Basa reHurumende Yehurumende Mukudzivirira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kutariswa Kwakakwana

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nedziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States inhau yefambiro mberi huru, kurwisana kunopfuurira, uye mhindumupindu inopfuurira yezvinangwa zvenyika. Nepo magwaro okuvamba airatidza nheyo dzerusununguko nokuenzana, chinhu chaichoicho nokuda kwezvizvarwa zveAmerican , vakadzi, madzinza mashoma, uye nzanga yeLGBTQ iri imwe yesciation, rusarura, uye kusaenzana. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza nomutemo wayo, mukuru, uye mapazu edare, yave iri injini huru yokubvisa aya masangano akadzika miganhuro apamutemo uye kuisa mumitengo yepamutemo. Iyi nhevedzano yenhau, mitemo yedare, migariro, mitsva, uye kurangarira zvazvino unotonga zvazvinotodzanwa muhurumende, uye kukwikwidzadza kuidzwa kwekodzero pamutemo.

Nheyo Yenhau Dzakaitika: Kubva Pakugadziridza Kusvika Kuboka Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yehurumende mukodzero dzevanhu kunogona kurondwa kudzokera shure kusvikira kunhambo yokuzviwanisazve muhondo yavagari vemo. 13th, 14th, uye 15 Mendements kuBumbiro reMitemo, yakatendera pakati pa1865 na1870, kubvisa uranda, kwakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, uye kwakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Idzi dzi dzi dzinomirira kuiswa kwechiremera chikuru chehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzenyika dzokurondedzera kuva mugari wemo norusununguko rwavagari vemo. Zvisinei, mugumo weConstanton muna 18777. Chirevoti chegore chakaparira [[FLD] Miteko yemitemo yedzinza [[FFFF] [FLD] [3]

Sangano razvino uno rekodzero dzavagari vemo, iro rakawana simba muma1950 na 1960, rakanga riri denho yakananga kuichi chimiro. Sangano racho rakanga risiri chinoitika chimwe asi nhimbe yakasimba, rwisano yezvitsutsumo zvisina masimba, mirairo yapamutemo, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Mhinduro dzehurumende dzokutanga dzaiwanzova dzinopanikirika uye dzinosatsinhirana. Muteveri waPrezidhendi Dwight D. Eisenhower, somuenzaniso, yakanga iri mubatanidzwa wedzvinyiriro yakakurumbira yakatumwa kumauto ehurumende ku Rock, Arkansson, muna 1957] kuti atsigire decurecutial of Central High School, systrist. Zvisinei, wakanga iri mubatanidzwa wedzvinyiriro yavose, mubatanidzwa woutsinye mukurwisana nokusarira kwoutsinye (kudzorwa kwechiito rwechipo cha196663), uye mauto echiito chikuru chehurumende yaMambo mukurusa wehurumende kubvira pamutemo mukuru zvikuru. Drnernernernerner.

Mitemo Inokosha Sebwe Rinodzivirira

Mitemo iyi yakaita kuti pave nemirayiro inoshanda munyika yose.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Zvikurukuru kwakarangarirwa kuva mutemo wamasimba makuru zvikurusa wamaruramiro avagari vemo chifo chapanosiona, Civil Rights Act ya 1964 Chikamu chemitemo yakasiana zvikuru ine misoro mizhinji. [[FLT:]] Tit II[[FLT]]] rusaruro rwakarambidzwa mudzimba dzavose, dzakadai sehotera, uye nzvimbo dzemitambo, zvakavakirwa parudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. [[FLT:] iTit VI[FLT:] irwor , rudzidziso runorambidza kusarura negadziriro ipi neipi yemari inowana, chishandiro chehurumende chishandiso chine simba icho hurumende inoshandisa kubhadharira muzvikoro, zvipatarati, uye migariro yezvero yehurumende inodzivirirwa. [FUF][5]

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Apo Civil Rights Act yakataura zvimiro zvakawanda zverusaruro, maruramiro okuvhota akasara mumativi akawanda enyika. Votting Rights Act ya 1965 yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kukudzvinyirirwa kwakarongwa kweBlackvolution kupfurikidza nokuedzwa kwokunyora, mitero yokuvhotera, uye kutyisidzira kwakananga. Chibvumirano chine simba zvikurusa, [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], yaidikanwa nenzvimbo nenhau yetsika yerooti inosarudzwa nokuregwa muMabva kuMabva nokurefu, inopfuvura nokupfuvura , mitongo inopfuvura.[FFFF] inopfurambira kuidzo hurusa. [Maganhu ehurumende ehurumende inopfumba anoramba kudzoronze dzehurumende]

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Yakasainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson nokukurumidza pashure pokuurawa kwaDr. Martin Luther King Jr., Fair Howation Act ya1968 yakatambanudzira dziviriro dzekodzero dzehurumende kumisika yedzimba. Chibvumirano chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika mukutengeswa, kana kuti nzvimbo yokugara. Yakarambidzawo miitiro yokudzivirira uparirimu yakadai se "rentiling" uye "sterering," apo mishato kana kuti mapoka akati akashorwa (kana) yakavakirwa parudzi rwawo kana kuti dzinza. Department of Humanos and Urban Development inopfurwa nechiito chikuru chehurumende, inonzvera uye inoputsa chibvumirano chapamutemo pamusoro peiyi migariro yehurumende inopfuudzo inopfuudzo inopfuutsa nokupfuudzira mberi pamusoro penhau inopfurira mberi pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo.

  • American neUlimial Act (ADA) ya 1990: Mutemo mukuru wekodzero dzevanhu unorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema munharaunda dzose dzoupenyu hwavose, kubatanidza mabasa, zvikoro, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzose dzavose nedzevoruzhinji.
  • Murairo wa2009: Ichi chiito chakadzorera dziviriro dzakajeka pakuripira rusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano, dzinza, mavambo orudzi, zera, kana kuti rudzidziso. Chakajekesa kuti muripo worusarura mumwe nomumwe unodzokororwa nomutemo wezuva re180 weganhuriro dzokunyora, kuputsa mutongo unoganhurirwa weDare Rapamusorosoro.

Kuita Nesimba Sechinjo Huru Zvikurusa

Kunze kwomutemo, bazi rinotungamirira rakashandisa mirayiro yapurezidhendi uye zviito zvokutarisira kuti ritsigire kodzero dzevanhu painonoka kuitirwa chimwe chinhu neDare kana kuti paidiwa chiito nokukurumidza pakati pehurumende.

Ruramisiro 9981 (11948) – Kusarudzwa kweMauto Ane Zvombo

Purezidhendi Harry S. Truman’s Mirairo yeTrutive 9981 inomira senhambo inodenha. Yakanyorwa mukurwisana nemavambo eHondo Yorunyararo iri kutanga uye dikanwo yokupa nhevedzano yedemokratiki yakabatana, murayiro wakaziviswa kuti kuchava nokuenzana kwemabatirwe nebanza nokuda kwavanhu vose vari mumabasa ane zvombo pasina kurangarira rudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Iyi nhevedzano yakananga zvakananga yakadenha tsika yakadzika midzisa zvikuru yedzinza muU.S. uto, iyo yakanga yave iri muitiro wavose chifo cheNyika I. Desero yehondo kazhinji kazhinji yakanga iri muitiro wapamberi worupo, asi yakabudirira pakupedzisira. Pakasvika nguva yehondo, mapoka aidzokororongedzo dzorudzi rwakabvumikisa kuva runo runo bedzi runo rwavanhu runo rwavanhu runooneka kupfurikidza nekodzero yetsika dzinoshanda zvikuru.

Hurukuro 11246 (1965) – Chiito Chinosimbisa Mubatanidzwa weFederal

Yakasainwa naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson, Dective Order 11246 yakatanga nheyo nokuda kwechiito chokuzvidzora chazvino uno. Yakarambidza vagari vehurumende kubvisa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika uye yaida kuti vaite "chiito chinosimbiswa" kuva nechokwadi chokuti vabvunzi vanoshanda uye vashandi vanobatwa pasina kurangarira izvi zvinhu. Iyi nhevedzano yakaparira Office yeFederal Conctal Compliance Programs (OVCC) yehurumende yeFOR). Nepo zviremera zvamamirioni zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvichiva kurukurirano yapamutemo yemitengo,[FLT] mukati , iyo inonzvera mabasa ebhizimisi nehurumende. Iyi inotapura chikamu chikuru chemari. U.US, nepo inofukidza mamirioni ezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinosito zvinosito zvinosimu zvinosimu zvinobudirira zvikuru nokuda kwezvishandiso zve zvemitemo zvenyika.

Nhevedzo Yakapiwa Chinzvimbo 13672 (2014 – Kudzivirira LGBTQ+ Vashandi uye Vatambi Vamakambani Vakabatana

Muwedzero huru yedziviriro dzekodzero dzevagari vemo dzehurumende pamberi pa Dare Gurusa reDare. Irori rakarebesa dziviriro yaEO 11246 kurambidza zvakajeka rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechiratidzo chenyika. Yakakudzawo dziviriro kuvashandi vehurumende yehurumende inotonga. Nepo isiri kufukidza vashandi vose, ichi chiito chikuru mukuvimbisa kuti simba rehurumende pachayo rakashandiswa kutsigira rusaruro paLGBT+ vanhu vamwe. Yakagadzawo mupimo wenyika nokuda kwamakambani makuru anobatira sesangano rehurumende, kugoverazve kuenzana. Chibvumirano chebasa chapamutemo chakapiwa mumirayiridzo. [FF]

Zvisarudzo Zvokutonga Semutauri Werevo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Dare rehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, rakaita basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro Remitemo nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji richiputsa mitemo yehurumende yokusasarura uye richigadza nheyo itsva dzemitemo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chisarudzo chakabatana mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo sezvinooneka] ndiyo inoguma neDare Gurusa rapamberi pezana ramakore rechi 20. Yakaparadza dzidziso yapamutemo ye "kamwe asi yakaenzana" yakasimbiswa makore 58 pakuvamba mu [[FLT:]. Ferguson[FLT] v.[FLT]] [[FLT]]]. Kunyora nokuda kweDare, Mutongi mukuru Wedare Warn War War wakataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo hazviwirirani." chisarudzo chakanga chiri chirango chakananga kudzodzodzodzo kuruwa rwamapora uye chakazivisa kuti miitiro yakadaro yakaputsa kudzivirira kwaGadetic Clauslaus. Nepo kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yechikurusarusaidzo mudzose. [Foctive]

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Mu muVirginia, Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano. Mhaka yaibatanidza Richard Loving, muchena, naMildred Jeter, mukadzi Mutema, akaroorwa muWashington, D.C., muna 1958, kuzosungwa bedzi pakudzokera kunzvimbo yavo yokumusha yeVirginia. Dare rakabvumirana rakasarudza kuti mutemo waVirginia wakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Mutezo weClausce uye Mudziviridziri wePramende ye14. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi unogara nomunhu, uye haugoni kudzorwa neHurumende." [3] Dare rinobvumira kuti risarumbidzikane. [3]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchikamu chechishanu-4 chokutonga, Obergefell v. Hodges inonyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano munyika yose. Dare rakaramba kuti Gwendedzero re14 rePramende Resigment Claus rinodzivirira kodzero huru yokuroora, uye kuti Mutezo waMasata Claus anoda kuti azive roorano imwe cheteyo dzevatano dzinoitwa mune dzimwe nyika. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akaisa maruramiro okuroora sepakati pechiremera neHugumende, achidudza kuti "kodzero yokuroora ikodzero inokosha murusununguko rwomunhu." chisarudzo ichi chakagumisa makumi amakore ehondo dzapamutemo nehurumende zvinobatanidza, kugadza mupimo wetsika wenyika inogumisa mutemo unobvumira zvimwe mitemo inorambidzwa. Chibvumirano chinoreva kudzodzorwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Chitendero chehurumende chinorondedzera chiremera chakaenzana kurura pamutemo nokuda kwevagari vehurumende vose.

Kushanda Kwenyika Dzazvino Uno uye Miganhu Mitsva

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu hachisi chinhu chenhau; ibasa rinoshingaira uye rinochinja basa rehurumende. Department of Justice (DOJ) yazvino uno inoramba iri ruoko rwokumanikidzira, noruoko rwayo rukuru Chivil Rights Divil Division[] inotonga mhosva dzokuvengana, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, kutengesa vanhu, uye rusaruro mudzimba, basa, uye dzidzo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, DOJ yakaongorora "muenzaniso kana kuti mashandisiro" emadhipatimendi emari, kuwana kupurisa kodzero dzemitemo yepamutemo uye kubvumira kushandura.

Kuchengetwa kwe Title IX yeInformations yeDzidzo ya1971 inopfuurira kuva nharaunda huru yebato rehurumende. Kutanga yakaitirwa kukurukura tsvukwapa dzechirume mudzidzo, kubatanidza mitambo, ukuru hwayo hwakawedzerwa kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yehurumende nemiraudzo yedare kufukidza kunetsa kwevatano nedenho yevatano panzvimbo dzepakoreji. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neHofisi yekodzero dzechiniverstion mu Department of Education, inogona kunzvera zvichemo nokunyikira mari yehurumende kumasangano anokundikana. Ikoku kunoita kuti Tit IX ive chishandiso chine simba, kunyange chezvamatongerwe enyika, chishandiso chokuumba tsika nokuchengeta mhoteredzo yokudzidza yakakotseka.

Miganhu mitsva yedziviriro yekodzero dzevagari vemo yehurumende inobatanidza kurangarira fungidziro yemaatomu okusagadzirwa, mashoko ezvivako, uye kodzero dzevanhu vakaremara munguva yemitengo. DOJ yakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro pokuvakwa kweADA kunzvimbo dzepawebsite uye mapurogiramu anofambisa mashoko, uye EEOC iri kunzvera nokushingaira kuti zvishandiso zvokuridzira zvokubhadharira zvingasarurwa zvisingazivikanwi namapoka akadzivirirwa. Nokuda kwokupfupikisana kwakakwana kwokuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kwazvino uno, unogona kushanyira nzvimbo yepamutemo ye [FLT: 0] maruramiro echivoruzhinji echivoctedrogist.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo Uye Basa Risina Kuchinjwa

Pasinei zvapo nemitemo mizhinji, zvinetso zvinopfuurira. Chisarudzo cha2013, Shelby County, icho chakagumisa mutoo weProject of the Vong Rights Act, chakatungamirira kukukura kwemitemo yokuvhota yakakwirira yehurumende iyo vakawanda vanotaura kuti inokanganisa zvikuru vavhoti vashoma. Hurumende yehurumende yakaita chiito kupfurikidza nokugadza mutemo mutsva, wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act, asi chitsama chayo hachisino chokwadi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzokuvhotera ihondo iri pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Dzimwe nharaunda dzinokosha dzeitiro hanya yehurumende inopfuurira dzinobatanidza:

  • Kuzvidavirira: Hurumende yehurumende inopfuurira kumanikidzira nokuda kwemipimo yenyika pakushandiswa kwesimba, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko pamibatanidzwa yamapurisa, uye kubviswa kwedziviriro inokwaniriswa yevakuru vakuru vanoputsa kodzero dzevanhu. Kupinda kweGeorge Floyd Justice in Policist Act kunoramba kuri nharidzano huru yewiscial Act.
  • Hurumende yeFederal panzvimbo yokutama inomutsa nhau dzekodzero dzevagari vemo dzakaoma, kubatanidza kubata vatsvaki venzvimbo dzevapoteri, migariro mumijere, uye nheyo yomuitiro wakafanira nokuda kwevasiri vemari. Hurumende yehurumende inofanira kudzikamisa muganhu nemisengwa yayo pasi pomutemo wenyika yose uye wepanyika kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vose vari mukati meU.S.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ruramisiro yezvemari: Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinonzwisiswa nenzira inowedzera kubatanidza banza rezvemari. Hurumende yehurumende inonaya ikoku kupfurikidza nokuronzesa kwokururamisira kupfurikidza neConsumer Financial Protection Bureaual, ichirwisa kudzosera chikwereti nenzvimbo, uye ichivimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kwokuwana chikwereti nedzimba.
  • Kudzivirira Kodzero dzeRevolution: Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [FLT:] Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi veUtano Hweutano, iyo yakashandura [[FLT] Rove] v. Wade [Ibasa rehurumende mukudzivirira kusvika kukubvisa mimba rakwikwikwikwidzwa zvikuru. DOJ yasimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unodzivirira kusvika kumakiriniki (Rusununguko rwekupinda kuClictras Actsss, kana kuti FCE Act) unoramba uchichengetwa, nepo kutarisirwa kwezviito zvokurapa kubvisa pamuviri. Iyi inzvimbo ino inzvimbo inoteve inoteve inodzo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inodzoro.

mhedziso

Basa rehurumende yehurumende mukudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo rave risingabviri. Kubva muzvipikirwa zvokutanga zveReconstructations kupfurikidza nomutemo wenhau wema1960, uye kubva pakubviswa kwemauto kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yevakuru vakuru kusvikira kukukura kwedziviriro yakaenzana kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwedare, hurumende yehurumende yabatira sezvose zviri zviviri nhoo yokudzivisa rusaruro uye munondo wefambiro mberi. Masangano okuchinja(da kurema, uye kuongorora kwedare, uye kupfurikidza napo, kuratidzira kubatana uye dzimwe nguva kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kukamukana kwavanhu veAmerica. Kubudirira kukuru zvikurusa kwakaitika apo dzvinyiriro yavose yavose, utungamiriri hwetsika, uye zvematongerwe enyika zvichava zvinowirirana kubvisa basa rehurumende. Basa idzva racho rinobviswa kusarura nokudzorwa kwehurumende, kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, uye kutendeka kutendeka kutendeka kwomutemo.