Kupesana Kunoita Matare Ehurumende Nehurumende Panhau Dzokupesana

Gakava repamutemo pamusoro pekodzero uye mitoro yemasangano rinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro penzira inotsanangurwa nayo mitemo pamwero yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende. Matare ehurumende nehurumende pane dzimwe nguva anosvika mhedziso dzakasiyana panhau dzine chokuita nokubatanidzwa, kutanga kusanyatsozivana kwepamutemo uye kupfuurira kukurukurwa pakati pezano remakambani, vatenzi, uye vaiti vemitevedzero. Uku kusawirirana kunomuka kubva pagadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica yehurumende, uko hurumende inochengeta chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomutemo webhizimisi, bva matare ehurumende anowanzopindira kuti apedze magakava anobatanidza mibvunzo yemitemo yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti bhizimisi renyika. Mugumisiro wacho ibasa rokutonga rimwe chetero ringasiya nhau yebhizimisi inodzorwa nemitemo yakasiyana zvichitsamira kana mhaka iri munyika yehurumende kana kuti dare rehurumende.

Kunzwisisa idzi nyanduko kunokosha nokuda kwavatengi vepamutemo vanopa zano vatengi pamusoro pegadziriro yebhizimisi, dziviriro, uye kuzviisa pasi. Ichowo chine chokuita nenzanga yebhizimisi yakakura, nemhaka yokuti dudziro dzinorwisana dzinogona kutapura chinhu chiri chose kubva pakumanikidzirwa kwezvibvumirano kusvikira kuukuru hwekodzero dzamakambani dzakasununguka. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzvimbo huru apo matare ehurumende nehurumende anoputsanya panhau dzinobatanidzwa, kunzvera zvikonzero zvemitemo nedzemiitiro yetsika nokuda kwedzinoderera, uye kurangarira miuyo inoshanda nokuda kwemabhizimisi anoshanda mumitengo inopfuura mizhinji.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro reMitemo Rokutsinhirana

Kurongeka muUnited States chisikwa chomutemo wehurumende. Nyika imwe neimwe ine basa rayo imene rebhizimisi rinoraira zvinodikanwa zvokuumba sangano, maruramiro avagari vemo, mabasa avatungamiriri, uye ganhuriro dzemitoro yakaganhurirwa. Dare reMitemo reU. haripi chiremera chehurumende chehurumende chesangano remitemo nokuda kwamadonzo ebhizimisiwo zvawo, kunyange zvazvo Congress inogona kugadzira masangano ehurumende (akadai saFannie Mae) nokuda kwamadonzo akananga orudzi. Sezvo Dare rapamusoro renyika ragara richiziva, nhau dzomukati dzesangano rakadaro sechidzoro, mibato yemitoro, uye maruramiro okugoverano anodzorwa anodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa sedzidziso yomutemo yapamutemo yeAmerica, yetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika.

Dare rehurumende rinova rinobatanidzwa zvikurukuru mukubatanidza mumukakavadzano munzira nhatu: (1) muganhu wemitemo wakasiana - siana, umo mapati ari vagari vehurumende venyika dzakasiana - siana nechitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000; (2) chiremera chenhau chehurumende, apo mhaka yacho inobatanidza kutaura kumuka pasi peU.S. Constitution, mutemo womubatanidzwa, kana kuti murairo wehurumende; uye (3) chiremera chokubvisa, apo mukwiridzi anosunda mhaka kudare rehurumende kudare renyika. Kana dare renyika rine chiremera, rinofanira kushandisa mutemo wehurumende wepasi pe [[FLT: 0] pasi pedzidziso yehurumende, asi miraudzo yehurumende inodzorwa inotevera mipimo yehurumende. Iyi miganhuro yehurumende pakati pedare renyika yehurumende inotonga.

[[IT]rie[[FLT]Dzidzo netapuro dzayo

Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro muna 1938 Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins yakashandura nzira iyo matare ehurumende anobata nayo kutaura kwehurumende. [[FLT:]] , matare ehurumende padzimwe nguva aishandisa mutemo wehurumende wavose mumhaka dzakasiyana- siyana, unotungamirira kumiuyo inosvutswa kubva mudare rehurumende. Pashure pokunge [FLT:] ERIE[[FLT:]], matare ehurumende anogara mumhatsa yemitemo umo anogara, kubatanidza chisarudzo chomutemo chehurumende. “idzodzodzo dzomutemo inoshandisa mutemo unova nyore kutaura kupfuura zviito zvehurumende. [[FLT.NT.4] AProme], dare rehurumende rinofanira kuisa mutemo wakakwirira uye kugona kuisa mutemo, apo ivo vangava vatongi, kana kuti vainde mudare.

Somuenzaniso, rangarira dare rehurumende muDelaware muDelaware ridudzira gadziriro yesangano rebhizimisi reDelaware risina kutaurwa zvakananga neDelaware Supreme Court. Tsananguro yedare rehurumende inova muenzaniso unowirirana mukati moruwa irworwo rwehurumende, asi harisungiri matare ehurumende eDelaware. Kana Delaware Supreme Court gare gare gare ichipa dudziro inorwisana, mufambiro mumwe chetewo wesangano ungagona kuva wapamutemo pasi pomumwe kurava uye usiri wapamutemo pasi pomumwe, kuchitsamira pakuti mhaka yacho iri muhurumende kana kuti imo mudare rehurumende. Zviitikoshatadzo zvakadaro zvinoparadza pamutemo izvo mutemo wekambani inoresaitirwa kugovera.

Nharaunda Huru Dzokusabvumirana Pakati Pematare Enyika Nehurumende

Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinosimbisa nharaunda dzinoverengeka dzinovanzirwa apo matare ehurumende nehurumende akasabvumirana pamusoro pokubatanidza nhau dzine chokuita. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira miuyo yakaoma neyenyika chaiyoiyo yekamuraniso yokutonga kwehurumende.

Kuganhurirwa Kworupo uye Kuparadza Chibvumirano Chemari

Mitengo yakaganhurirwa rutivi rukuru rwokubatanidza: vapfuri havasati vari vane mhaka somunhu oga nokuda kwezvikwereti nemisengwa zvesangano. Zvisinei, matare anga “pfura chifukidziro chebhizimisi” ndokuita kuti vatambi voga vatapurwe kana sangano racho rikashandiswa kuita unyengeri, kuganhurirwa, kana kuti kupfuudzira shamhu. Mipimo yokufukidza inhau dzomutemo wehurumende, uye masangano aita miedzo yakasiyana. Mamwe masangano anoda kuratidzwa kwezvose zviri zviviri mugumisiro wefariro uye usingataurwi; mamwe anonangidzira paunyengeri kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechimiro chesangano.

Matare ehurumende, pakushandisa mutemo wehurumende mumhatsa, panhambo nenhambo akagamuchira mipimo inobaya yakasununguka zvikuru kana kuti inoganhurira zvikuru kupfuura matare ehurumende amene. Somuenzaniso, mamwe matare ehurumende akabvumira kuboora chifukidzo mu “uziviro” kupfuura matare ehurumende akafanira akatsigira. Nenzira inopesana, mamwe matare ehurumende anoramba kuvhura kunyange apo muenzaniso wenyika ungave wakachibvumira, kududza wirirano yakasimba mukufarira mhaka yakaganhurirwa. Muenzaniso mukuru wakamuka mu SSEA - Land Services, Inc. V. Revoko reP., apo Survericture ingave yakarega kuvhura jinga chifukishina chenyika pasi pomutemo weIllino nemhaka yeIllino yeIllinositoreti nemhaka yokuti matare akanga asina kugamuchira nenzira yakajeka shanduro yebvunzo yakaoma, kunyange zvazvo kukarakadza pamutemo yebhizimisi renyika.

Kusabvumirana kwakadaro kunoparira kusagutsikana kwavakweretesi navakwereti. Mukwereti anokwidza sangano mudare rehurumende angatarisana nomupimo wakasiana wokuisa chifukidziro kupfuura kana mhaka yacho yakaramba iri mudare rehurumende, kunyange apo mutemo mumwe chetewo wehurumende unodzora nezita. Uku kusadeya kutaurwa kunogona kutapura miitiro yokukweretesa, kunzvera ngozi, uye ndyiko yechikwereti nokuda kwamabhizimisi maduku.

2. Kodzero Dzehurumende Mupedzisi Yokutanga

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzekusabvumirana inobatanidza maruramiro eFirst Amendment nokuda kwamasangano. Dare reFederal(*) uye Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. zvikurukuru rakakudza dziviriro dzesangano dzapachena mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Mu Chinoumba United. FEREC[FL:1] [2010] , Dare rapamusoro rakaita kuti masangano ave nekodzero yokushandisa mari pakushambadza kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kutonga kwakashatisa mitemo yehurumende yemari yehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, Burwell v. [Lobby Versets, Inc.[FLT] [FFLD3]], Dare rainozivikanwa kuti masangano angagona kusimbisa rudzidziso pasi pokuramba Hurumende, Hurumendewo Rusununguro, nenzira inoitawo maruramiro ehurumende.

Matare ehurumende, zvisinei, haana kutevera zvakafanana kududzira kumwe cheteko kukuru. matare makuru akawanda akadudzira bumbiro remitemo yawo amene kubvumidza murairo mukuru zvikuru wokushandiswa kwesangano. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reMontana pakutanga rakatsigira chirambidzo chehurumende pandyiko dzamasangano kunyange pashure pa ] Chinoisa mubatanidzwa weUnited, achiramba kuti hurumende yakanga ine fariro inogombedzera mukudzivisa uori. Dare guru reMontanal rakashandura chisarudzo ichocho, asi kuoma kwepasi petsika kunoramba kuripo. Apo denho kumutemo inopfuudzwa mudare rehurumende pasi pomutemo, muuyo unogona kusiana neizvo zvaizoitika mudare renyika pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Iyi transnergen idzo inoumba sei nhau nemunhu anodzo.

3. Mitemo yeHurumende inopesana neHurumende

Mitemo yeSayenzi yeSayenzi yeTreetic Act ye1934, inoisa misengwa yokuzivisa nezvinodikanwa zvinopesana nezvirango pamasangano anotengeswa pachena. Iyi mitemo inodzorwa nematare ehurumende neSayenzi nePrecience Commission. Zvisinei, kudzora kwebhizimisi pachako, kubatanidza kuvhota vatungamiriri, kubatanidza kodzero dzokuvhota, uye mabasa okusarudza. (jeresa rinotangira nhau yomutemo wehurumende.)

Dare reFederal pane dzimwe nguva rinoshandisa “mutemo wehurumende wavose” wemasangano umo mutemo wehurumende unobviswa kana kuti umo mipimo yehurumende yakafanana inorangarirwa kuva iri madikanwa. Somuenzaniso, munharaunda yesutu dzinoiswa mugoverano, matare ehurumende akaisa zvinodikanwa zvokukumbira zvinosiana nemipimo yedare rehurumende. Dare reLequary Securitiation Litigaties Reform Act ya1995 rinogadzira mitemo chaiyo yehurumende nokuda kwezviito zveboka remiganhu, asi matare ehurumende anotonga wiriranisa zvinowirirana pasi pomutemo angashandisa mipimo yakawanda yokuregeredza. Somuuyo, vapurisa vanogona kusarudza kuisa muimwe yemimwe yemimwe mipimo yakavakirwa pakupukunyuka kurambwa kuti irandurwe. Iyi shamba yezvitengo inogona kutungamirira kumiuyo yezvitengo zvehurumende.

4 Kupomerwa Kwakasiyana - siyana uye Kusarudzwa Kwomutemo

Nemhaka yokuti masangano anorangarirwa kuva vagari vemo vavo vose vari vaviri vomugariro wavo webhizimisi nenzvimbo yavo huru yebhizimisi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana- siyana, gakava ramakambani mazhinji rinoguma mudare rehurumende. Kana zvangodaro, dare rehurumende rinoshandisa mitemo yakasarudzwa yomutemo wenyika mariri. Mitemo iyoyo ingatungamirira dare kushandisa mutemo wehurumende wenhau dzomukati kana kuti mutemo weimwe hurumende panhau kana kuti zvibvumirano. matare ehurumende, echokwadi, anoshandisa mitemo yaanosarudza yomutemo, uko kungatungamirira kumutemo wakasiana.

Rangarira sangano rakaumbwa muDelaware asi rakatumidzwa muCalifornia. Sutu yedare restale yakaunzwa mudare reCalifornia ingashandisa mutemo wekambani yeCalifornia kana dare rikawana kuti California ine fariro yakasimba zvikuru mugakava. Sutudhi imwe cheteyo yakaunzwa mudare rehurumende muCalifornia, pasi pokusiyana kwemitemo, ingashandisa mitemo yeCalifornia yakasarudzwa, ingatungamirira kumutemo weDelaure. Mugumisiro wacho [1] mugoverani anogona kuunza chiito chebumbiro, icho chinobetsera chinoshanda, uye icho dziviriro dzinowanika pamusoro pedare redare reSangano. Rudzirwo rwerwisano harusi rwekungori rwekufungidzira chete; rwakanyorwa muzvinoitika zvakafanana [[FLGUP:0]. .[12FM.[FFT]

Nhau Dzokusunungurwa Nedzokuzvinyima

Mamwe manyuko okusabvumirana anobva mudzidziso yehurumende yokuparadza. Congress inogona kusunungura mutemo wehurumende zvakajeka kana kuti unoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende. Apo gadziriro yokudzora yehurumende inotapura panhau dzehurumende, matare ehurumende angarava kusunungurwa kwakafara, nepo matare ehurumende angairava zvishoma kuchengetedza chiremera chehurumende. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara iNational Bank Act, iyo inodzora mabhangi enyika. Matare ehurumende akarangarira kuti Act ideredze mitemo yakati yehurumende inokweretesa, achibvumira mabhangi enyika kubudisa mipimo yemhindu munyika yavo. matare ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva akadzivisa iyi kuisa mhaka yehurumende, achisimbisa kuti simba rokudzora miitiro yokubhadhara mukati muganhu yawo.

Munhau dzemari inoitirwa bhizimisi, Mushandi Apunzirwo weMudyandigere Income Security Act (ERISA) inoputsa mitemo yehurumende yakawanda ino “tsiva ku "" inobetsera gadziriro. matare ehurumende akapa ERISA kutemerwa kwakafara, kubvisa mutemo wehurumende wokuputsa basa kana kuti kuramba betsero. Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, akawana mitemo yehurumende nguva nenguva kuti irambe ichipukunyuka kusunungurwa, zvikurukuru apo mutemo wenyika usingarwisani zvakananga negadziriro dzechiuto cheERISA. Iri rinoparira basa remhomwe: kutaura kwomushandi webhizimisi nokuda kwebetsero dzinobudirira mudare rehurumende asi dzinokundikana mudare romubatanidzwa, kana kuti kushatanharo, zvichitsamira pakurangarirwa kwedare.

Kutapura Mabhizimisi Nokushandisa Mitemo

Nokuda kwamasangano nevakurudziri vawo vapamutemo, kusawirirana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende kunoparira kurukurirano dzakakodzera kubva panguva inomuka. Kusarudza kana kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende kunogona kutapura mutemo wehurumende unoshandiswa, mitemo yemiitiro, kukurumidza kwenhau, uye kuvapo kwedare. Mabhizimisi anowanzorangarira kubvisa chiremera sechiito chezano, asi kubvisa hakugoni kuwanika nguva dzose kana kuti kubetsera. Chisarudzo chebumbiro chinogona kuva chinokosha sezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho imene.

Kuwedzera kunzira yokupa mhaka, uku kusawirirana kwedare kunopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemakambani. Makambani anoshanda munyika dzakawanda anofanira kuzvidavirira nokuda kwebviro yokuti dare rehurumende mune imwe hurumende uye dare rehurumende mune imwe ichadudzira gadziriro imwe cheteyo yomutemo webhizimisi nenzira yakasiana. Uku kusaziva kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yokudzora yakakomba zvikuru, yakadai sokuwirirana zvakasimba nemitemo yebhizimisi uye kunyora kukuru, kukurira mupimo unoshandisika mukurusa. Nokuda kwemavambo namasangano maduku, ndyiko dzengwariro dzakadaro dzinogona kuva dzinokosha.

Vagadziri vemitemo navanogadza mitemo vakaedza panhambo nenhambo kutsinhiranisa mutemo wehurumende nehurumende, asi chinjo huru yakabvumikisa kuva isingabviri. American Law’s Principles of Corporatence and the Model Business Act (MBCA) inogovera mipimo yefariro, asi haisati ichisunga. Hurumende dzinogamuchira MBCA mumadhigirii akasiyana, uye matare ehurumende anopfuurira kuidudzira nenzira isingawirirani. Somuuyo, tsika yazvino uno inopfuurira nokusawirirana kwayo kwakavakwa.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi uye Kudikanwa Kwokujeka

Kutarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ingawedzera kana kuti kuderedza kusabvumirana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende pakubatanidza nhau. Kudzikamiswa kwesangano renyika kwetsika dzebhizimisi (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zveESGG kuzivisa, mitemo inorwisana nouori, uye mitemo yemajere ezvokutonga) zvichada kukanganisazve kutsva. Kuda kwokunzwa nhau dzebhizimisi uye kutora mitemo yakajeka kungaderedza rwisano asi kungamutsawo mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chehurumende.

Imwe nzira inovimbisa yokujekesera kukura kwesimba renhau rehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakati dzesangano guru. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza kubvumira masangano anotengesera pachena kupfuudza nharo dzakati dzemasangano (zvakadai somuvhoti nomutungamiriri) mudare rehurumende chose chose kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vafananidzwe. Zvisinei, zvikarakadzo zvakadaro zvinotarisana nechishoro chakasimba kubva kunyika dzinowana mubayiro wavo semarabhoritari emitemo yesangano. Kugadziridzwa kwechinjo dzakadaro kunotsamira pachiito chokuvhotera, chinoramba chisina chokwadi.

Munguva ino, mabhizimisi navashandi vepamutemo vanofanira kunzvera nzvimbo. Zvisarudzo zvokunzvera mumitemo mikuru (Zvikurukuru Delaware, apo Tsarudzo yeChancery inogadza akawanda omutemo webhizimisi renyika) uye mumatunhu ehurumende zvinokosha. Zvichemo zvakadai se Cornell Legionation Institute reconformation recurect [[[FLFL:]]] [1] govera nhau yakakwana. Nokuda kwezvinoitika zvazvino uno uno uno unovamba, nepo manyurorosa [[FLT:] [FLT:] Oyz] peji pa .[FLT][FLT]]]

mhedziso

Kusabvumirana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende panhau dzokubatanidzwa kunoratidzira kuoma kukuru kwehurumende yeAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa basa guru mukutungamirira kuumbwa kwesangano nenhau dzomukati, asi matare ehurumende nenzira isingadzivisiki anova vazivi vemiuyo apo mutemo womubatanidzwa, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti mhatsa yehuvako dzinotanga kushanda. RIE[FLT] dzidziso inoedza kutsinhiranisa miuyo inovapo, asi kushandiswa kwayo kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina kukwana, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomutemo dzinovadziko yakaganhurirwa kana kuti dzinodzorwa nokukurumidza. Kuganhurirwa, kutaura kwesangano, ganhuriro, ganhuriro, uye kubviswa kwehondo kunongova bedzi kwehondo apo kududzirwa kwemitemo kunorwisana.

Nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo navanotengesa, kuziva uku kusawirirana hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo. Kuumba nzira yokubatanidza, kuwirirana kwemakambani, uye pakupedzisira kufanodeya kutaurwa kwemhoteredzo yapamutemo umo mabhizimisi anoshanda. Sezvo bhizimisi rinowedzera kubatana uye mibato yebhizimisi inobatanidza nyika dzakawanda nehurumende dzinodzorwa, kudikanwa kwokujeka kukuru zvikuru (hwunongedzerwa nomutemo, nhungamiro yeSupreme Court, kana kuti kugadziridza mutemo wehurumende kunoramba kuchipfuurira kusimba. Kusvikira panguva iyeyo, kurukurirano pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende ichapfuurira kurondedzera miganhuro yomutemo wehurumende muUnited States.