Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechiremera Chehurumende

United States Constitution inosimbisa gadziriro mbiri yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Hurumende Nhevedzo dzakajeka] kuhurumende masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa. Iyi ganhuriro yakabatira seshongwe yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende mumativi ose emitemo, kuvambira pautano hwavanhu kusvikira kumitemo. Miganhu yakananga yehurumende inowirirana nesimba rehurumende inodzorwa inoedzwa nguva dzose, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemitemo yetsika, zviito zvoukuru hwehurumende, uye Dare gurusa. Kunzwisisa idzi rwisano chaidzo dzenyika kunokosha kurangarira kuti nyika yeAmerica inoshanda sei mutsika.

Fundo Yenhau: Kunyoreswa Pamutemo uye Muitiro Wakaipa Unodzora

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wapanguva ino wechiremera chehurumende chinorwisana nomutemo wehurumende kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje. Pasi pomubatanidzwa Controled Substances Act ya1970, mbanje inorangarirwa seSameya, zvinoreva kuti ine bviro huru yokushandisa zvisina kufanira uye kusashandiswa kwezvokurapa. Uku kuronga kunoita kugadzirwa, kuparadzirwa, uye kuva nembanje utsotsi hwehurumende. Bva, kutangira nomutemo wezvokurapa marijumba weCalifornia muna 1996, nhamba inokura yemitemo inorwisana zvakananga nokurambidza kwehurumende.

Colorado yakanga iri nyika yokutanga kunyoresa pamutemo nhandaro yembanje nokuda kwokushandisa vanhu vakuru muna 2012, kutevera muvhoti, Amendment 64. Chifo chezvipo zvinopfuura makumi maviri(kubatanidza Washington, Oregon, neCalifornia) yakatevera . Kuedza uku kwetsika kwaita basa repamutemo. Nepo Dhipatimendi reSangano reSangano reSangano reU. reSangano reSangano reSangano pasi peObama rakabudisa [FLM:0] Conterandum, iyo yakatungamirira vachuchisi vadzori vehurumende kusaita kuti varovereredze mitemo inodzorwa nezvirongwa zvinodzoresa, jambwa naAthor General Jeffs muna 2018. Uku kusava nechokwadi kunobva mumugariro wacho unoshanda kumabasa embanje, kutadza kudzora kudzorongedzerwa kutsika mutemo upi zvapamutemo uye kuudzo.

Nyaya iyi inoratidzira kusagadzikana kukuru: mashoko ari kushandisa masimba awo akachengetwa emapurisa kudzora utano nekotsekano mukati memiganhu yawo, apo hurumende inochengeta chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nemitemo yemirimo. Rwisano yacho haingabviri kupedzwa pasina chiito chebvumirano chokuita mbanje kana kuti Dare Rapamusorosarudzo pamusoro pesimba rehurumende rezvokutengeserana muiyi mamiriro ezvinhu. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana rugwaro rweTenth Amendment nenhau yarwo, Confecteneal Information Institute

Kuedza Kuisa Nyika Pachinhu Chimwe uye Dare Repamusorosoro

Kupfuura mbanje, dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kukumbira kuti Tenth Amendment ishaye mutemo wehurumende zvachose. Idzi nhamburiko dzokuparadza dzakashandiswa kunharaunda dzakadai seAffordble Care Act, mirau yehurumende yepfuti, uye mipimo yezvakatipoteredza. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba richidavira kuti hurumende hadzigoni kudzorwa nechinhu chimwe chete mutemo wehurumende (nheyo inosimbiswazve munhau dzakadai se [[FLT: 0] Coperper v. Aaron), idzi denho dzokufananidzira nedzepamutemo dzinomanikidza hurumende yehurumende kudzivirirazve chiremera chayo. Kukwikwidzanya kwomutemo noukuru hwehurumende kunoramba kuchiva musoro unodzokororwa muvara muAmerica.

Chiremera Chehurumende Nesangano Rehurumende

Nepo Dare reThreement richipa rusununguko rwakafara, Claussicy muChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unowanzokunda, kana uchinge uri mukati mesimba rinorongwa reChibvumirano. Iyi dzidziso ye precurection[[ yaveinoshandiswa mumitemo yakawanda, zvikurukuru mumibatanidzwa, umo hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera pamusoro pezvakasikwa uye muganhu.

Fundo Yenhau: Kutama Nokupinda Munzvimbo Dzakaoma uye SB 1070 yeArizona

Muna 2010, Arizona akaroverera SB [, mutemo wehurumende wakakomba wakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kutama kusiri kwapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuraira vakuru vakuru vamapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokutama kwavanhu vavakamisa kana pakanga pane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu wacho akanga ari munyika yacho nenzira isiri pamutemo. Vatsigiri vakapikisa kuti mutemo wakanga uri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yakanga yakundikana kuisa mitemo yokupinda munyika. Vashori vakaomerera kuti kunyoresa kutama mutoro womubatanidzwa wehurumende uye kuti mutemo waizotungamirira kukudzorwa kwedzinza nokupesana nezvinokosha zvehurumende.

Mhaka yacho yakasvika kuDare repamusorosoro reU.S. muna 2012 mu Arizona v. United States. Dare rakarova matatu egadziriro ina dzakadenhwa, richifunga kuti Arizona yakanga yakanganisa nyika. Vatongi vakatonga kuti mitemo yenyika haigoni kugadzira hurumende dzinopesana nemutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare rakabvumira kuti "shoorera mapepa ako" amire, kunyange zvazvo yakanyevera kuti yaigona kudzorwazve nezvikonzero. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbiswazve kuva mukuru wehurumende muhurumende mukutama apo yaibva mukamuri rehurumende nokuda kwebatira pamwe. Murangariro wacho wakazara unogona kuraviwa pa [FLT:] Project.[F]

Muuyo we Arizona v. United States haina kugumisa nhamburiko dzehurumende. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapfuura [ guta rebhurokodziro [ miraudzo inoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvehurumende zvokubudisira munyika, nepo dzimwe, kufanana neTexas, dzakagadza mitemo inomanikidza mutemo womunzvimbomo kuti ubatsire. Idzi rwisano dzinopfuurira mumatare ehurumende, dzichisimbisa chinetso chokukweva nemitemo yakachena pakati pehurumende nehurumende mugadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzora.

Kuedzwa Mukudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Kutora hakusi nharaunda bedzi umo chiremera chehurumende chinokunda mutemo wehurumende. Kudzikamisa inzvimbo imwe nzvimbo yakazadzwa nerwisano dzokufa. Despel Air Act inobvumira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kugadza mipimo yesimba renyika, asi hurumende ine mutoro wokuishandisa kupfurikidza nokushandisa gadziriro dzehurumende. Zvisinei, California ine mutengo wakasiyana wokugadza mipimo yayo chaiyo yemotokari inodzorwa neyakati pamutemo zvinodaidzwa nemitemo yemhoteredzo yapasi, zvinobvumira kuti Trump atsvake kubvisa, inotungamirira kurwisa kwapamutemo. Mano ehurumende okubvisa zvirongwa zvehurumende kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende ichishandiswa munyika yose. Kurwisana pakati pokudzora pamutemo kwemitemo yehurumende inotonga pamutemo kunowanzonongedzera kuSangano yapamhene.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Enjodzi Nokupindira Kwemagariro

Mumigariro inotambudza(dariro) kunyange ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, njodzi dzoutano, kana kuti tyisidziro dzeko kungachinja zvinoshamisa. Hurumende yehurumende ine zviwanikwa nechiremera zvinotaura kuti hakuna, asi mutoro wokutanga wemhinduro uri kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo pasi pe Stafford Act. Gadziriro iyi inogona kutungamirira kukwikwidzanidzo apo kariro dzinosiana pamusoro pekurumidziro kana kuti mwero webetsero yehurumende.

Fundo Yenhau: Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Hurricane Katrina, yakarova Gulf Coast muna August 2005, ichiri imwe yemifananidzo ine simba zvikuru yezvinetso zvehurumende panjodzi. Dutu racho rakaparadza New Orleans nenharaunda dzakapoteredza, zvipatara zvikuru uye zviito zvomunzvimbomo. Federal Emergency Management Agency Agency (FEMA) yakatakura zvinhu nevashandi, asi mhinduro yacho yakashorwa zvikuru seyainonoka, isina kudzorwa, uye isina kukwana. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kusanganisira Gavhuna weLouisiana Kathleen Blanco, vakataura kushatikana kwehurumende, nehurumende payainenge ichinongedzera kuzvaidiwa nehurumende kuti ive isinganzwisisiki kana kuti yanonoka.

Nzvero yakatevera yakaitwa musangano yakawana kuti mwero yose yehurumende yakanga yakundikana kutsinhirana nenzira inobudirira. Muuyo wakatungamirira kukuchinja mukati meFEMA neNational Reformation Framework, asi ngwavaira yacho yakasimbisa dzvinyiriro huru: hurumende yehurumende ine simba rokupindura, asi hurumende dzinodzora zvivako zvokutarisira njodzi dzapanguva yapasi. FEMA purojeti yengwavaira [ inogovera udzame pamhinduro yehurumende nezvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa.

Mukupesana, mhinduro ku Hurricane Sandy muna 2012 yakaona kushanda pamwe chete kwehurumende nehurumende kunobudirira, kunyange zvazvo kukakavadzana pamusoro pekugoverwa kwemari kwakapfuurira. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi kazhinji kazhinji anoedza kutsveyamiswa kwegadziriro yehurumende munzira dzisingadeyi kuzivikanwa.

Utano Hwavose uye COVID-19 Pandemic

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, chiverengero cheCOVID-19 chakasimbisa rudzi rwakakamuraniswa rwechibvumirano cheAmerica. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) neDhipatimendi yeUniversity yeUniversity neHwero dzavanhu, yakabudisa nhungamiro pakuviga, kuiedza, uye kudzivirira. Asi hurumende dzakaita zvisarudzo zvavo vamene pakuvhara, kuvhara kwechikoro, uye zvirevo zvokuvhara. Munegadziro mune dzimwe nyika dzakabudisa mitemo inorwisana nemitemo yomunharaunda, kugadzira basa remitemo yemitemo inoiswa muhurumende. Dare rapamusorosoro rinoyera pamifungo yehurumende kubvisa mortiums uye majectives, rinosimbisa pfungwa yokuti nepo kana hurumende yose iri yogariranwa.

Muitiro Wedzidzo Nokudzora Hurumende

Dzidzo inzvimbo inochengeterwa nyika namagamuchidzanwa, sezvo isingadudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo. Pedersion yeTenth inosiya muitiro wedzidzo zvikurukuru kuhurumende nematare ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa nenzira inowedzera simba rayo rokushandisa ne Commerce Clause kupesvedzera mipimo yedzidzo, kutungamirira kurwisano pamusoro pokudzora nokuzvidavirira.

Fundo Yenhau: Hapana Mwana Akasiyiwa Nechiito Chacho Nechakaitika

Yapfuudzwa muna 2001 netsigiro yakasimba yebipartis, No Child Let Behind Act (NCLB) yaimirira kupindira kwehurumende kwesimba gurusa mudzidzo kusvika panguva ino. Yaida kuti nyika dzikudziridze kuedza kwadzinofanira kuita, kugadza zvirongwa, uye kuratidzira "kufambira mberi kwakakwana kwegore negore" nokuda kwemapoka ose evadzidzi. Zvikoro zvakakundikana kutarisana nezvirongwa zvakatarisana nezvibvumikiso, kubatanidza kuvakazve uye bviro yokurasikirwa nezvinodzorwa zvemubatanidzwa weTitry Indi. Nepo nyika dzichiramba dzichidzora zvirongwa nomudzidzisi neCLB kuzvidavirira kwemubatanidzwa wehurumende izvo vadzidzi vazhinji vairangarira sechiparipo chinorema.

Pakasvika kupera kwama 2000, chiverengero chinokura chezvikamu nevadzidzisi chakataura kuti zvinodikanwa zveNCLB zvakanga zvisina mufungo uye zviri zvokuranga. Vatungamiriri veObama vakapindura ne .Ipa paTop, purogiramu yamakwikwi inopa yaikurudzira kuti itange mipimo yekoreji neyokushanda (zvakadai seCoracter Core) ndokuyera vadzidzi vakavakirwa pamiedzo yavadzidzi. Manyika akadzivisa kurasikirwa nesimba rehurumende [[FLT] (imosvota yakakomba yokushandisa mari inotengwa iyo vatsoropotera yaipomerwa kuva inoparira njodzi.

Muna 2015, Congress yakatsiva NCLB ne Mudzidzi ari wose Wekupinda mumugwagwa (ESSA)[FLT 1:1], iyo yakadzorera chiremera chinokosha kukutaura. ESSA inochengeta zvinodikanwa zvehurumende asi inobvumira magariro okugadza zvinangwa zvavo vamene, kuronga gadziriro dzavo vamene dzokuzvidavirira, uye kusarudza nzira yokupindira nayo muzvikoro zvinoshanda zvakaderera. Ichi chinjo inoratidzira kutenderera pakati poutarisiri hwehurumende nehurumende. Dare redzidzo redzidzo rinotsanangura mashandiro edzidzo.

Kudzorwa Nehurumende Kurwisana Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Kupfuura kuzvidavirira, muitiro wedzidzo unobatanawo nokuchengetwa kwamaruramiro ehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chokudzivisa kutsigira mari kuzvikoro zvinosarura pahwaro hwedzinza, vatano, kana kuti urema, pasi pemitemo yakadai seTitle VI, Thit Ith, uye Awessons ane Dictured Education Act (IEA). Nepo hurumende dzichitarisira gadziriro dzadzo dzechikoro, dzinofanira kuwirirana neizvi zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokupfuurira kugamuchira mari yehurumende. Uku simba kwave kuri manyuko enyanduko, zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza kodzero dzavadzidzi kana kuti chirango chokubvisa. Mano ehurumende yehurumende okugona kubetsera zvinhu zvinozivikanwa se "chipfuudzoro" chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokupesvedzera mufambiro, asi Dare Gurusamende rakava nemamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kuva anowirirana nefariro yehurumende.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokutsigirwa Nehurumende

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwaida kuti munhoroondo dzekare kupindira kwakasimba kwehurumende kukurira rusaruro rwehurumende. Pamberi peHondo yevagari vemo, nyika dzakasimbisa kodzero yokusarudza kuva mugari wemo nokumanikidza kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pedzidziso ye "Hurumende." Reconstructionon Amendments (Thitreneth, 1450, uye 15) uye mutemo wehurumende wakatevera wakakanganisa zvikuru dzikamo yehurumende, zvichigonesa hurumende yorudzi kumanikidza masangano kutsigira dziviriro yakaenzana nemuitiro wakafanira.

Kudzidza kweCase: Brown v. Board of Education and School Dese Convention

Chinyorwa cha 1954 Dare Gurusa Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka inhau inowirirana yechiremera chehurumende chinodzikamisa mutemo wehurumende kusimbisa maruramiro emitemo. Dare rakabvumirana raidavira kuti mitemo yogadzikisa zvikoro zvavose zvevatema nevechena zvakaputsa Dare reSangano rePrevention yeGrandment Claus. Iyi chisarudzo chakananga chinodzora "Plate kodwa chakafanana" dzidziso yakatangwa muna 18966 mu [[FL:] PY].[FLT:][FLT][3]]. Rugwaro rwakazara [FLT:]

Pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa, nyika dzakawanda dzeMadokero dzakaramba kuvhota kwamakore. Vamwe vatongi, kufanana naOrval Faubus weArkansas, vakatumira National Guard kudzivisa vadzidzi vatema kupinda zvikoro zvose zvechete. Purezidhendi Dwight D. Eisenhoer akapindura kupfurikidza nokudzosa Arkansas National Guard uye kutumira mauto eU.S. mauto kuperekedza vadzidzi vapfumbamwe paLittle Rock Central High School. Iyi rwisano yakaratidzira zvakasimba chiremera chehurumende chadzoserwa nemauto nemauto. Deault [1]An inoshandiswa kusimbisa kodzero dzemitemo apo nyika dzinoramba kuwirirana.

Kubvumira Kwazvino Uno: Kubudisa Kodzero Nekuzivisa

Munhambo yazvino uno, Voting Rights Act ya 1965 yakapa hurumende yehurumende chiremera chikuru kupindira mumiitiro yesarudzo yehurumende, zvikurukuru muhudzo nenhau yorusaruro rwedzinza. Chikamu 5 chechiito chaida nyika dzakati nenzvimbo kuwana "precrative" kubva kuU.S. Department of Restription isati yaita chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yadzo yokuvhota. Iyi yakanga iri purogiramu inokosha kupinda muuchangamire hwehurumende, asi yakaruramiswa nefariro inogombedzera mukudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhotera.

Zvisinei, mumhaka ya2013. Dare harina kubvisa basa gadziriro yePurce County v. Hanger yedare repamusoro-soro yakamisa nzira yaishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi hurumende dzaifanira kuiswa pasati paitwa, ichitaurira kuti nzira yokubatanidza yave yekare. Dare harina kubvisa basa romutemo weProcraticment iyo imene, asi pasina mugadziri wechikamu 5 wakasarudzika wakava asingamanikidziswi. Chisarudzo ichi chakachinjirwa kuhurumende, kuchibvumira kuti igamuchire mitemo yevhoti, kuchenesa marobhoti, uye kuchinja miitiro yokuvhotera pasina kutenderwa nehurumende. Mumhinduro, Dare rakakundikana kusvika panguva ino, kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kuti chidzore muganhu wehurumende. Kukamura muganhu kwekodzero pakuvhotera pamutemo.

Mugumo: Nharo Inopfuurira

Mienzaniso yakakurukurwa . kubva kukuita kuti marijuana ive pamutemo uye kubvumirwa kwekubuda munyika kumhinduro yengwavaira nekodzero dzevagari vemo . Chiratidzo chinoratidzira kuti ukama pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende hahuna kumira. Hunoramba huchiumbwa nomutemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, zviito zvavakuru vakuru, uye zviito zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja. Tenth Amendment neSupremacy Claus inomirira magiramu; muitiro chaiwo wenyika unoshanda pakati, nyika dzichishanda semararabhoritari edemocracy nehurumende inopa mipimo yehurumende inopa apo kunenge kuri madikanwa.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa nokudzora kweAmerica. Kudzikama kwesimba hakutongogadziriswi pakupedzisira; kunochinja nekurukurirano yetsika itsva imwe neimwe, denho yebumbiro remitemo, uye njodzi. Vadzidzisi, vaiti vemiitiro, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana vanofanira kuramba vachiziva kuti aya mauto anoumba sei mugariro wepamutemo nowezvamatongerwe enyika worudzi. Nguva yemberi yehurumende ichatsamira pakuti tsika inosanochinja sei kumuka zvinetso (866 muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwemhoteredzo, utano hwavanhu, kana kuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzakadzora rudzi rwacho kubvira pakutangwa kwayo.