Kunzwisisa Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose Pasi

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo ndirwo rune simba renzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, runomirira kodzero dzinokosha nedziviriro zvinodzivirira vanhu pakunyengerwa. Idzi rusununguko hadzisi dzisingazivikanwi; dzinokurukurwa, dzinobatanidzwa, uye dzinoedzwa kwenguva refu kupfurikidza nemitemo, nharo dzemitemo, uye mabasa oruzhinji. Pamitemo yavo, rusununguko rwevagari vemo runobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kodzero yokuva voga, rusununguko rwegungano, muitiro wemitemo, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Mumwe nomumwe wavo unoratidza kuti vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi muupenyu hwavose, vanoratidza kusabvumirana, uye vanochengeta nhau dzomunhu oga pasina kudzorwa kusingakodzeri kunobva kuhurumende.

Murangariro werusununguko rwavagari vemo wakadzika midzi zvikuru muuzivi hweNjereso, zvikurukuru basa ravafungi saJohn Locke naMontesquieu, uyo akataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo iri pabvumiro yavadzorwi uye inofanira kuremekedza maruramiro omuzvarirwo. Mumuitiro wazvino uno, idzi rusununguko runopinzwa mumiganhu yenyika yose uye zvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvekodzero dzavanhu, zvakadai seUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. Zvisinei, mwero chaiwoiwo waaya maruramiro unoitiranwa nharo nguva dzose, zvikurukuru apo anoratidzika kuva anorwisana nezvinodikanwa zvechengeteko zvavanhu vose.

Somuenzaniso, rusununguko rwokutaura harusati rwuri rwakakwana; harudziviriri kunyandura kumasimba masimba, kuzvidza, kana kuti ushati.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Sechinoshatisa Hurumende

Kuchengeteka kwevanhu kunosanganisira zviito zvakawanda zvinoitwa nehurumende kuti dzidzivirire vanhu vavo, zvingava utsotsi, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, ugandanga, kana kuti zvirwere.

Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinochengetedza vanhu zvinosanganisira:

  • Masangano emitemo netsotsi anodzivisa ndokupindura kuutsotsi. Masangano ezvokurapa, madhipatimendi emwoto, uye zvikwata zvinodavidza ngwavaira.
  • Masangano ezvoutano anoona kupararira kwezvirwere, anoita kuti vanhu vagare voga, uye anodzivirira kuurayiwa nenhomba.
  • Uchenjeri uye masangano anorwisa ugandanga anoona uye anoderedza tyisidziro.

Nepo matanho ekotsekano yavose akarongedzerwa kudzivirira, vanogonawo kuisa ndyiko dzinokosha parusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kunzvera kweMisa, kupfigirwa kusingachinjiki, kuratidzira kwedzinza, uye ganhuriro paungano zvose matanho akagamuchirwa muzita rekotsekano. Mubvunzo wakakomba hausi kana matanho akadaro achitongoruramiswa, asi mumigariroi uye mudziviriroi umo anogona kuitwa pasina kubvisa rusununguko rukuru runorondedzera nzanga yedemocracy.

Zvakamboitika Kare: Zvatinodzidza Pamatambudziko uye Kudavirwa

Nhau inopa mienzaniso yakawanda umo hurumende dzakaderedza rusununguko rwevanhu mukupindura tyisidziro dzinofungidzirwa, kazhinji kazhinji nemigumisiro isingagumi yokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mabasa eAlien NeaSedition (1798)

MuUnited States, Alien and Sedition Acts yakanga iri pakati pemiedzo yapakuvamba zvikurusa yedzikamo pakati pekutaura kwakasununguka nechengeteko yenyika. Yakapfuvura mukati mehondo yehondo yehondo neFrance isina kuziviswa, iyi mitemo yakashora kutaura kwenhema kwehurumende ndokubvumira kudzingwa kwevasiri varwi kurangarirwa kuva kune ngozi. Kunyange zvazvo yakapesana uye pakupedzisira yakadzoswa, yakagadza muenzaniso wokudzvinyirira kusabvumirana mukati menguva yehondo.

Kuparadzwa kweHondo Yevagari Vomunyika

Mukati meHondo Yevagari Vomunyika yeAmerica, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akarembedza denho yehabeas corpus, achibvumira kusungwa kusingachinjiki kwavaifungidzirwa kuva vanonzwira tsitsi. ichi chiito chakaruramiswa nokudikanwa kwokuchengeta nhevedzano munyika dzemuganhu ndokudzivirira dzimbahwe, asi chakamutsa mibvunzo inogara pamusoro pesimba roukuru nomuitiro mukati mokukurumidzira.

Kupindira kweAmerica kweJapan

Zvichida kuputswa kukurusa kwokusatendeseka kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo munhau yeU.S. kwakaitika mukati meHondo yeNyika II, apo vaAmerica vanopfuura 120 000 veJapan vakatamiswa nokuiswa mumisasa. Hurumende yakadudza kudikanwa kwehondo nerutyo rwoutsigiri, asi gare gare haina kuwana ufakazi hwokusavimbika kwakapararira. Rusaruro rwedzinza runoratidzira kuti runogona sei kubatanidza nefunganyo dzechengeteko kuparira kuputswa kukuru kwekodzero. Inoramba iri nhevero nokuda kwavanoumba mitemo vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzakafanana nhasi.

McCarthyism uye Kutarisira Kutsvuku

Nguva iyi yakava nevatongi vehurumende, vakavimbika, uye vaiteerera zvaitaurwa nevanhu vaiparadza mabasa uye upenyu hwaibva pauchapupu husina musoro. Kuzvidya mwoyo kweboka nezvevanyori veSoviet kwakaita kuti vasave nenyaya dzematongerwe enyika uye dzemasangano aitonga nyika.

USA PATRIOT Act (2001)

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, Congress yeU.S. yakapfuudza nokukurumidza PARITIOTT Act, iyo yakakudza masimba okunzvera, yakarerutsa ganhuriro pakurova, uye yakabvumirwa nokuda kwe "sneak nescreant" magwaro okutsvaka. Nepo vatsigiri vakatsigira izvi zvishandiso zvakanga zviri madikanwa kudzivisa denho dzenguva yemberi, vatsoropodzi vakadzivisa kuti vashore dziviriro dzeGaramende yechina pakunzvera kusina mufungo. Chiito chacho chakamutsa gakava renyika pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvinowirirana nechengeteko zvinopfuurira nhasi, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezviunganidzwa zvikuru zveMABHUUD kuchikamu 215.

Kukura kweHurumende yeChengeteko

Hondo yenyika yose pamusoro porutyo yakatungamirira kumipimo yakafanana nokuumbwa kweDepartment of Homeland Security, yakavandudza kuongororwa kwenhandare dzendege, uye kutangwa kwematare ehondo evasungwa paGuantámo Bay. Rimwe nerimwe raaya matanho rakaratidzira kubviswa pakati pechengeteko namaruramiro, namadhigirii akasiyana- siyana outariri hwedare nokuzvidavirira kwavose. Chinoitika chacho chakaratidzira kuti kana masimba echengeteko angopiwa, haawanzodzokerwa chose chose, kunyange pashure pokunge tyisidziro inozivikanwa yaderera.

Matanho Outano Hwevanhu Vose ECOVID - 19

Dambudziko ra2020-2021 rakaunza rutivi rutsva kukurukurirano yerusununguko. Hurumende munyika yose dzinoisa zvibvumikiso zvokuzvidzora, zvifukidzo zvokuzvidzora, ganhuriro, nezvinodikanwa zvenhomba. Iyi nhano yakaponesa upenyu asi yakaganhurirawo rusununguko rwokufamba, kuungana, uye basa remari. Mhinduro yakasimbisa kuoma kuri pakati poutongi hwomunhu oga noutano hweboka, kuchitungamirira kukuramba, denho dzapamutemo, uye mapoka makuru enzanga. Yakaratidzawo ukoshi hwokuvadziko inoratidzirwa, kuita chisarudzo kwakavakirwa pasayenzi uye kudikanwa kwezvibvumirano zvokunyura kwezuva pamasimba ekurumidziro.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Pakupindana Kworusununguko Nechengeteko

Nhasi, kudzikamisa zvinhu kunoratidza zvinhu zvakaoma zvinoverengeka zvinodiwa kuti unyatsoongorora.

Kuwanda Kwezvinhu Nezvinenge Zvichiitika

Kuchinja kwemichina kwakagonesa mwero isina kumbobvira yaita yehurumende nokuongorora makambani. Sangano remasero okuongorora zviso, masero enzvimbo, uye mashoko anobvumira zviremera kuongorora kufamba kwevanhu, kurukurirano, uye masangano. Kunyange zvazvo maturusi aya angabatsira kupedza mhosva nokudzivisa kurwisa, zvinokanganisawo kuva woga uye kusazivikanwa. Kuwanda kwemakamera okuongorora munzvimbo dzavose, kushandiswa kwezviteshi zvemagariro, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko ezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobatsira kumutsa funganya pamusoro pezviito zvinovhunduka uye masangano.

Muna 2013, kuziviswa kwemishumo yeNational Security Agency yeminettery yeNational Agency kwakamutsa gakava renyika yose pamusoro pokuongorora. Kuchinja kunovapo, kwakadai seUSA Freedom Act ya2015, kwakaisa miganhu ine mwero asi hakuna kuchinja kuenzana kwesimba. Kumuka kwemapurogiramu emashoko anonyorwa papepa rinonyorwa mashoko ekombiyuta kunotowedzera kuomesazve nhau yacho, sezvinotaurwa nemitemo kuti "kuramba kune rima" kunodzivisa kuongorora, nepo vatsigiri vechivande vanoomerera kuti kunyorwa kwounyengeri kwakasimba kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeteka nokuratidza pachena. Uku kunetsana pakati pekuchengeteka nokuva kwako kwoga kunotowedzera kuoma seruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kurwisa Ugandanga Nokunyomba Kwedzinza

Nhamburiko dzokudzivisa denho dzamagandanga kazhinji kazhinji dzakatungamirira kumiitiro iyo inodenha nenzira isingaenzaniswi parudzi rwakati, rudzidziso, kana kuti marudzi. MuUnited States, nhambo yapashure pe9/11 yakaona kuumbwa kwemitengo isina kutsarukana, yakawedzerwa kunzvera vafambi kubva kunyika dzechiMuslim, uye kuongororwa kwemisika. Nepo vakuru vakuru vakuru vechengetedzo vachipikisa kuti aya matanho akavakirwa panjere, ivowo vanoisa mungozi nzanga dzinova vatorwa nokuderera kwekuchengetwa kwomutemo. Rudzi runoputsa ganhuriro kwete bedzi nheyo dzinodzivisa bedzi asi runogonawo kuva rusingabetseri chibereko, sezvo ruchitsausa zviwanikwa kubva patyisidziro chaiyoiyo nebatira pamwe chete munzanga.

Mutoo wakadzikama zvikuru unonangidzira ngwariro pazviratidzo zvinotsamira pamufambiro, mapurisa enzanga, uye nhano dzokuvaka kuvimba dzinoremekedza rusununguko rwavagari vemo nepo dzichidzivisa tyisidziro nenzira inobudirira. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzavanhu dzekodzero dzinovhota ugandanga [ dzinosimbisa mutemo, muitiro wakafanira, uye wirirano.

Kudavidza Kwoutano Nezvoutano Hwavose

COVOID-19 yakaratidzira kuti migariro yekurumidziro youtano yavose inogona kutungamirira kuganhuriro dzokufamba, gungano, uye kutengeserana. Zvikamu zvinorongeka, mapasipoti, uye mirairo yokuisa vanhu kunze kwemunhu zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kumanikidza, uye kusaruramisira. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mashoko enzvimbo kubva paserura kuti dzimanikidze kuvhara, nepo dzimwe dzichida chibvumikiso chejekiseko chekudzivirira kuti uwane nzvimbo dzavose. Izvi matanho anogona kushanda mukudzora hosha dzinopararira, asi dzinovawo nengozi yokuparira nzanga ine makwara maviri enguva dzose uye kunzvera kwenguva dzose.

Chinokosha pakudzikamisa utano hwevanhu uye rusununguko rwavose ndechekuva nechokwadi chokuti matanho enguva pfupi, anoenderana, uye anodzokororwa nguva dzose.World Health Organization yakasimbisa kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinofanira kuva chinhu chinokosha pakupindura kwakapararira, uye kuti ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi dzinofanira kuva dziri madikanwa, dzine mufungo, uye dzisina kusarura.

Kupokana Nokusateerera Kwehurumende

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kunyunyuta kukuru pamusoro poutsinye hwamapurisa, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye chinjo yomugariro wokunze zvakaedza miganhu yegungano rakasununguka nekutaura. Hurumende dzakapindura nokuganhurirwa kwenguva, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuongororwa kwakawedzerwa kwavashingairi. Kushandiswa kwesimba mukurwisana navapanduki vane rugare, sezvinooneka mu 2020 Black Life Concenter, yakaparira kushurikidzwa kwakapararira nedenho dzapamutemo. Munguva ino, kudenha kweU.S. Capitol kwakasimbisa ngozi dzokubvumira kunyunyuta kuva kupandukira.

Kudzikamisa kodzero yokunyunyuta nekotsekano yavose kunoda mipimo yapamutemo yakajeka, rovedzo yokuderedza nokuda kwamapurisa, uye utarisiri hwokuzvimirira. Nheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kupfavisa kunyunyuta kune rugare, kwete kukudzvinyirira, ndiyo chinhu chikuru kukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende.

Mabasa Apamutemo uye Nheyo Yokuva Nounhu

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogovera zvivako zvokuyera apo uye kuti rusununguko rwavanhu rungaganhurirwa sei nenzira yapamutemo. Nheyo yetsika yokuwirirana chishandiso chikuru muiyi nzvero: Chiganhuriro chipi nechipi pamaruramiro chinofanira kuva chiri madikanwa kuwana donzo rapamutemo (zvakadai sekotsekano yavose) uye inofanira kuva mitoo inoganhurira zvikuru inowanika.

Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

MuUnited States, Bill of Rights inopa dziviriro dzakajeka dzinogona kungovhiringidzwa bedzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akati.Gadziro yeChina inoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira; Amendment Yokutanga inorambidza mitemo inoganhurira kutaura kana kuti kuungana; Refrencements dzeChishanu nedzegumi Negumi Nezana dzinovimbisa muitiro wakafanira. judicary inoita basa rinokosha mukududzira idzi dziviriro, kazhinji kazhinji ichida kuti zviito zvehurumende zvive zvakarongwa uye zvinotarisirwa zvishoma.

Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu NAAPP v. Alabama (1958) chakadzivirira maruramiro amasangano okuchengeta masangano akavanzika emitezo yawo, kuziva kuti kumanikidzira kuzivisa kwaigona kutonhora. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu Carpenter v. United States[FLT] [[FLT]] (2088), Dare raidavira kuti kupinza mashoko enzvimbo yeserura yenhau kunoumba kunzvera pasi peSamendeji yeChina, ichida pamutemo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira nhamburiko runopfuurira kugadziridza dziviriro rwemitemo kuruzivo rutsva.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, zvakadai seInternational Country on Civil and Political Rights, zvinogovera gadziriro yokudzikamisa kodzero nechengeteko. Zvinoda kuti ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi pakodzero dziitwe nomutemo, dziri madikanwa kudzivirira chengeteko yenyika kana kuti nhevedzano yavose, uye dzinowirirana netyisidziro. Dare rekodzero dzavanhu [[[FLT: 1] nguva dzose] rinohwirudzura mishumo yehurumende netsinhiro dzose pamusoro penhau idzi.

European Convention on Human Rights inobvumirawo ganhuriro pakodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika nekotsekano yavose, asi inoda kuti matanho akadaro ave “anodikanwa munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. ” Dare reEurope Rekodzero Dzevanhu rakarangarira kuti gadziriro dzokuongorora dzinoputsa kodzero yokuva voga, uye kuti hurumende dzinofanira kugovera dziviriro dzakaringanira pakubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kutarisira Nomutemo uye Kugadzira Madota

Ubati ushe hwehurumende huzhinji hunobatanidza kutarisirwa kweparamende negadziriro dzezuva kupinda mutemo wechengeteko kudzivisa kukura kusingagumi kwamasimba. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzeUSA PATRIOT Act dzine misi yokuvira kwezuva, dzichida kuti Congress idzokerezve kukuvakwazve pashure pokukwikwidzanisa simba radzo netapuro pakodzero. Masimba emitemo enguva dzose kurangarirazve kudikanwa kwamasimba okunzvera uye kurangarira chinjo dzakavakirwa paruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Masangano anotarisira akasununguka, akadai savakuru vakuru vehurumende vakavanzika navaongorori, anoitawo basa rinokosha mukunzvera kuti masangano echengeteko anoshandisa sei masimba awo.

Kusimbisa Dzikamo: Kutsigira Ubati Ushe Hworuzhinji Hune Utano

Kuwana mwero wakarurama pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nechengeteko yavose kunoda kuzvipira kunopfuurira kubva mumativi ose enzanga.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Kana zvirongwa zvokuongorora kana kuti matanho okukurumidzira akavanzwa, ngozi yokubatwa zvisina kufanira inowedzera zvinoshamisa. Kurongwa kwemitemo, kubudiswa kwenhamba, uye uchapupu matare emitemo asati abatsira kuvaka chivimbo chavanhu uye kubvumira kuti kukurukurirana kuitike.

Miitiro yokuzvidavirira, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga, kunzverwa kukuru, uye mishonga yavagari vemo nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero, zvinovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanodarika miganhu vanotarisana nemigumisiro.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokudzora

Kuchengeteka kwevanhu kunoshanda zvikuru kana kuchiitwa pamwe chete nenzanga dzaunoshanda. Gadziriro dzemapurisa dzenzanga dzinobatanidza vagari vomunzvimbomo mukuzivisa zvinetso uye mhinduro dzinogona kuderedza kusagadzikana uye kunatsiridza migumisiro pasina kudzikamisa kukuru. Nenzira yakafanana, nhimbe dzoutano dzavanhu dzinosimbisa kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira panzvimbo pokumanikidza dzingabudirira pakupedzisira.

Mumashoko akapoteredza ezvougandanga hunodzivisa, mapurogiramu akavakirwa panzanga anopa tsigiro uye kupindira kwokukurumidza nokuda kwavanhu vari mungozi yokukurumidza kunogona kuva kunobudirira zvikuru kupfuura kunzvera kukuru. United Kingdom’s Prevents rork, pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza, anomirira kuedza kudzikamisa chengeteko nebvumirano yenzanga.

Kuganhurira uye Mitoo Yemhuka

Vasati vagamuchira mwero unoganhurira rusununguko rwevagari vemo, vaiti vemiitiro vanofanira kubvunza kana vavariro yacho ichigona kuitwa kupfurikidza nemitoo mishoma inovhiringidza. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwakarongwa kwakavakirwa panyumwiro dzakananga kunowanzova kwakanakisisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemashoko omunhu ari wose. Masimba ekurumidziro anofanira kuiswa pamuganhu wenguva uye kuenzana kusvikira kuukombi hwetyisidziro.

Matare anoshandisawo hwirudzuro yeyamuro apo zviteshi zvechengeteko zvinodenha. Munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope, mitemo inoda kuti makambani ekurukurirano dzapafoni achengete mashoko ose omutengi kwemwedzi mitanhatu kusvikira kumakore maviri akaparadzwa seasingachinji. Dare reEurope reRuramisiro reIrland Digital Rights [ itonga (2014] yakawana kuti mashoko epfumbati inoputsa kodzero dzakavanzika.

Dzidzo Nehurukuro Yavose

Vagari vemo vanotsamira pavagari vemo vakaziviswa vanonzwisisa ukoshi hwerusununguko rwevagari vemo uye kudikanwa kwekotsekano yavose. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano enzanga anogona kubetsera kusimudzira iyi nzwisiso. Apo vagari vemo vanoonga kushambadza kunobatanidzwa, ivo vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kupinda mukurangarira kwehurumende dzoruzhinji uye vanoita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire.

Hurukuro yavose inofanira kudzivisa kunyanyisa kuri kuviri: kubvisa mipimo yose yechengeteko seyakakomba, kana kuti kugamuchira ganhuriro ipi neipi sezvinodikanwa.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nekotsekano yavose hausi mutambo wemazango; ikurukurirano inopfuurira inoratidzira mipimo yenzanga nokudisa kwayo kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri chengeteko norusununguko. Nhau inoratidza kuti kuita kuri nyore zvikurusa kukusarudzika ndiko kuderedza maruramiro, asi ndyiko yenguva refu yokuita kudaro inogona kuva yakakomba ($8) kuparira ruvimbo, kuparira kupesana, uye pakupedzisira kunetesa masangano amene anopa chengeteko.

Democracy inotsungirira inofanira kuvaka masangano nemirairo zvinobvumira matanho akasimba echengeteko yavose apo unenge uchichengeta dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu oga. Ikoku kunoda kungwarira mukurwisana nomuedzo wokuita kuti masimba ekurumidziro ashande, kutarisirwa kwakasununguka kwamasangano echengeteko, uye kuzvipira kuwiriranisa nokujeka panguva iri yose. Sezvo unyanzvi hutsva netyisidziro zvinovapo, kudikanwa kwokusanonzvera uye kurukurirano inobatanidza zvinotova zvekurumidziro zvikuru.

Chinangwa hachisi chokusarudza pakati perusununguko nekotsekano asi kugadzira nzanga iyo vose vari vaviri vanogona kubudirira. Chinetso ichocho chiri muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, uye chinoraira kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kubva kuvagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vatongi zvakafanana. Kupfurikidza nokutsigira nheyo dzemiitiro yakafanira, kuva woga, uye kutaura kwakasununguka (hwu) kunyange munguva dzakaoma (h] ihwo hunogona kuita nguva yemberi yakachengeteka neyakasununguka.