanda.
Pashure pokunge murangariro woruzhinji wapoterera, kusabvumirana kupi nokupi kuchapararirawo, uye pane dzimwe nguva ruramisiro inopesana inomirira kurava murangariro woruzhinji asati anyora, asi pane dzimwe nguva iye angava akagadzirira kunyora fomu kuti aende nokukurumidza apo itiro yemirangariro yavazhinji inotendeuka mutariro dzokunyengetedza vamwe vatongi kuti vachinjire ndangariro dzavo. Muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki, kupesana kwokunyengetedza kunogona chaizvoizvo kushandura kwave kuchipesana nemurangariro woruzhinji.
Mune zvimwe zvinoitika (hwunowanzova ruramisiro inosanotarisiswa zvikurusa) inganyora murangariro wakasiana zvikuru, ichitsanangura chikonzero nei ivo vasingabvumirani nevoruzhinji uye chikonzero nei vangasarudza nhau yacho nenzira yakasiana, uye mutongi mumwe kana kuti vanopfuura vanganyora murangariro unowirirana — kazhinji kazhinji vachibvumirana nevoruzhinji pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kukunda mhaka yacho, asi vachipa mifungo yokuwedzera pamusoro penzira yokufunga pamusoro penhau yebumbiro remitemo munhau yacho. Iyi mirangariro yakasiana inogona kuva inopesvedzera mukuumba zvinoitika zvapamutemo zvomunguva yemberi, sezvo kupesana kwanhasi kungava murangariro woruzhinji mangwana.
Chii Chinoita Chisarudzo “Chiratidzo Chomunyika ”?
Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa hazvisi zvine ukoshi hwakaenzana kana kuti hunokosha. Nepo Dare richisarudza nhau dzakawanda shoko rimwe nerimwe, zvishomanene bedzi zvinoyeukwa sezvinjo zvirokwazvo. Zvisarudzo zvechikwangwanya ndizvo izvo zvinotonga izvo zvikurukuru zvinochinja mutemo weAmerica, zvinotanga nheyo itsva dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinodzivirira maruramiro makuru, kana kuti zvisaririra zvapanguva refu.
Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoratidzira zvinochinja kududzirwa kwomutemo uripo muUnited States, uye chisarudzo chakadaro chingagadzikisa mutemo munzira dzinopfuura imwe, kubatanidza kusiyanisa nheyo itsva inonatsa nheyo iripo, nokudaro ichisiya muitiro wapakuvamba pasina kuputsa mutemo wokutarira, kana kuti kutanga muedzo kana kuti mupimo unoisvokodzera unogona kushandiswa nematare muzvisarudzo zvomunguva yemberi.
Nyaya yacho ingagadzirisa nyaya inokosha pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, kudzivirira kwakaenzana, kana kuti nzira yakakodzera. Ingatanga chirongwa chitsva chepamutemo chichashandiswa nematare epasi pevhu kwemakumi emakore anouya. Kana kuti ingabvisa chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chainge chaonekwa sechisina kururama kana kuti chinopesana nemitemo.
Mitongo yenhau yepanyika yakachinja nhau uye ine simba pavagari vemo vanozvidza mutemo nhasi. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotambanukira kupfuura dare, zvinopesvedzera masangano enzanga, gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni eAmerica. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau dzechiono chenji kunogovera mashoko anokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti nzanga yeAmerica yakachinja sei uye kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzinoshanda sei kuzvinetso zvenguva ino.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pakodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuenzana
Zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvikurusa zvakapa muuyo zvikurusa zvakakurukura mibvunzo yamaruramiro avagari vemo, kuenzana kwedzinza, uye rusaruro. iyi nhau yakabetsera kurondedzera icho kuva nomwero kunoreva muBumbiro reMitemo uye yakasunda chinjo huru yenzanga.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ndiimwe yenhau dzakakurumbira zvikurusa nedzine simba muNhau hurusa yeAmerica, somuchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare rakazivisa kuti mitemo yehurumende yakaparadzana yaigadza zvikoro zvavose zvavadzidzi vatema navachena yakanga isina kuwirirana.
Chisarudzo chaBrown chinoziviswa sechisarudzo chinokosha munhau yeDare Gurusa, kuputsa Plesty v. Ferguson (1896) iyo yakanga yasika "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana". MuPlesty v. Ferguson (1896), Dare Rapamusoro rakatendera kubviswa kupfurikidza nokutsigira dzidziso ye "kasipoka asi yakaenzana," asi National Association for the Adpitalment of Colored People aibvumirana neiyi chisarudzo, ichidenha kutendwa kwemitemo yeLivration muTopeka, Kansas, gadziriro yechikoro, uye muna 1954, Dare rakachinja chisarudzo charo chePlavery, richizivisa kuti "zvikoro zvinopfuurwa hazviwiri pamutemo".
Chisarudzo chaBrown hachina kugumisa nokukurumidza kusarura chikoro nechaparuwa () kudzvinyirirwa kwakatarisana nechirambidzo chikuru mumativi akawanda enyika. Zvisinei, chakasimbisa nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti kusarura dzinza kwakadzorwa nehurumende kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwe 144th Amendment, kuchigovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwesangano rapamutemo ramasimba avagari vemo ra1950 nama 1960.
Rudo v. Virginia (1967)
Imwe mhaka yekodzero dzevagari vemo yaikurukura mitemo inorambidza muchato wemadzinza akasiyana. MuLoving v. Virginia, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvumirana kumisa kurambidza kweVirginia roorano yemadzinza akasiyana, richitaura kuti mitemo yakadaro yaiputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGungano reCreatement Clausse yeMvura ye14th Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakarerutsa mitemo yakafanana muhurumende 16 ndokusimbisa kuti kodzero yokuroora irusununguko runokosha rusingagoni kuganhurirwa parudzi.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Muna 2015, Dare repamusorosoro rakapa roorano kuenzana nevarume nevakadzi vairara vose muObergefell v. Hodges. Dare rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo rechi14 rinoda kuti vanhu vaviri vepabonde rimwe chete varomere kuroorana uye kuti vazive kuti kuroorana kwakadaro kwaiitwa mune dzimwe nyika. Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidza kuguma kwemakumi emakore echibvumirano cheLGBTQ uye chakachinja zvikuru tsika dzepamutemo pamusoro peroorano muAmerica.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pamusoro Peruramisiro Yeutsotsi Namaruramiro Avapomeri
Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinorondedzera kodzero dzevanhu vanopomerwa mhosva, richitanga mitemo inodzivirira inoita kuti mutemo uwirirane nezvinodiwa nerusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo.
Miranda muArizona (1966)
MuMiranda neArizona muna 1966, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira nhau ina dzakaparadzana umo vakwirirwi vakareurura kumhosva pashure pokunge vasungwa ndokubvunzurudzwa namapurisa pasina kuziviswa nezvekodzero yavo yokuva negweta, mutengi ainzi Ernesto Miranda, uyo akasungwa namapurisa ePhoenix ndokupomerwa kuba nokuba uye kubata chibharo, uye Miranda haana kuziviswa nezvekodzero yake yokupa zano, uye pashure pekubvunzurudzwa kwemaawa maviri, akasaina tsamba yokureurura mhosva dzacho.
Muchisarudzo cha524, Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akabvuma kuti kubvunzurudza kwacho kwakanga kwaputsa dziviriro yeFindre Amendment pakuzvitutumadza. Dare rakawana kuti Gadziriro dzeChishanu nedzechitanhatu dzinoda mapurisa kuzivisa vanhu vari muchitokisi kuti vane kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye kubetserwa negweta.
Chisarudzo chaMiranda chakatungamirira kunyevero dzinonzi zvino-familar "Miranda" dzinofanira kupiwa namapurisa pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero: "Iwe une maruramiro okuramba unyerere. Chipi nechipi chaunotaura chinogona uye chichashandiswa kurwisana newe mudare romutemo. Unekodzero kumutongi. Kana usina mutongi, mumwe uchapiwa. Idzi nyevero dzave dzakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika dzemitemo yeAmerica uye dzinomirira dziviriro inokosha pakureurura.
Wainwright (1963)
Dare racho rakataura kana Bumbiro Remitemo richida kuti munhu upi noupi anopomerwa mhaka, asi asingakwanisi kubhadhara gweta, avimbiswe betsero yapachena yezano rapamutemo, uye mukuwirirana neDare Rapamusorosoro rakabvumirana, mhinduro yakanga iri hungu, sezvo Dare rakarangarira kuti maruramiro eSikisi Mendement eTrea okubetsera zano anoshanda kukutonga kwehurumende uye kuti "vatongi mudare rematsotsi vanodikanwa, kwete zvoumbozha ”?
Chisarudzo ichi chakavimbisa kuti urombo hahuzodzivisi vakwirirwi kuwana mirau yakakwana yepamutemo, zvichichinja zvikurukuru gadziriro yekutonga kwematsotsi uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevapomerwi vaipomerwa mhosva.
Map v. Ohio (1961)
MuMap v. Ohio, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga "mutemo wetsika," richiva nouchapupu hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye nepfari hazvigoni kushandiswa mumatare ehurumende.ichi chisarudzo chakatambanudza dziviriro dzokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari kumatare ehurumende, kuchiparira kudzivisa kwakasimba mufambiro wakashata wamapurisa uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga.
Zvisarudzo Zvinoratidza Kuti Munhu Anotaura Akasununguka uye Ane Kodzero Dzokutanga
Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment nokuda kworusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa nhau, rwechitendero, uye rwekuungana kwave kuri nhau yezvisarudzo zvakawanda zveDare Gurusa zvakarondedzera ukuru neganhuriro dzeidzi rusununguko runokosha.
Des Moines (1969)
Kutsutsumwa Hondo yeVietnam, Mary Beth Tinker nomukoma wake vakapfeka zvibayiso zvamaoko zvitema kuchikoro, uye vachitya kudzongonyedzwa, vatungamiriri vakarambidzwa kupfeka zvisungo zvakadaro zvoruoko, asi vaTinkring vakabviswa pachikoro apo vakakundikana kuwirirana, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti zviito zvavo zvakadzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Chiziviso chakakurumbira cheDare hachina ku "bvisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro" chakatanga dziviriro dzinokosha nokuda kwokutaura kwevadzidzi.
Johnson (1989)
Kuramba mitemo yehurumende yeReagan, Gregory Lee Johnson akapisa mureza weAmerica kunze kweDallas City Hall, uye akasungwa nokuda kwechiito ichi, asi akabvumirana kuti chakanga chiri kutaura kwokufananidzira, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma, richitonga kuti kutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa nenzira yepamutemo kunyange apo kunenge kuchigumbura. iyi chisarudzo chakakakavadzana chakasimbisa kuti Gadziriro yokutanga inodzivirira kunyange zvimiro zvinoshora zvikuru zvekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
Scheck v. United States (1919)
Dare rakataura kana kutaura kwakati, kubatanidza kutumira mapepa anorwisana nehondo kuvarume vainyoresa, akaitwa munguva yehondo uye airangarirwa kuva anoputswa neEspionagement Act, akadzivirirwa nechisarudzo cheFirst Amendment, achitonga, uye kunyange zvazvo mukwirirwi angadai akakwanisa kutaura mirangariro yake mukati menguva dzakarovedzeka, Dare rakadavira kuti mumigariro yakati, kufanana norudzi rwacho rwuri muhondo, rinoruramisa ganhuriro dzakadaro paFirst Amendment, nechisarudzo cheSchenc chainozivikanwa zvikurusa nokuda kwokuparira "Light nengozi iripo" revo yokuti kutaura kwaigona kuganhuridzwa kana kwaizopa ngozi yakajeka uye iripo.
Nepo kunzvera kwe "cred nekwokuvapo" kwakachinja chifo chenguva iyeyo nezvisarudzo zvakatevera, Schenc akasimbisa nheyo yokuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment hadzina kuganhurirwa uye kuti kutaura kunogona kuganhurirwa mumigariro yakati yakaganhurirwa apo kunova nengozi dzechokwadi kuchengeteko yavose kana kuti chengeteko yorudzi.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pasimba Rehurumende Nokutengeserana
Dare Repamusorosoro rakaita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera kudzikamiswa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro pechiremera cheCongress chokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dare rakasarudza kuti mitemo yeUnited States iwirirane nemitemo yehurumende uye somuuyo, hurumende haigoni kubhadhara bhangi renyika, uye chisarudzo cheMcCulloch chakagadza nheyo mbiri dzinokosha nokuda kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo dzinopfuurira nhasi: dzakareva masimba noukuru hwehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chapakuvamba chakabvumikisa kuti hurumende yehurumende ine masimba anopfuura ayo akadudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo uye mutemo wehurumende unotora nzvimbo yokutanga pamitemo inorwisana yehurumende.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Dare rakati ibasa rehurumende yehurumende kudzora kutengeserana uye kuti hurumende dzehurumende hadzigoni kugadzira mitemo yadzo dzimene inodzora kutengeserana, uye Dare rakagadzira rondedzero huru nokuda kwe "commente," kurangarira kuti shoko racho rakabatanidza zvinopfuura kungotengesa nokutenga, netapuro yavaGibbon ichiri kunzwika nhasi sezvarinopa hurumende yehurumende nzvimbo yakapararira zvikuru kudzora kutengeserana kwezvemari. Iyi rondedzero huru yeChommerce Clause yakagovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo remitemo yemitemo yehurumende yazvino uno.
Zvisarudzo Zvokuratidza Kuti Munhu Ane Kodzero
Nharaunda shomanene dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo dzakaparira gakava guru nekurukurirano yavose sekodzero dzokuberekana, nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro munharaunda iyi chakatapura zvikuru mamirioni eAmerica.
Wade (1973)
Dare rakagumisa kuti mitemo inoganhurira kubvisa mimba inoputsa maruramiro eBumbiro reMitemo kukuva voga, uye yakataura kuti, muNed Amendment of 14th Adter Admittery Claus, masangano angaganhurira bedzi kubvisa mimba kusvikira kumugumo wemimba, kuti adzivirire upenyu hwomukadzi kana kuti mwana achangobva kunambwa. Kwaanodokusvika makumi mashanu amakore, Roe v. Wade akagadza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukubvisa pamuviri ndokuparira maruramiro akarongwa akavanzika avakadzi nefariro dzehurumende mukudzivirira upenyu hunobvira.
Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)
Chinyorwa chakavamba apo mubetseri wokubvisa mimba mumwe chete weMississippi akadenha kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende ra2018 rinorambidza kubvisa mimba kunenge kwose pashure pamavhiki 15 okusununguka, matare akaderera achitsigira chipatara choutano, achiwana kuti mutemo wakapokanidza muenzaniso weDare Gurusa wakatangwa muRoe naPlanned Parenthood v. Casey, asi muDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, Supreme Court yakasarudza kuputsa zvisarudzo izvozvo zvenhau.
Dare rakaramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haripi vimbiso yekodzero yokubvisa pamuviri, sezvo kodzero iyi isingadudzwi zvakajeka murugwaro, uyewo harisati riri "rakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi negamuchidzanwa" kurangarirwa kuva maruramiro anorehwa pasi peGrandment Claus. Ichi chisarudzo chakamirira chimwe chedzorero hurusa yenhau yeDare Gurusa, kuchidzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kuhurumende imwe neimwe ndokuita basa rakaoma remitemo yokubvisa mimba mumativi ose enyika.
Zvisarudzo Zvinoshamisa Zvokupa Kodzero Nekupindira Kwezvematongerwe Enyika
Dare Repamusorosoro rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinotapura kodzero dzokuvhota, mari yenhimbe, uye kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvichiumba mashandiro anoita hurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu.
Buckley v. Valeo (19976)
Muchisarudzo chine muuyo uri kure wesimba rezvemari pagadziriro yenhimbe, Dare rakadzika miganhu pakushandiswa kwenhimbe, nefungidziro yaro ichitsamira pamurangariro mukuru: mari inopedzerwa mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika chimiro chokutaura, uye somuuyo, chakatonga kuti kudzora ndyiko dzakasvika kukuganhurira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kumene, nechisarudzo chokushandisa kusingaganhurirwi kupedza shingairo isina kuganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokuregeredza donzo rehurumende rinoruramisa ganhuriro.
Dare racho, zvisinei, rinotsigira ganhuriro pamipiro kunhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, richitonga kuti dzakanga dziri madikanwa nokuda kwokurwisana "zvechokwadi kana kuti chitarisiko chepesvedzero isina kufanira" izvo vapi vazhinji vaigona kuva nazvo pavanoda.Musiyano uyu pakati pemipiro nendyiko wakaumba mutemo wemari yenhimbe kwamakumi amakore, uchibvumira kudhura kusina muganhu kunoitwa navanoda uye mapoka anozvimirira apo vaichengeta ganhuriro dzakati kuti pamipiro yakananga kunhimbe.
Zvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzepfuti
Ruwa rwaColumbia v. Heller (2008)
Muna 2008, Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mutongo unokosha wePramende yeChikamu 2 cheColumbia neHeller, nemutongo wokuparadza mitemo yakawanda yeWashington D.C. yepfuti, yaibatanidza kurambidzwa kwepfuti nevagari vomunyika, semuHeller, Dare rakatonga kekutanga kuti Mutemo udzivirire kodzero yevagari veAmerica yokuva nepfuti mumusha nokuda kwokuzvichengetedza uye kudzivirira.
Pamberi peHeller, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzemitemo dzakatsigira kududzira kushoma kweSecond Amendment, kwainyanya kupiwa kodzero yokuronga mauto panzvimbo pokudzivirira musha womunhu kana kuti zvinhu zvake. Chisarudzo cheHeller chakachinja zvikuru Dare Resecond Amendment jirament nokugadza kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo yakaparadzana nemabasa emauto.
Chirango chacho hachidzivisi mitemo yose yokudzora pfuti, zvisinei, sezvo ichingoda bedzi unyanzvi hukuru kuvaiti vemitemo, uye kunyange zvazvo zvirambidzo zvepfuti zvakananga zvisati zvichirangarirwazve kuva zvebumbiro remitemo, mimwe mirau pakuva nepfuti ingangoitwa, uye panzvimbo pokurambidza kuva nepfuti yomunhu oga, maguta akapfura zvinodikanwa zvomugariro wakarerekera kana kuti nhambo dzokumirira dzakaganhurirwa, navaiti vemitemo vachiwana unyanzvi hwakawanda, vachiita chimwe chigadziro kuDare kupfurikidza nokuronga mumwe muitiro wokukurukura utsotsi hwamasimba masimba masimba namasimba masimba.
Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza
Imwe yenheyo huru inotungamirira kuita chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa idecisis, chitsama chamashoko chechiLatin chinoreva kuti "kumira mukuwirirana nezvinhu zvasarudzwa. Iyi dzidziso inoti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso wakagadzwa mumhaka dzapakuvamba, kuchigovera dzikamo nokudeya kujeka kutsika yapamutemo.
Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro harina kusungwa chose chose nezvisarudzo zvaro zvapamberi. Kubvira muna 2020, dare rakanga ratonga mitongo yaro rimene munhau dzinofungidzirwa kuva 232 chifo cha 1810. Dare ringachinja muenzaniso apo rinogumisa kuti chisarudzo chapamberi pakanga pasasarudzwa nenzira yakaipa, rakabvumikisa kuva risingashandisi, kana kuti rinopesana nezvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinotevera.
Kupesana kuripo pakati pokuremekedza muenzaniso uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekare kunokonzera nharo dzinoramba dziri muDare racho.
Tapuro Yezvisarudzo Zvechiratidzo Panzanga yeAmerica
Migumisiro yezvisarudzo izvi inopfuura zvikuru zvinoitwa nevanhu vanobatanidzwa zvakananga munhau dzacho, kupesvedzera mutemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, zvisarudzo zvedare zvakaderera, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni evaAmerica.
Mitemo ingada kugadziridza mitemo kuti ienderane nemitemo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo. Masangano ehurumende angafanira kuchinja mitemo yawo uye miitiro yokuita kuti mitemo ishande. matare epasi pevhu anofanira kushandisa muenzaniso mutsva wacho pakumira nyaya.
Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvenhau zvakakosha kutarisana nokuramba kukuru uye zvinotora makore kana kuti kunyange makumi amakore kuti zviitwe zvizere.
Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvinotanga kubvumirana nokukurumidza asi zvinotanga nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga dzinopfuurira.Obergefell akasarudza kunyoresa pamutemo roorano yevatano munyika yose kwakakurumidza kushanda, asi gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro porusununguko rworudzidziso, maruramiro okurera mwana asiri wako, uye dzimwe nhau dzine chokuita neLGBTQ+ kuenzana.
Makepi Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Simba reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Nepo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru richishandisa simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yokutonga nebasa raro somuturikiri wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo, Dare rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yenzvero nedzikamo zvinoganhurira chiremera charo.
Dare rinogona kuwedzera nhamba yevatongi, richipa purezidhendi simba rokuchinja zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi kupfurikidza nokugadza, uye Congress inogona kupa mutemo unoganhurira udzori hweDare Rapamusorosoro uye mamwe matare ehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakati, sezvinokarakadzwa nomutauro muChikamu 2 cheChikamu Chechitatu cheChikamu, apo chiremera chemitemo chinobvumirwa "navaregeredzi vakadaro, uye pasi pemitemo seChibvumirano cheHurumende chichaita".
Mukuwedzera, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona kubvisa zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro. Apo Dare rinodudzira Bumbiro remitemo nenzira iyo Congress nehurumende zvinowana kuva zvisingagamuchiriki, zvinogona kuchinja Bumbiro remitemo rimene kutanga mutemo wakasiana. Ikoku kwakaitika kanoverengeka munhau yeAmerica, zvakadai seapo Dred Scott Demple yakachinja chisarudzo cheDred Scott chokuti vaAmerica havagoni kuva vagari vemo.
Dare rinotsamirawo pabazu guru kuti ritsive zvisarudzo zvaro. Seizvo Alexander Hamilton akacherekedza muFederalist No. 78, mutongi haana pesvedzero pangave pamunondo kana kuti zvimwe chikwama" uye anofanira kutsamira pabazu guru kuti rishandise mirau yaro. Kutsamira pakunoparira imwe nzvero pasimba rokutonga.
Ruramisiro neSangano reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Shoko rimwe nerimwe rinoumbwa nenhambo dzinochinjana dzeinenge vhiki mbiri dzinozivikanwa se "vagere" uye vaiti," nenhau dzokunzwa uye kupa kutonga mukati mekugara, apo vanokurukura nhau uye vanonyora mirangariro mukati menhambo. Iyi gadziriro yakarongeka inobvumira ruramisiro kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvokunzwa zvibvumikiso zvokunzwa nebasa guru rokunzvera, kunyora, uye kunatsa mirangariro yavo.
Nharo dzekutaura dzinoguma chaizvoizvo muna April uye nokuda kweshoko rasara reDare rinobudisa mirayiro nemirangariro, Dare richiwanzorega kutsinhirana pakupera kwaJune, asi basa reruramisiro hariperi, sezvo mukati mezhizha rinopfuurira kunzvera zvikumbiro zvitsva zvehwirudzuro, kurangarira kufembera nokukumbira, uye rinofanira kuita gadziriro dzenhau dzakarongwa nokuda kwenharo dzinowa.
Kutenderera kwegore negore kweDare kunoparira mitoo inoziviswa apo zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoziviswa. Nhau dzinosanovanzwa kazhinji kazhinji dzinosarudzwa muna June, sezvo vatongi vanoshanda kupedza mirangariro yavo pamberi penhambo yezhizha. Uku kuronga nguva kunoreva kuti zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvinogarosvika mumativi ose pamugumo weshoko racho, zvichiparira kufukidzwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau uye ngwariro yavose.
Basa Ramabhishopi Omutemo Mudare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rokusarudza
Ruramisiro imwe neimwe yeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa inoshandisa vanamabharani vemitemo vanoverengeka — zvikurukuru vakapedza kufunda pachikoro chemitemo vakaita zvakanaka zvikuru mudzidzo. ava vanamabharani vanoita mabasa anokosha mubasa reDare, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwepesvedzero yavo huchisiyana pakati pevatongi.
Vasati vapinda muMusangano, vatongi vanowanzokurukura nhau dzinowirirana navanamabharani vavo vemitemo, vachitsvaka kuwana mifungo yakasiana panhau yacho, uye pamugumo weiyi purogiramu, pane dzimwe nguva vatongi vane pfungwa yakanaka zvikuru yokuti vachavhota sei mumhaka yacho; dzimwe nguva, havasati vava vapamutemo. Vanyori vemitemo vanonzvera nhau dzapamutemo, vanohwirudzura zvikumbiro zvecertiorari, bhokisi rebhenji rinopfupikisa nhau dzenhau dzisati dzataurwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanogadzirira gadziriro dzokutanga dzemirangariro.
Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotema kuti achavhota sei kuti agamuchire kana kuti kuramba chikumbiro chimwe nechimwe checertiorari, kazhinji kazhinji achikumbira kuongororwa kwechikumbiro chomunyori womutemo, ne 8 dzemitemo dzichishandisa dare re "dziva rechembere". Mudziva rechibereko, vanamabharani vemitemo vanobva mumakamuri eruramisiro vanoshanda pamwe chete kuhwirudzura nokugadzirira rugwaro runogoverwa pakati pevatongi vanotora rutivi, vachibvumira kushandiswa kwakanakisisa kwezviuru zvezvikumbiro kuiswa mushoko rimwe nerimwe.
Kutendeseka Kwavose uye Kururamisira kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Simba reDare Gurusa pakupedzisira rinotsamira pakugamuchirwa kwavose kwokururama kwaro nokudisa kuwirirana nezvisarudzo zvaro. Kusafanana namapazu akasarudzwa ehurumende, Dare harigoni kutaura murairo wakananga wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, richiita chivimbo chavose mukusasarura kwaro kunokosha zvikuru.
Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akawedzera kuongororwa kwebasa reDare nokuva pamutemo. ThrtyEx yakawana nhamba yezvisarudzo zvechikamu chakabvumirana zvaderera kubva paavhareji yemakore 20 kusvika kuanodokusvika 50% muzana muna 2021 apo dare rakawedzera kubva pa60 yemakore avhareji kusvika pa260 paavhareji yapamusoro zvikuru kusvika pa21%, Ryan Williams achinongedzera kuvhota dzebato nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zveruramisiro soufakazi hwokuti dare rinokosha kuvane vatongi.
Nzvero ya2024 AP -NORC yakaratidza 7 mu 10 vakabvunzwa vanodavira kuti dare rinosarudza mhaka dzoku "zviwanira mano avo vamene" mukupesana no“ kuita sechenjero yokuzvimirira pamamwe mapazu ehurumende kupfurikidza nokuva anoruramisira uye asingasaruri". Iyi mirangariro inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuti Dare rinogona sei kuchengeta chivimbo charo chapamutemo uye chavose munguva yokuparadzana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
Nguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye kuongorora kwehurumende.
Zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvinokosha zvingakurukura nhau dzakadai sokuita uchenjeri hwokusarudzirwa uye kuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kudzora mhoteredzo, simba revakuru vakuru munguva dzekurumidziro, kodzero dzokuvhota uye dzokutarisira masanzvero, rusununguko rworudzidziso munzanga inoramba ichiwedzera kusiana, uye kushandiswa kwenheyo dzemitemo dzemitemo kunzvimbo dzinokurukurirana nedzinoshandira magariro evanhu.
Sezvo idzi nhau dzinosvika Dare Rapamusorosoro, vatongi vachapfuudzira gamuchidzanwa refu resangano rokududzira nheyo dzinogara dzeBumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nemigariro yapanguva ino. Zvisarudzo zvavanoita zvichava rutivi rwekurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pezvinoreva Bumbiro reMitemo uye kuti dziviriro dzaro dzinoshanda sei kudenho itsva dzisingadeyi kufungwa navaFramers.
Kunzwisisa Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Muhurumende Yechidhori yeAmerica
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rine nzvimbo yechienzi muhurumende yeAmerica seboka risina kusarudzwa rine simba rokuparadza zviito zvakasarudzwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iri basa rinorwisana nehurumende rinoparira kusawirirana kwomuzvarirwo asiwo rinoshanda mabasa anokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo nokuchengeta mutemo.
Kupfurikidza nokubatira somuturikiri wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo, Dare rinodzivirira maruramiro mashoma paudzvinyiriri hwakawanda, rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, rinopedza rwisano pakati pemwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende napakati pamapazu akasiana - siana, uye rinogovera dzikamo nokudeya kuziviswa kupfurikidza nokutangwa kwenheyo dzapamutemo dzinowirirana.
Kunzwisisa kuti Dare Gurusa rinoita sei zvisarudzo zvecherekedzo yecherekedzo chakatanhamara — kubva muchikumbiro chokutanga chekurukurirano dzokutaura, misangano yapachivande, kunyora mifungo, uye bhuku rokupedzisira — kunoratidzira muitiro wokungwarira wokusarudza kutungamirira uko kunoumba mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica. Nepo zvisarudzo zvoga zvingava zvenharo uye ruramisiro zvingapesana zvikuru pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, sangano rimene rinoramba riri divi rehurumende yemitemo yeAmerica.
Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende nemutemo weAmerica, zivo yebasa reDare Gurusa nezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvinokosha. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotapura kodzero dzinokosha, kuumba muitiro wevoruzhinji, uye kuratidzira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pemipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokufunda miganhu yenhau yedare rinoumba uye kunzwisisa muitiro wokuita chisarudzo cheDare, vaAmerica vanogona kutora rutivi zviri nani muhurukuro yedemocraticism pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro remitemo uye kubatanidzwa nenhau dzapamutemo dzinotapura upenyu hwavo.
Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinomirira zvinopfuura zvisarudzo zvapamutemo chete zvinobatanidza kunzwisisa kwerudzi kwenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, kuratidzira mipimo inochinja yenzanga, uye kuratidzira kuti gwaro rakanyorwa rinopfuurira sei kutungamirira hurumende yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica anopfuura mazana maviri adarika. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda uye chaunga chinopfuurira kushanduka, Dare pasina panikiro richabudisa zvisarudzo zvitsva zvechiratidzo izvo zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvichafunda senhambo dzinokosha munhau yemitemo nenzanga yeAmerica.
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yeDare rapamusoro nenhau dzechiratidzo, zviwanikwa zvinokosha zvinobatanidza website yeDare rapamusoro-soro, [[FLT:] U.S. zviwanikwa zvedzidzo paMitemo yeDare Gurusa reDare[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]SCOMYMBY][ nokuda kwenhau dzazvino dzeDare gurusa, Hurumende yemitemo yemitemo yeIndaudzo, uye projective [FFF:] projects [F]