Hurumende yeUnited States yakaumbwa nenheyo yakaumba udzori hwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji munyika yose: kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana. Iyi divi(legislative, mutariri, uye dare) (vazivi vehurumende) haisati ichizoparira kusakwanisa asi kuvimbisa kuti hakuna ruoko rumwe rwehurumende runova nesimba. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanonzvera nzvimbo dzehurumende, vachinzwisisa mabasa akasiana uye kushanda kwamapazu aya kuti vanzwisise kuti rudzi rwacho runoshanda sei. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinova nemitoro yakasiyana nemimwe, uye pamwe chete rinoumba gadziriro yokunzvera nechiyero inodzivirira rusununguko uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Nyaya inopa kuputsika kwakakwana kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, kutsanangura kuti vashandise sei mabasa avo makuru, uye maitiro ayo anochengeta richishanda mukuwirirana.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo, rinozivikanwawo seCongress, isangano guru rokuita mitemo rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Iro isangano rebhinameral, rinoumbwa namakamuri maviri akaparadzana: Imba yaVamiririri neDare. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa masimba ose emitemo muCongress, richiiita bazi rinomirira pamutemo rakananga zvikurusa, sezvo mitezo yeImba inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose kubva kumaruwa mukati menyika imwe neimwe, uye hurumende imwe neimwe inosarudza vaSantator vaviri kuti vabatire mashoko egore matanhatu anosundwa. Chirongwa chacho chinoratidzira kubvumirana kwemitemo pakati penyika huru neduku, ichivimbisa zvose zviri zviviri kumirariro yenyika inokudzwa neyakaenzana.

Masimba Nemabasa

Dare rinoita kuti pave nesimba rokunyora zvirongwa zvehurumende, kukurukurirana, uye kuisa mitemo panhau dzakasiyana - siyana.

  • Zvinoshanda Mutemo weFederal: Makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kubvumira mutezo muchimiro chakafanana usati watumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza matare, nharo dzouriri, uye pane dzimwe nguva matare edare kuyananisa misiyano.
  • Kudzora Puro: Simba remutero ndokupedza mari ndereCongress bedzi. Zvikwereti zvose zvemari zvinofanira kutangira muImba, asi makamuri ose ari maviri anobvumira bhajeti yomubatanidzwa nokugovera mari nokuda kwegadziriro dzehurumende.
  • Hondo yokuzivisa: apo Purezidhendi anobatira somutungamiriri wegumo, Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo nenzira yakarongwa. Iri simba rakashandiswa zvishoma; rwisano dzazvino uno kazhinji kazhinji dzinoitika muKubvumikiswa nokuda kwokushandisa Mauto eMisiri (AMF).
  • Kudzora Kutengeserana: The Commerce Claus anopa chiremera cheDare pamusoro penyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe, kuchipa pesvedzero huru pamubato wemari, kutengeserana, uye dziviriro dzavatengi.
  • Kupa Mazano neKonsi: Dare roga rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kudare rehurumende, nzvimbo dzedare, uye nhume. Tsamba dzinokurukurwa nebazu guru dzinoda dare reMitemo ine matatu maviri nokuda kwokuitwa varasi.
  • Kuongorora uye Kuedza: Matare mumakamuri ose ari maviri anotarisira masangano anotarisira, kuitisa matare okutonga, uye magwaro echipavhuna nezvapupu kuti zvisimbise kuti mitemo ishandiswe sezvinodiwa.

Kuti uone rudungwe rwazvino rwemitemo nokuwana mashoko ose ezvikwereti, shanyira chivako chapamutemo pa .gov

Imba Yavamiriri neDare

Kunyange zvazvo makamuri ose ari maviri achitora rutivi mukuita mitemo, ane mavara akasiyana. Imba, ine mitezo 435 yokuvhota, yakaiswa pakati zvikuru uye inoshanda mumitemo yorumano, inowanzoratidzira kuda kwokukurumidza kwavanhu. Dare, rine mitezo 100, rinopa mhoteredzo yakasununguka zvikuru umo vagadziri vemitemo vamwe navamwe vanogona kupesvedzera mutemo kupfurikidza nokubata uye kuvamba vanababa. Imba bedzi inogona kutanga kunyoresa, nepo Dare bedzi risingapinduri miedzo. Uku kuganhurana kwemabasa kunosimbisa kuvadziko yokungwarira mukati mebazu remitemo pachamubatanidzwa.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinopomerwa kusimbisa mitemo yaipfuurwa neCongress nokutarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende yehurumende. Pamusoro paro panogara Purezidenti weUnited States, uyo anobatira zvose zviri zviviri savakuru vakuru uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Shoko ramakore mana raPrezidhendi naPrezidhendi Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi rinomutsidzirwa kamwe pasi peChinjo yeChinjo yamakumi maviri nesekondari. Bazu rinobatanidza Gwaro White House, Purezidhendi, Bice, Bitcinec, mahofisi ehurumende, masangano anozvimirira, uye vashandi vazhinji vehurumende.

Masimba Nemabasa

Bazu guru rinoshandura donzo romutemo kuva chiito. mabasa aro makuru anobatanidza:

  • Kushandisa Mitemo yeFederal: masangano eFederal pasi pechiremera chaPrezidhendi anonyora mirau nokugombedzera mitemo inofukidza nharaunda dzinodzivirira mhoteredzo kusvikira kudziviriro yokupinda munyika, mitero, uye utano hwavanhu.
  • Kubatanidza Policy yokuMamwe Nyika: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira ukama hwemibatanidzwa namamwe marudzi, kutaurirana zvibvumirano, uye anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvehurumende. Munyori weHurumende nenhume anomirira fariro dzeU.S.
  • Comminer-in-Khiem: Purezidhendi anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, anotungamirira mabasa ehondo mukati merwisano, uye ane chiremera chokutumira mauto. Zvisinei, kuvimbisana kwehondo kwenguva refu kunoda mvumo yedare.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vatungamiriri vanogadza: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, vakuru vakuru vemitengi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza. Uku kugadza kunosimbiswa neDare.
  • Kubudisa Mirayiro Inodzora: Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa nhungamiro dzinotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inogona kuputswa neDare kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti kurohwa nematare kana vakapfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo.
  • Pardons: Mutungamiriri wenyika ane simba rokukanganwira vanhu vane mhaka dzemhosva dzomubatanidzwa (kunze kwechitsotsi). Iri simba risingachinjiki rakakwana uye harigoni kushatiswa namamwe mapazu.

Nokuda kwamashoko akakwana pamusoro pebazu ravakuru vakuru noutungamiriri hwaro hwazvino uno, ona [[FLT: 0] The White House Idevice Bhaaundi [[FLT: 1].

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Purezidhendi anovimba nedare revakuru vemadhipatimendi (mh., Defense, Justice, Treasurer) vanotarisira nzvimbo huru dzemiitiro. Kupfuura madhipatimendi 15 makuru, masangano akawanda akazvimirira (seNzvimbo Yokudzivirira, NASA, uye Federal Reserve) anoshanda nemadhigirii akasiyana- siyana okuzvimirira. Bazu racho rinobatanidzawo Hofisi yeMabhangi neHofisi yeZvemitengo, zvinobetsera kuronga mari uye kutungamirira basa resangano rehurumende. Chiyero chebazi rinodereshi yebazi iri rinoreva kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kugovera mutoro mukuru apo rinenge richichengeta kuzvidavirira.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka, zvichiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Rinoumbwa neDare repamusorosoro reUnited States uye matare ehurumende akaderera, kubatanidza matare ematunhu ezvikumbiro nematare oruwa. Dare ibazu rakazvimirira, rakadzivirirwa kubva mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nekuva necheroupenyu nokuda kwevatongi vehurumende (vanozviisa pasi pomufambiro wakanaka) uye dziviriro pakuderera kwomubhadharo. Basa raro guru ndero kupedza magariro epamutemo, asi simba raro gurusa ihwirudzurano yokutonga — chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nemibato yehurumende zvisati zviri zvehurumende.

Masimba Nemabasa

  • Kuisa payakati Bumbiro reMitemo noMutemo weFederal: Apo mhaka inomuka, matare anonzvera mirau, mirau, uye Bumbiro reMitemo kuti aone revo yazvo nokushandiswa. Kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso, judia inoumba nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwezvizvarwa.
  • .Dambudziko: [[FTL:1] matare eFederal anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, gakava pakati pehurumende, nhau dzinobatanidza hurumende dzokumwe, uye nhau umo United States iri mubato. Anonzwawo mhaka dzokubhuroka nenhau dzegungwa.
  • Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe:[ Dare rinohwirudzura zviito zvehurumende zvingaputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, maitiro akakodzera, uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Kutonga kwemark se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954] rinoratidzira basa rematare mukutsigira kodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • Kunzvera Chiremera neChiito chaMarura: Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kurova mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress kana kuti zviito zvakatorwa naPrezidhendi. Iri simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[FL:3] [18] uye rinoramba riri divi remipimo yecheko nechiyero.
  • [[FLT: 0] Adjupact Federal Crimes: matare oruwa eFederal anobata kuputswa kwomutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa, zvakadai sokunyepedzera, kutengesa mirimo mumitsetse yenyika, uye kutapurwa kwekombiyuta.

Kunzvera chirongwa chematare ehurumende ndokurava pamusoro pemitemo, shanyira [[FLT: 0] website yeDare Rapamusorosa.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Nematare Akaderera

Dare repamusorosoro rinomira pakakwirira, richinzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau chaidzoidzo chaidzoidzo chezvikamu zviduku zvenhau dzinodzokororwa nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti umo matare akaderera anorwisana. Mitengo inowanzosvika pachikumbiro nokuda kwechikumbiro checertiorari, icho chinoda vatongi vana kubvuma. Pasi peDare guru pane matare 13 enhu ezvikumbiro anoongorora zvisarudzo zvematare eruwa. matare eruwa 94 anobatira sematare okutonga apo ufakazi hunopiwa uye matare omutemo akarongwa noune. Iri dare rinovimbisa kuti mibvunzo yepamutemo inogona kuchenetswa uye kugadziriswa isati yasvika dare rapamusorosoro.

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kurovedzana Kunoita Mapazi

Unyanzvi hwetsika yeAmerica hahusi mukusamuranisa masimba chete asi mukubatanidza zvikwaniriso nedzikamo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe, kuchiparira kukurukurirana kunopfuurira.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • [[FT:0]] O kusaziva Veto: Kana Purezidhendi akabvisa mutemo, Dare rinogona kuupfuudza neveto nembirisa yezvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Kupasa nokubvisa: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi Mutongi, kana kuti vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso.” Ipapo Dare rinotonga uye ringabvisa kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubvuma neKonsi:[[FLT: 1] Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano, richipa vaiti vemitemo pesvedzero pavashandi vakuru vebazu nemisengwa yokumwe.
  • Simba rePfuma: Congress rinogona kuderedza kana kuti kubvisa mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru, zvichibudirira kuganhurira ukuru hwavo.
  • Kuongorora Kunzwa:[[[FLT: 1] Matare eCongress anonzvera mibato yebazu ravakuru, kuraira magwaro, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Mapazi Apamutemo Neanotonga

  • Simba reVeto: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mutemo, achimanikidzira Congress kurangarira kana kuti kuunganidza simba guru.
  • Simba rePradente: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, achigovera chekero mukurwisana nemiuyo inorangarirwa seisina kururama.
  • [ Mirairo neDirefeya: Mutungamiriri anogona kuumba gadziriro yokuita mukati memiganhu yemitemo, kududzira nenzira inobudirira donzo remitemo.
  • Chisarudzo chaVatongi: kupfurikidza nokusarudza vatongi vomubatanidzwa, Purezidhendi anopesvedzera kuumbwa neuzivi zvedare reSabata neuzivi kwemakumi amakore.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mapazi Ane Mutemo Neane Simba

  • [[FLT: 0] judicial Review: Matare anogona kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba kuzviuraya; chisarudzo neDare Rapamusoro chinogadzikisa remitemo.
  • [ Kunyorwa kwemirairo: Kurava kwemitemo kweSarudzo kungasiana nevavariro yeCongress, kuchimanikidzira ruramiso yemitemo kana ichishuviwa.
  • [[FT:0] Vatongi vanotsamira pakuzvimirira:[[FL:1] Vatongi veFederal, nenduramo, vanogona kutonga mukurwisana nehurumende pasina kutya matsive.

Uku kunzvera hakumanikidzi, kunobva mutsika, uye kududzira kwokutonga. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosa ra 1974 mu United States v. Nixon chakagombedzera Purezidhendi kubudisa matepi, achisimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange mukuru mukuru, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Sangano rinobatanidzawo chekicha dzemitemo pajudicary, zvakadai sesimba rokusasarura vatongi, kuchinja ukuru nehurumbidzo dzematare ehurumende, uye kukarakadza kuti muganhu wemitemo ushandurwe.

Kubatana Nokushandira Pamwe Pakati Pemapazi

Nepo nzvero nedzikamo zvichisimbisa kumanikidzirwa, mapazi anobatira pamwewo nguva dzose kuti atungamirire hurumende. Purezidhendi anopa hurukuro kuCongress uye anokarakadza bhajeti, idzo vagadziri vemitemo vanonatsa. Dare rinogadzira masangano uye ipapo rinozvibhadhara, apo vatongi vanotonga pamusoro pezviito zvesangano. Tsamba dzinoda kukurukurirana kwapurezidhendi netendero yedare, kubatanidza chiremera chehurumende nechiremera. Hurumende yeUnion chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo icho chinosimudzira kurukurirano pakati pamapazu. Iyi ibasa sechekero dzimene, ichivimbisa kuti hurumende inogona kushanda nenzira inobudirira apo inoramba ichizvidavirira.

Kukudzwa Kwazvino Uno Nedenho

Kunzwisisa mapazu ehurumende hakusati kuri chisaririra cheboka rehurumende (inhau mukurukurirano iri yose yazvino. Kukurukurirana pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru, kuronga kwokutonga, zvirongwa zvokuronga, uye bhajeti yehurumende zvose zvinodzokera shure kugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa resimba rapurezidhendi mukati memigariro yehurumende, basa reReaucbuster muDare rehurumende, uye muitiro wokusimbisa nokuda kwevatongi veDare Rapamusoro rose inhau dzinoedza kuvandudziko yetsika. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunotapurawo sei zvinetso zvakafanana nezvoutano, kuchinja kwenzvimbo, uye mitoo yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinonyorwa. Vagari vanonzwisisa izvi zvinokosha vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kunzvera nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanoona vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanozvidavirira.

mhedziso

Mapazu emitemo, ezvokutonga anoumba jira rehurumende yeUnited States. rimwe nerimwe rine masimba nemabasa akasiana, asi akabatanidzwa negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri uye kudzivirira rusununguko. Bazu remitemo rinonyora mitemo, bazu rinotonga rinoimanikidza, uye rinozvidudzira. Kunzvera zvikuru pamusoro pechirongwa chehurumende yeU. , nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, vanodzidza mabasa aya kugovera Window murondedzero nemutomutoo. Simba rinogara mutsika yacho harisi mukukwana, asi musimba rayo rokudzikamisa, kurukurirano, uye kugadziridza. Kunzvera zvikuru pamusoro pemapavhuro eU. pamutemo pa [FLD]