Table of Contents
Kugadzirwa kwesimba renyika yeAmerica kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa muna 1787. Vavambi, vanongwarira simba rakadzama asi vanoziva zvikuru nezvezvisakiso zvenyika, vakagadzira gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa simba mumukuru nechiremera chekodzero cheCongress. Kupfuura mazana maviri amakore, iyi gadziriro yakaedzwa nehondo, kuchinja kwemari, uye kuchinja kwezvemagariro enyika. Kunzwisisa masimba akagoverwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwokudzivirira kworudzi kunokosha kunokosha kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri simba renhau nerongedzero dzazvinovapo panguva ino yeUnited States.
Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwechiremera Chokuzvidzivirira Kwenyika
Kuchinja kubva paZvikamu zveConfederation kuenda kuBumbiro reMitemo kwakasundwa zvakananga nokundikano yehurumende yenyika kudzivirira fariro dzenyika. Shays'S Regation (1786-1787) yakaratidzira kusakwanisa kweConfederation Congress kumutsa hondo kana kuti kudzvinyirira kumukira kwemhuri. Vatangi vakaungana muPhiladelphia kuti vagadziri hurumende inokwanisa kuita nesimba uye kutumira munguva dzenjodzi. Alexander Hamilton akapikisana mu [[FL: 0] Federast No.[23:1] kuti "Kutonga kunofanira kuenzana nemugumo" uye kuti hurumende inofanira kuva ne "kudzora" mumauto anotsigira mauto anozivikanwa.
Republic yapakuvamba yakatarisana nemiedzo inovapo muHondo ya1812 neHondo yavagari vemo. Yapashure yakachinjwa zvikurukuru chiremera chehurumende, ichisimbisa ukuru hwehurumende yorudzi munhau dzokupandukira kwomukati uye kugadza mienzaniso yamasimba ehondo makuru aishandiswa nebazu guru. Purezidhendi Lincoln's avhozhekesesa device yeMadokero okuMadokero, kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzegungwa, uye kushandiswa kwematare ehondo kwaigona kukudza ukuru hwesimba rehurumende. Dare reSupremendey yedare gare gare gare gare mu [FTL:0] Ex parte Milligan [ (1856] akatsvaka kudzosa miganho, kurangarira kuti matare ehondo ashandure matare ehondo apo akanga asingagoni kuvhura pamutemo.
Zana ramakore rechi20 rakava nokuumbwa kunoshamisa kwamasimba anodzivirira. Chibvumirano cheSecurity cha1917 chakatanga kunyoresa kwerudzi nokuda kweHondo Yenyika I. Hondo yeNyika II yakaunza Dare reManhattan negadziriro yose yeindasitiri. National Security Act yeManhattan neNyuchils of Defection Act yehondo ya1947, yakapfuudzira mauto akashongedzwa pasi pomurayiro mumwe wePentagton, yakagadzira Central Intelligence Agency (CIC), uye yakatanga National Security Council (NC) kuti itsinhiranise mutezo nokudzivirira. Goldwater-Navichols Department of Department Reorgact ya 1986 yakabatanidza dare rePentagnon, ichisimbisa chibvumirano cheConcount of Staff and shortenter of Armign.
Chibvumirano Chokushandisa Mauto (AURDARF) chakapa simba rakafara rokuita basa revaya vaiva nemhosva, zvichiita kuti pave nehondo dzakawedzerwa, kuumbwa kweDhipatimendi Rekuchengetedza Vagari Vemo, uye kukurukurirana kunoramba kuchiitwa pamusoro pekuchengeteka uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo.
Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo Emasimba Okudzivirira Enyika
Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza masimba ehondo mumutoo wamaune uyo unoratidzira vavariro yavavambi yokuisa chiremera muzvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo neanotonga. Uku kuparadzana kwakaitirwa kudzivisa chiito chehondo chimwe nepo kuchivimbisa kuti hurumende ingagona kuita nenzira inobudirira kutyisidziro.
Basa Remisangano: Kuzivisa uye Kushandisa Hondo
Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba ku "Kuzivisa Hondo, kupa tsamba dzeMarque neReprisal, uye kuita Mitemo pamusoro peMabhakitiro paNyika neMvura". Chikamu chinotenderwa ku "kutsigira nokutsigira mauto" (Cl. 12) uye "kupfuudzira nokuchengeta Navy" (Cl. 13). Simba roku "Kuita Magariro eHurumende neRegateoms of the Government and Social Forces" (Cl. 14) Chiremera cheHurumende yokudzora ruramisiro yemauto kupfurikidza neBoka reMite yeMite (CMJ). Kuwedzera, Dare rinodzora chikwama chezvikwama chehondo rinogona kugara kwemakore maviri (CL. 12), kusimbisa kudzivirira kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira.
Basa Rine Simba: Mutungamiriri Mukuru
Article II, Chikamu 2 chinoratidzira Purezidhendi soMutungamiriri Mukuru weHondo neNyeredzi dzeUnited States, uye wemasangano apo anodanwa kubasa chairo. Iyi mbiri yesuo yaPrezidhendi ane chiremera chakakwana pamabasa ehondo nenhungamiro. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo simba rokugadza vakuru vakuru vehondo, bvumirano (nezano redare nemvumo), uye kugamuchira nhume, dzinoumba kukurukurirana kwenyika nenzvimbo yechengeteko. Kusimba pakati pedare rehurumende kuzivisa hondo nesimba rapamusoro rehondo iratidziro yomutemo wenyika yeAmerica.
Mutongi Jackson’s Triparete
Murangariro weChiratidzo Robert Jackson unowirirana mu Promtown Sheep & Tube Co. Sayer (1952) unogovera gadziriro inopesvedzera zvikurusa yokunzwisisa dzikamo yesimba rehurumende nerewirirano muchengeteko yenyika. Jackson akazivisa mapoka matatu echiito chapurezidhendi:
- . . Apo Purezidhendi anoita nokuratidzira kana kuti kureva mvumo inobva kuDare, simba rake riri pamwero waro mukuru, rinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chake amene chebumbiro remitemo uye chipi nechipi chinogoverwa neCongress.
- (ZVOKUKURUKURA: Apo Purezidhendi anoita mukusava nechiremera chinopiwa kana kuti kurambwa kwechiremera, anotsamira bedzi pamasimba ake amene akazvimirira, achiparira "Usiku hwezuva" apo kuparadzirwa kwechiremera kusina chokwadi.
- (Z $3:[[FLT: 1] Apo Purezidhendi anoita zvinopesana nezvinodiwa neDare rakajeka kana kuti repfungwa, simba rake rava kuderera kwakaderera, uye Dare ringangoparadza chiito chake.
Kugadzirwa Kwazvino Uno Kwedziviriro yeNational
Hurumende yehurumende nhasi inotarisira dziviriro yorudzi kupfurikidza negadziriro huru zvikuru yokubatana. sangano rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakananga yemitemo inobetsera kuchengeteko yose zvayo yenyika.
Department of Defense (DoD)
DoD inzvimbo huru yesimba rehondo. Inoshanda kupfurikidza neHofisi yoMunyori weNjodzi (OSD), Machinda eJoint Master of Staff (JCS), uye Mirayiro Yokurwa yakabatana ye11 yakabatana (COCOM). COCOM imwe neimwe ine mutoro nokuda kwenharaunda chaiyo yenzvimbo (mhin., U.S. Indineuve-Paccial Guide) kana kuti nzvimbo inoshanda (muchib., U.S.C. Comhed Yountrosair-Nachols Act yakasimbisa chikependi chitsamaturo chebasa, chichibva kuMutungamiriri weMadhenderi weMabhande kuMabhardate.
Department of Home Security (DHS)
Chikamu chikuru chezvinhu izvi chinosanganisira Customs and Bordline Protection (CBP), Immigration and Custommentment (ICE), Fourtical Security Administration (TSA), uye Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Nzanga Yakachenjera
Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence (DNI) anoronga zvinhu 18 zveUniversity Community yeU.S., kubatanidza CIA, National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), uye Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). NSASA profectors muzviratidzo ungwaru (SINT), uye vimbiso yemashoko, nepo CIA ichiunganidza ungwaru hwavanhu (HUMIT) uye chiito chinofukidza sechinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi.
Dzimwe Ngwariro Dzine Nhamo
Department of State inotarisira ukama hwezvokutengeserana, zvirongwa zvokubatsira zvokune dzimwe nyika, uye kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano zvinotsigira zvirongwa zvakadai seNATO. Department of Energy inotarisira zvombo zvenyukireya zvinounganidzwa nomuNational Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) uye inoita zvose zvisingashandisi upenyu. National Security Council (NSC), iri muHofisi yeHurumende Inotungamirira, inoshanda semubatanidzwa mukuru wekubatana kwemitemo yehurumende yekose.
Mugadziri Womutemo Anodzora Kudzivirira Kwamarudzi
Dare rinoronga mitemo yokuzvidzivirira nokubvumira kuti paitwe zvikwereti zvegore negore, uyewo nemitemo inotsanangura miganhu yebasa revakuru vakuru.
National Defense React Act (NDAA)
NDAA igweta regore negore rinobvumira bhajeti nendyiko zveBato reNhevedzo. Rinogadza mitemo pamusoro pemwero yavashandi, gadziriro dzokuwana zvombo, kuvaka zvombo, uye zvokutanga zvokushanda. NDAA yakapfuudzwa gore riri rose chifo cha 1961 uye imotokari huru yokutarisira mibato yokuzvidzivirira.
Chisarudzo cheHondo cha 1973
Apfuudzwa paPurezidhendi Nixon's mushure meHondo yeVietnam, War Power Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541-1548) anotsvaka kunzvera mano aPurezidhendi weU.S. kuti apinde murwisano yehondo pasina kubvumira kwesangano. Inoda Purezidhendi kubvunza Congress asati apinza mauto muhondo, kushuma kuDare mukati mamaawa 48 okusuma mauto, uye kubvisa mauto mukati mamazuva 60 (newedzero yezuva 30) kutoti Dare rikabvumira kushandiswa kunopfuurira kwesimba.
Kubvumidzwa Kushandiswa Kwemauto (AMF)
Kushanda Kwenyanzvi Dzokumwe (FISA)
FISA anotanga nzira dzokuongorora nemagetsi masimba okune dzimwe nyika nevashandi vawo muUnited States. Zvakaita kuti pave neFernal Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) kuti iongororezve kukumbirwa kwezvinodiwa. FISA yakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru nePatriot Act uye neFiSA Amendments Act ya2008, uye inoramba iri nzvimbo yezvikamu zvegaro pamusoro pekuchengeteka kwenyika yose uye kuvandika.
Miganhu Yekutonga Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika
Vatongi vanowanzozviisa pasi pemapazi ezvematongerwe enyika panyaya dzemazano ehondo uye muitiro wokumwe, asi vakasimbisa chiremera chavo chokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu ndokuita kuti simba rive rakaganhurirwa.
Zvakamboitika Kare
Mu Ex parate Milligan (186], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti matare ehondo haagoni kuedza vasiri varwi apo matare asiri varwi anenge akazaruka uye anoshanda. Mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. [193], Dare rakaziva kuti Purezidhendi i "mutezo wehurumende yomubatanidzwa muukama hwehurumende yenyika yokumwe" uye rine masimba makuru muzvinhu zvokunze.
Kudzora
Mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], Dare rakatonga kuti mugari wemo weU.S. asungwa somurwi womuvengi ane kodzero yokuita chiito chakafanira uye mukana une revo wokukwikwidzanisa hwaro hwechokwadi hwokusungwa kwake. Mu Boumediene v. Bush [2008], Dare rairangarira kuti vatakuri vokumwe vaibatwa vakabatwa paGuantmo Bay vane maruramiro emitemo kukwarabhekiaspus. Izvi zvinosimbisazve kuti vachengeti vehurumende inonzvera kusungwa, kunyange mukati rwisano.
Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora mabasa okudenha, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwamabhinya anofungidzirwa, yakaumbwa nemirau, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye kunzvera kwokutonga. "Zvakavanzika zvehurumende" ropafadzo, dzidziso yakamira, uye dzidziso yemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji inoganhurira mano ematare okunzwa denho kumabasa akati ehondo.
Kushanda Muchiuto uye Kurinda Kwerudzi
Bumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta basa rinokosha nokuda kwehurumende mudziviriro yorudzi kupfurikidza negadziriro yamauto neNational Guard. Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 15 chinopa simba ku "Kudanira Militia kuti ipedze Mitemo yeUnion, kudzvinyirira nokudzinga Kuzvinyima." Clause 16 zvinochengeterwa kuhurumende chiremera chokugadza vakuru vakuru uye kurovedza vamiriri mukuwirirana nemipimo yesangano.
Nhasi, National Guard inoshanda mugadziriro mbiri yokunyoresa. Mumugariro wehurumende (Tit 32), Varindi vanorairwa nagavhuna wehurumende uye vanogona kushandiswa nokuda kwemigariro yomumba. Munzvimbo yehurumende (Musoro 10), Varindi vanounganidzwa kupinda mubasa rehurumende rinoshingaira uye vanopindura kugadziriro kwehurumende. Insurrection Act of the Army of 1807, uye kugadziridzwa kwapashure, kudzora chiremera chaPrezidhendi kuti ashandise mauto ehurumende (kubatanidza varindi) kudzvinyirira uye kunamate mutemo wehurumende mukati meUnited States. Posse Comit Act ye 1878 inowanzodzivisa Army neAuto neAirfection kubva mukuiswa mutemo, kutsigira kuparadzana pakati pemauto nemauto echiuto.
Zvirongwa Zvemabhangi Nenzira Yokuzvidzivirira Nayo
Mari yokuzvidzivirira yehurumende ndeimwe yemapoka makurusa okushandisa mari yakasarudzwa, inowanzopfuura mabhiriyoni 800 emadhora gore negore. Iyi mari yemari yemauto, kushanda nokugadziriswa, kuwanikwa kwezvombo, kunzvera nokubudirira, uye kuvakwa kwemauto. Mari yokuzvidzivirira inobatanidza Office of Management and Drugment (OMB), uye Congress, inoratidzira muitiro unobatira pamwe wokuronga zvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinhu.
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeindasitiri yezvokuzvidzivirira inotsigira kunzvera, kugadzirwa, uye kugadzirwa kwezvombo. Kuchengeta nzvimbo yakasimba yeindasitiri chinhu chokutanga chenyika, sezvo ichivimbisa mano okubudisa kukwira kukuru munguva dzenjodzi. Department of Defense inodzorawo gadziriro hurusa dzinotsigira kushanda kwenyika yose.
Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvinotsiva Simba Rokuzvidzivirira
Kutyisidzira kwenyika yose nokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuri kuita kuti hurumende ishande nesimba kuti idzivirire nyika.
Makwikwi Makuru Esimba
2022 National Defense Strategy nenzira yakarongwa inozivisa kuchinja kubva paugandanga hunorwisana namasimba makuru kuenda kukwikwidzano huru naPeople's Republic of China neRussia. Uku kutenderera kunoraira mano matsva, kubatana kwakadzama, uye kudzokororwa kwemibatanidzwa munzvimbo dzose.
Kugara Pasi Nenzvimbo
Cyberspace yakabuda senzvimbo yakakwikwidzwa yeUnited States Cyber Guide inoita mabasa anodenha neanodzivirira kudzivirira fariro dzorudzi.
Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Zvesayenzi
Ungwaru hwokugadzira, kuzvitonga, zvombo zvinonyanyisa, uye simba zviri kugadziridza hondo. Department of Defense yakatanga matanho akadai seJoint Actificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) kuti ikurumidze kubatanidzwa kweII mumabasa ehondo. Kuratidza kushandiswa kwetsika nemutoro kwetechnome iyi chinhu chinokosha chakafanana.
Kutyisidzira Kwomugariro Wekunze Kwenyika
Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunozivikanwa zvikuru sechinotyisidzira kuwedzera kwengozi inogona kuwedzera kurwisana, kutsakatika kwevagari vemo, uye kuoma kwemauto. DoD yakabatana nokugadziridza kwemamiriro okunze nokushanda kwayo. Ugandanga, zvirwere, uye masangano okutengesa zvisiri pamutemo zviri kuramba zvichida kubatana uye kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda.
mhedziso
Basa rehurumende yehurumende mukudzivirira rudzi harina kusiana; idzikamo huru yakaumbwa neBumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemitemo, kududzira kwedare, uye zvinodikanwa zvemhoteredzo yakarongwa. Masimba anorondedzerwa muna 1787 anoramba ari bhedhi, asi kushandiswa kwawo kwanatswa mumazana amakore emuenzaniso nokushandisa. Sezvo tyisidziro itsva dzinobuda uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinochinja, denho huru inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kudzora simba rose rehurumende yehurumende kuti idzivirire rudzi nepo ichichengeta rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo runorurondedzera.