Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende hunoumba mavambo okutonga kweAmerica. Iyi Hurumende ine simba, yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., inopa simba pakati pezviremera zvorudzi nehurumende, ichiita gadziriro youchangamire hunogoverana iyo yakavapo zvinoshamisa anopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, vachinzwisisa kuti pesvedzero dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinopesvedzerwa sei nejeko nejeka renyika dzinodzorwa nejeka renyika dzinokosha muUnited States. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzenhau, masimba emitemo, uye kusawirirana kwapanguva inopfuudzira ukama hwehurumende yehurumende, ichigovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwekurukurirano yekirasi yechikoro nefundo yakazviga.

Mavambo Enhau Echido Chokurwira Nyika

Bumbiro reMitemo, rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakaparira gadziriro yehurumende sebvumirano pakati paavo vaida hurumende huru ine simba naavo vaitya simba guru. Vagadziri vakawana utera hweMitemo yeConfederation, iyo yakanga yasiya hurumende isina mano. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera, vakavavarira kuchengetedza utongi nepo vachivimbisa chinzwano yenyika. Muuyo wakanga uri muitiro umo hurumende yehurumende yakatara masimba anoratidzirwa, uye nyika dzine masimba akachengetedzwa (8) uye dzikamo yakasimbiswa gare gare neTenth Amendment.

Nharo Huru PaKokorodzano Yebumbiro reMitemo

Zviono zviviri zvinokwikwidzana zvakaoneka mukati meKingano ya 1787. vaFéderalist , vachitungamirirwa naAlexander Hamilton naJames Madison, vakaitirana nharo nokuda kwehurumende yakasimba inokwanisa kubhadhara, kutungamirira kutengeserana, uye kusimudza mauto. Anti-Féderalist , kubatanidza Patrick Henry, yakatya kuti simba rakadaro raizomedza chiremera nerusununguko rwomunhu. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakaganhurirwa, kwakaumba masimba maviri ekodzero anochengetwa zvakajeka kumasimba enyika kana kuti vanhu. Uku kunyanduka kwazvinongoramba kuripo nhasi mumagariro ehurumende nehurumende.

Kushanduka Kwechibvumirano

Federalism haichinji. Nokufamba kwenguva, kududzira kweDare Rapamusorosoro kwakachinja muganhu. Republic yapakuvamba yakaona [[FLT: 0] umbimbindi yehurumende , ine mavhiri akasiyana ehurumende nehurumende. Gare gare, purogiramu dzeNew Deal neGreat Society dzakapinzwa mu [[FLT:] yuniversite yehurumende [[FLT:], umo mwero miviri yakashanda pamwe chete pazvinetso zvakagoveranwa, kazhinji kazhinji nemari inoiswa kudzorwa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakadzorera miganhuro panhau dzenyika dzakafanana ne [FFLT:]. . .[5] United States [FFFF]

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Nyika

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa hurumende masimba ehurumende ose ari maviri akarongwa . [avo vakarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8(na] anoshandiswa [, anobva muMasimba Akafanira naMakuru. Masimba iwaya anopa hurumende yenyika chiremera panhau dzinotapura nyika yose, kubva kudziviriro kuenda kumari.

Masimba Akavapo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba chaiwo 18, kubatanidza:

  • Commerce Claus: Kudzora nyika nekutengeserana kwamarudzi ose. Iyi ndima yave iri hwaro hwemitemo yehurumende huru pakodzero dzavagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye tarisiro youtano.
  • [ Affairs: Kubata naMakurukota, kuita zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare), uye kudzivirira rudzi.
  • System yeposita: Kugadza mahofisi epositi nemigwagwa yeposi.
  • , Kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kuchengeta murwi wegungwa, uye kudana varwi.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kutsarukana: Kupinza mari nokudzora ukoshi hwayo.

Aya masimba anogonesa hurumende yomubatanidzwa kuita zvakafanana panhau dzinoda kubatira pamwe kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, Commerce Claus akashandiswa kururamisa [[FLT: 0] Factive Care Act yemunhu oga, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro rakaitsigira musimba rinobhadhara panzvimbo pokutengeserana. (Ona [[FLT:]]NFIB v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 [202]).

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Chikamu chokupedzisira cheChikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinopa simba “rokuita Mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuita Masimba achangobva kududzwa.” Ichi chitsama chave chiri manyuko ekurukurirano huru chifo MCulloch v. Maryland[ [1819], apo Mutongi John Marshall akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti“ simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza. Dare raidavira kuti Congress angagona kuisa bhangi renyika kunyange zvazvo Dare reMitemo rakanga risina kuzvibvumira zvakajeka, nemhaka yokuti bhangi rakanga “ri madikanwa uye rakafanira nokuda kwokutarisira mari yehurumende. Uku kududzira kwakafara hurumende yakabvumira hurumende kugadziridza denho itsva, kubva mukuvaka kuumba iko yeInterne.

Simba Nesimba reHurumende

Musi weTenth Amendment, “Masimba asingapi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.” aya [masimba anoshumira] [ anoumba mwoyo wouchangamire hwehurumende. Masangano ane chiremera chikuru panhau dzawo dzomukati, chiri chikonzero nei tichiona kusiyana kukuru mumiitiro yedzidzo, utano, uye kutevedzerwa kwomutemo munyika yose.

Mabasa Ehurumende

Hurumende dzinodzora zvikuru:

  • Tsika:[ Mipimo yeCurricuum, mari yechikoro, uye magwaro okunyora mudzidzisi. Hapana nyika mbiri dzine gadziriro yedzidzo imwe cheteyo.
  • Kuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa yehurumende, mabhiriji, uye kufambiswa kwavanhu vose. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kupfurikidza neBato reZvokufambisa asi kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza migariro.
  • Charechis:[[FLT: 1] Mapurogiramu eMedicaid akabatana nehurumende yehurumende, kudzora misika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, uye kutarisira migariro yeutano yavose.
  • Raw Enictedment: mapurisa ehurumende, mabumbiro outsotsi, uye matare zvinobata ruzhinjisa rwemhosva (kunze kweyayaya dzinoyambuka kana kuti dzimwe nzira hurumende).
  • [ Tsamba: Zoning, kushandiswa kwevhu, uye mabasa omunzvimbomo.

Nyika dzinewo masimba emapurisa — chiremera chokudzivirira utano hwevanhu, chengeteko, uye tsika.

Miganhu Yebumbiro remitemo Pasimba reHurumende

Nepo Hurumende ine divi rakafara, Constitution inoisa miganhu. Chikamu I, Chikamu 10 chinorambidza kupinda muzvibvumirano, kuumba mari, kana kuti kupinza munze/panze mabasa ehurumende pasina kubvumirana. . Ekiragiro chinoti Clause[ (Mazita]] [Matariki]]], chinozivisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo “Mutemo mukurusasande weNyika,” zvinoreva mitemo inorwisana nemiraumbiso yehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]], ihondo inguva dzose munharo dzomubatanidzwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nedzokutama (sei tsvease [FLD]]]]

Kubatana Kwezvikamu Zvenyika: Kushandira Pamwe Nokupesana

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosanganisira zvikamu zvemashoko zvakawanda zvakagadzirirwa kusimudzira kuwirirana pakati penyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika dzakabatana.

Kutenda Kwakazara Nechikwereti zvaClaus

Chikamu IV, Chikamu 1 chinoda nyika imwe neimwe kuziva zviito zvavose, zvinyorwa, uye matare eimwe nyika iri yose. Ikoku kunoreva raisenzi yeroorano inopiwa muVermont inofanira kukudzwa muTexas, uye rutongeso rwedare kuCalifornia runomanikidzirwa muFlorida. Zvisinei, kunze kwezvipo, hurumende hadzidikanwi kuziva roorano dzinoputsa mutemo wavose wakasimba (kusingane Dare Rapamusoro redare mu ]bergefell v. Hodges[FLT:] (2020) dzinoita roorano imwe cheteyo youtenzi yenyika). Chirevo chinodzo hachipikidzi pamutemo kupfuurira kupfuurira kwapamutemo mumitsetse yehurumende, kuchidzivisa mhirikamo yokufuratira zviito zvehurumende zvinokwikwidza mumwe nomumwe.

Ropafadzo uye Kuronga Claus

Chikamu IV, Chikamu 2 chinorambidza hurumende kubva pakusarura vagari vemo vedzimwe nyika pamusoro pamaruramiro makuru “‘ akadai sokuronda upenyu, kuva nezvinhu, kana kuti kupiwa matare. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kubhadharisa mari yakakwirira isingapindiri rezinesi rokuredza kana donzo riri dziviriro chaiyo. Zvisinei, masangano angasiyanisa vagari vamo kubva kuvasiri vapamberi vehurumende apo anoshanda fariro huru yehurumende, yakadai sokubhadharira kunze kwavadzidzi veruwa dzidzo yakakwirira pamayunivhesiti avose. Chirango chinovimbisa mari uye kufamba kwapamutemo mukati meUnion.

Kuwedzera Kubatanidzwa Nezvibvumirano zveInterstate

The Extrandition Classias (Article IV, Chikamu 2) inoda kuti vapoteri vadzokere vatiza mumitsetse yenyika kuti vatarisane neruramisiro. United Stateswo inopinda mu Conterstate compacts]---8agrements dzakatenderwa neCongress/to kerongedzero dzakagoverana zvinetso zvakafanana nekodzero dzemvura (umr., Colorado River Comme) kana kuti chokufambisa (Port Authority of New York neNew Jersey). Mapepa aya ane simba romutemo wemubatanidzwa wehurumende uye anoratidza kuti anogona kushandira pamwe chete sei.

Pesvedzero Yehurumende Pamutemo

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzichizvitonga, hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa maturusi ane simba kuti igadzirise maitiro enyika.

Fiscal Federalism naGrants-in-Aid

Gadziriro yazvino uno inotsamira zvikuru pa mari dzemari [ kutsigira mapurogiramu ehurumende. Idzi mvumo dzinouya mumarudzi maviri:

  • Zvipo zvemari: Nyubhu dzemadonzo akati (mutoo, kuvaka mugwagwa mukuru, Medicaid) nemigariro yorumano noutariri. United States inofanira kuwirirana nemirau yehurumende kuti igamuchire mari.
  • ganhurira mari: Tshuro yenzvimbo dzose dzakadai sekukura kwenzanga, kupa kuchinjika kukuru. Vatsoropodzi vanopa mhindu vangaderedza kuzvidavirira kwomubatanidzwa.

Muna 2023, hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzenyika dzinopa mari yaipfuura $260 000 000 000, mukuwirirana ne Office yeBajeti yeZvomubhajeti . Iyi mari inobvumira hurumende yehurumende kuita kuti nyika dziite zvinangwa zvorudzi (somuenzaniso, kukwidziridza zera rokunwa kwapamutemo kusvikira ku 21 mukutsinhana nemari yomumugwagwa mukuru. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira mari yemasero yakadai sebumbiro remitemo, kubvumira migariro kunyorwa zvakajeka uye kuwirirana nedonzo repurogiramu.

Mitemo Yehurumende Nemipimo Yorudzi

Congress inogona kuisa mitemo inogadza mipimo miduku nokuda kwezvinzvimbo. Act yemor yeScreat, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Mhuri neChitemo cheMedical Sick , uye [[FLT]] Hapana Child Child Child Behind Act [] zvose zvakaiswa pakushanda, pane dzimwe nguva nokushandisa mari, pane dzimwe nguva pasina. Pachine murairo pa “chisina kudzorwa, chinoreva kazhinji kazhinji chinhu, vachimanikidza kutaura kupedza mari yavakanga vakasarudza kukwidza kukwidza. [[FLT]] Maract [FL:] Act [FLT]

Kutonga

Dare reFoderal [1] zvikurukuru Dare raMakurukota rinorondedzera mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo nerehurumende munzira dzinotapura zvakananga muitiro wenyika. Gararara se Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [ [1954] [1954] inobvisa zvikoro zvavose, uye Roe v. Dare ramaProto [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [77773]) rinogadza mitemo yenyika pakubvisa mimba (seri pa [[FLT: 4.] Dobsss ress resss. Gen. Commentom] Organization’s Health Organization [[FLD] [5] [202]), inodzosa nhau yacho yomutemo, uye mitevero yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Mumagariro Avanhu

Nhau idzi inhau dzakapfuma nokuda kwekurukurirano yomukirasi, sezvo dzichibatanidza mibvunzo mikuru yebumbiro remitemo nemiuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

Act yeyamuro yeya2010 [FFORGA CA] ya2010 yakawedzerwa kubhadharwa kwoutano kupfurikidza nemari yehurumende, kuchinja kweinishuwarenzi, uye kufutunurwa kusingasarudziki kweMedicaid. Dzimwe nyika dzakadzivisa kufutunuka kweMicaid, dzichitaura kuti kwakanga kuri kupesana kusingawirirani. Mu [FLT:] NFIB v. Sebelius, Dare rakatonga kuti kusagona kumanikidzwa kuwedzera, asi hurumende yehurumende yaigona kudzivisa kubhadhara mari kana yakaramba. Saka 2024, marekodhi akakudziridza, asi akasakisa, akasakisa, akasakisa, akasakisa, akasakisa, akasagadzira mukaha.

Kumwe kurwisana kunomuka pamusoro pezvinorambidzwa nehurumende, mishonga inopiwa nachiremba, uye njodzi dzoutano.

Kutama uye Kumanikidzwa Nehurumende

Mutemo wehurumende usati wamboedza kudzora kutama, asi maruwa akawana nzira dzokutora rutivi. SB 1070 (2010) yaida mapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokupinda mukati mokumira kwapamutemo, kuchitungamirira kuchisarudzo cheDare gurusa ( Arizona v. United States [FLT]]) yakarova migove mizhinjisa asi yakatsigira “mapepa anodiwa". Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas, dzakatanga mabasa okudzivirira muganhu, nepo vamwe, vakazvizivisa vamene kuti“ nyika dzeAntartuary, dzinobatanidza nezviremera zvehurumende zvokubuda munyika.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Nechinjo Yemamiriro Okunze

Masangano eFederal akafanana ne Environal Protection Agency akaisa mipimo yemhepo yenyika neyokunakisa kwemvura, asi anotonga kazhinji kazhinji anozvishandisa(apo anogona kushandisa mitemo yorumano zvikuru. California ine chiremera chakasiyana pasi pemitemo yehurumende yeChene Air Act kuti iise mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari, iyo yakatevera dzimwe nyika gumi nambiri. Hurumende yakaedza kubvisa California, asi kutungamirira kwaBiden kwakadzora ikoko. Panguva imwe cheteyo, yakaisa miraudzo yehurumende pamusoro pesimba remiti nenzvimbo dzinoshatidzika. Zvomugariro yenzvimbo dzinochinja mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kutungamirira: hurumende kana kuti nyika, zvikurukuru apo hurumende inotonga hurumende inodzorwa.

Kudzorwa Kwepfuti Nechibvumirano Chechipiri

Pashure pezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Decurecule of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye McDonald v. Chicago[, Second Amendment inoshanda kuruwa nenzvimbo. Zvisinei, inodzora mari inodzora pfuti munzira dzakasiyana- siyana: dzimwe dzinoda kunzvera kwese pose, kurambidza zvombo, kana kuti kuisa nhambo dzokumirira, apo vamwe vakapfura “mitemo inodzivisa kutongwa kwepfuti pfuti yomunzvimbomo. [2] 202] State Rifle & Pistol Association. Brum V[FFF] yakakunda kudzoka “chino “chinokanganisa zvinodikanwa chapashati, kana kuti vamiririre, apo vakapfura vanopfuura mira kururamisa kururamisa mira miratomu.

Kubvisa Pamuviri Namaruramiro Okuberekazve

Chisarudzo chakachinja chinenge makore 50 emuenzaniso wehurumende, kuchidzorera murairo wokubvisa pamuviri kunyika. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, inenge hafu yenyika yakarambidzwa kana kuti yakaganhurirwa zvakakomba kubvisa pamuviri, nepo dzimwe dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira kupinda. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumuranisa rwisano dzenyika pamusoro pokufamba kwokutarisira, mutoro wapamutemo wevagoveri vemari, uye kunyange kuedza kudzivirira vanachiremba kubva mukusavapo kwechiro. Basa rehurumende rinoramba richirwisana: Korosaromende ingagona kupfuudza mutemo worudzi, asi kukamuranisa kwazvino unokuita kuti kuve kusingabviri.

mhedziso

Basa rehurumende muzvinhu zvehurumende haisi gadziriro yakatsiga asi kurukurirano inogadziridzwa norugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Kubva pakuwanikwa kwekurukurirano dzaBaba kusvikira kuhondo dzanhasi dzoutano, kutama, uye mugariro wokunze, dzikamo pakati pesimba renyika neuchangamire zvinoramba zviri rutivi runorondedzerwa rwehurumende yeAmerica. Vadzidzi, kunzwisisa ukama inopfuura kurovedza kwedzidzo yedzidzo yebasa. (chishandiso chinoshandiswa nokuda kwougarikanzvi) chinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kuti mitemo inoitwa sei uye kupanikiridzwa mumitengo yakasiana-pedziridza migumisiro, kuyera miuyo zvakanaka, kurangarira mumigumisiro nenzira inobudirira. Sezvinopfuurira kurwisana nezvinetso zvakaoma, nyika yehurumende icharamba iripo nesimba panzvimbo yekurukurirano yenyika yenyika.