Gadziriro yapamutemo muUnited States igadziriro yakadzikama yakaisvonaka asi kazhinji kazhinji hainzwisisiki, inovakirwa pamitambo pakati pomutemo werudzi (womubatanidzwa) nemitemo yehurumende dzinoparadzana makumi mashanu. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti kodzero, mitoro, uye ruramisiro zvinodzorwa sei, kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati peidzi mhatsa mbiri dzomutemo inokosha. Nyaya ino inonzvera misiyano, nheyo dzenhau nedzebumbiro remitemo, nharaunda kwadzinopindirana kana kuti kurwisana, uye mirangariro inoshanda nokuda kwavagari vemo. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nokunzwisisa kwakakwana kuti mitemo yorudzi nehurumende zvinofambidzana sei pakati penyika neyapamutemo.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nedzebumbiro Remitemo

Ukama pakati pemitemo yenyika nehurumende hwakagadzirwa noune neFramers dzeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mugadziriro ino yemitemo. Simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende huru nehurumende dzeruwa (jenare) nehurumende (8) nechiremera chimwe nechimwe chine simba mumativi akasiyana. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza masimba chaiwo akapiwa kuhurumende yorudzi, akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuisa mari, uye kutungamirira mutemo wokumwe. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Tenth Amend Amendment inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti kuvanhu.

Iyi divi yakava kubvumirana. Nyaya dzapakuvamba dzeConfederation dzakanga dzatanga hurumende yakaneta yaisagona kugona kupedza zvinonetsa zvinozivikanwa navose zvakadai sedziviriro kana kuti kutengeserana. Bumbiro reMitemo idzva rakasimbisa hurumende yorudzi asi rakasiya hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru chokudzora zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo. Nokufamba kwenguva, dzikamo yachinja, nesimba rehurumende rakura kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, zvisarudzo zveDare guru, uye chiito chemitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, nheyo inoramba iripo: mutemo worudzi mukurusa munzvimbo yayo, asi mutemo wehurumende wadzora mativi akawanda oupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Kufurwa uye Kusunungurwa

Chikamu VI, Ndima 2 yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.(chinozivikanwa seSupremacy Claus) chinozivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende zvakaita kuti ive yakakurumbira ive mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mutemo wehurumende nerwisano yomutemo wenyika zvinoshanda. Iyi dzidziso, inonzi fanorongerwa, inogona kuratidzirwa zvimwe (Chonarferi inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo wenyika unodarika mutemo wehurumende) kana kuti unoreva (mutemo wedare wehurumende unodzorwa zvakakwana kwazvo kuti ugadzire nzvimbo yokuti hapana nzvimbo yemitemo). Dare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inogadzikisa kupfurikidza nokusarudza kana Dare richidada kubvisa chiremera.

Kusunungurwa hakusati kuri kunozviitikira kwoga: Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa hausati uchibvisa mutemo wehurumende kutoti rwisano yacho yakajeka kana kuti gadziriro yehurumende iri yakafara.Ikoku kunobvumira nyika kuedza miitiro kunyange munharaunda umo hurumende yehurumende inoshandawo, chero bedzi mitemo yehurumende isingakanganisi donzo romutemo worudzi. Kunyanduka pakati pehurumende noukuru hwehurumende kunopfuurira kuparira nhau dzechiono, kubva kutarisiro youtano kusvikira kumurairo wemhoteredzo.

Ndeipi Iri Mitemo Yorudzi (Yemitemo)?

Mitemo yenyika imitemo inopfuudzwa neUnited States Congress(8) Imba yaVamiririri neDare (panosainwa naPurezidhendi). Inoshanda zvakafanana munyika dzose, ndima, uye nzvimbo dzehurumende. Mitemo yeFederal inobata nhau dzinotapura nyika yose kana kuti dzinoda mupimo werudzi. Nhaka dzavose dzinobatanidza:

  • Kupinda nokubereka [ - Hurumende yehurumende inogona kugadza mitemo nokuda kwaavo vanopinda munyika uye kuti vasiri vagari vemo vanogona sei kuva vagari vemo.
  • kutengeserana kweIntertate – Congress inogona kudzora bhizimisi neshambadzo idzo dzinopfuura mitsetse yehurumende, pasi peChommer Claus.
  • [[[[NHAU]] Mitero yemari [[FT:1] – Mutero unobhadharwa, mutero wekambani, uye mapepa anounganidzwa neInternal Revenuve Revenue Service (IRS).
  • Kodzero dzechikori - mitemo yeLandmark yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1964 neVoting Rights Act ya1965 inorambidza rusaruro munyika yose.
  • Kudzivirira kwenyika nomutemo wokumwe [ – mauto, zvibvumirano, uye kukurukurirana mitoro yehurumende bedzi.
  • mutemo wokunyora nokuvhota - Kopi yezvinhu inodzorwa nemirau yehurumende kuva nechokwadi chedziviriro munyika yose.
  • BANKUBHALTY - UNIX mirau yokubhuroka yomubatanidzwa inobetsera vakwereti navakweretesi kuwana miuyo inowirirana.
  • Mipimo yetsika [ – Nepo nyika dzingashandisa mitemo yorumano, ganhuriro dzechetura dzinowanzoiswa namasangano ehurumende seEPA.

Mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa nesangano ramasangano − zvakadai seFBI, SEC, FDA, uye Department of Justice(uye matare ehurumende ane chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende. Kuputswa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa kunogona kutungamirira kurovererwa mumatare eruwa, nokukwirira kupfurikidza nematare edunhu uye pakupedzisira Dare Rapamusorosoro.

Chii Chiri Mitemo yeHurumende?

Mitemo yehurumende inogadzwa namasangano emitemo ehurumende − nyika imwe neimwe ine biadral yayo imene gadziriro (kunze kweNebraska, iyo iri ine unameral)(uye yakasainwa nagavhuna. Inoshanda bedzi mukati memiganhu yenyika iyoyo. Nemhaka yokuti nyika imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo, mirau, uye magamuchidzanwa avose omutemo, mitemo yapamutemo inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe. Nharaunda dzomutemo wenyika dzinobatanidza:

  • Tsika [ – United States inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, kukumbira vadzidzisi, uye miitiro yokushandisa mari yezvikoro zvehurumende.
  • Kuendesa zvinhu [[[FLT: 1] - mirau yemotokari, kunyoresa kwomutyairi, uye kunyoresa motokari mitoro yehurumende.
  • Kurapa noutano hwevoruzhinji – United States anodzora zvipatara, kubhadharisa vanachiremba vane unyanzvi, uye zvimwe zvinodikanwa zveinishuwarenzi.
  • Ruramisiro [-mhosva zhinjisa(- zvinoparwa, kuba, kurova) inorondedzerwa nokurangwa mumutemo wehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rechirango, nhungamiro, uye gadziriro yokururamisa.
  • [ Kodzero dzechiPropertity[ - Muridzi, kutamiswa, nhaka, uye mitemo yamuridzi wenzvimbo inhau huru.
  • [ mutemo wemhuri [[FLT: 1] – roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, uye kurera mwana wokurera vana zvinodzorwa nemirau yehurumende.
  • [[[FOL:0] Zvibvumirano namatort[[FL:1] - Mitemo yokuumba zvibvumirano zvinobvumikiswa nokunyora kukwirira kukuvara kwomunhu oga inosiana nehurumende.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kutora nokuumbwa kwebhizimisi - Mabhizimisi anobatanidza pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kusarudza nyika (kazhinji kazhinji Delaware) yakavakirwa pamirau yebhizimisi yakanaka.
  • Sarudzo – Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reSangano rinogadza zvinodikanwa zvakafara, rinotonga miitiro yokuvhota, kuvhota mitemo, uye kupinda.

Mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa nemapurisa ehurumende neomunzvimbomo, masangano ehurumende anotonga, uye matare ehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yedare, kazhinji kazhinji ine matare okutonga, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Mitemo yehurumende inowanzogovera dzimwe dziviriro kupfuura idzo dziri muBumbiro remitemo reU.S.; somuenzaniso, mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa maruramiro ezvakavanzika kana kuti maruramiro edzidzo asingadzivirirwi zvakajeka pamwero yenyika.

Simba Riripo Nemasimba Akazara

Kunzwisisa uku kurongwa kunobatsira kujekesa mutemo unoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akati.

Masimba Akakura

Hurumende yenyika chete ndiyo inogona kuisa mari, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza mauto nengarava, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzose, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kuita zvibvumirano nenyika dzokumwe.

Masimba Ehurumende Anopfuura Ose

Kunyange zvazvo isina kurongwa muBumbiro reMitemo, Tendromendment inotaura kuti masimba asingapiwi hurumende yehurumende anongova enyika chete.Aya anobatanidza masimba mazhinjisa amapurisa — chiremera chokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavose yavanhu.

Simba Riripo

Masimba akawanda anoshandiswa nemwero yose iri miviri yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, vose vari vaviri Hurumende nehurumende vanogona kubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, mabhangi ehomwe, uye matare okugadza. Zvisinei, apo ose ari maviri anoita munharaunda imwe cheteyo, Supremacy Claus anovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande kana pane kukakavadzana. Hurumende inogona kuisa mutero wayo umene pamitero yemari yomubatanidzwa, asi hurumende haigoni kupfuudza mutemo unobvumira chimwe chinhu icho hurumende inorambidza (g., hurumende haigoni kubvumira mutemo unoumba boka remitemo renyika inodzorwa sechinhu chinodzorwa.).

Kusiyana Kunokosha Panyaya Yokutamba

Tafura iri pasi apa inopeta misiyano mikuru iri pakati pemitemo yenyika nehurumende:

  • Kuratidzirwa kweshandiso: mitemo yeNational inoshanda kunyika dzose nenzvimbo; mitemo yehurumende inoshanda bedzi mukati mehurumende inoratidzira.
  • Manyuko echiremera: mitemo yeFederal inowanwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.; mitemo yehurumende inobva mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe namasimba amapurisa.
  • Kusikwa: [ mitemo yeNyika inopfuudzwa neDare reU.S. (Imba neDare) ndokusainwa naPurezidhendi; mitemo yehurumende inopfuudzwa nemitemo yehurumende ndokusainwa nagavhuna (kana kuti nemutungamiriri wemitemo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Kumanikidza:[[FLT: 1] masangano eFederal nematare ehurumende anosungisa mitemo yenyika; mapurisa omunyika noomunzvimbomo, masangano ehurumende, uye matare ehurumende anodzika mitemo yehurumende.
  • Predence: Munsi meSupremacy Claus, mutemo worudzi unokurira mutemo wenyika unorwisana, asi mukati menzvimbo yechiremera chehurumende bedzi.
  • ` mitemo yenyika yose inowirirana; mitemo yenyika inogona kusiana zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro yakaganhurirwa yemirau.

Mienzaniso Yemitemo yeHurumende

Mienzaniso yakananga inobetsera kuratidzira kuti aya matura maviri omutemo anoshanda sei mukushanda.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mutemo werudzi: Mutemo weChibvumirano cheChivil Rights wa 1964 unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende zvakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Mutemo weruwa: Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakaita kuti dziviriro dzokuwedzera dzinodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwomunhu, kukura pamutemo wenyika. Dzimwe nyika dzingasava nedziviriro dzakadaro, kureva kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kuvimba nemishonga yehurumende bedzi.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Mutemo weNyika: mutemo weFederal unokuita utsotsi kugadzira kana kuti kuparadzira zvinhu zvinodzorwa zvakadai seheroin kana kuti cocaine, uye zvirango zvehurumende zvinowanzova zvakaoma zvikuru. Mutemo weruwa:[ Hurumende dzakawanda dzakabvisa mbanje kana kuti inobvumirwa nomutemo nokuda kwokurapa kana kuti varaidzo, kunyange zvazvo marijuana inoramba iri isiri yapamutemo pasi pomutemo wenyika. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano inozivikanwa apo vanhu vangave vachiita zviri pamutemo pasi pomutemo asi vachiri mungozi yokurovererwa kwehurumende, Depa reSahlulero kazhinji kazhinji kacho rinoshandisa kuzivisa kurapa kurapa kurapa kurapa kushanda kwehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mutemo werudzi: Gwaro reChrooke Air neClean Water Act rinogadza mipimo yenyika yokushatisa. Mutemo weruwa: Masangano akafanana neCalifornia akagamuchira zvirango zvakabva EPA kuti aise mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa norumano kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Mamwe masangano angagamuchira muteshi wehurumende kana kuti kunyange kudzika, zvichitungamirira kubasa remite yemitemo yemhoteredzo.

Mutemo Wemhuri

Mutemo werudzi: The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) yakaparadzwa zvishoma neDare Rapamusoro, uye Dare gare gare rakaitirwa muObergefell v. Hodges (2015) iro rinotaura kuti rinofanira kuziva roorano dzevatano dzevatano dzakaitwa mune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, mitemo yetsika yeroorano / kubvumirana, kuisa, uye miitiro yokurambana. mutemo weruwa: Dzimwe dzinotaura kuti zera duku reroorano rinoitwa pamakore 18, nepo vamwe vanobvumira zera duku sapachi 16 nebvumirano choubereko. Kuchengeta mwana kunosiyana neyavamwe vanotendera kuwirirana ne “kuwana kubetsera mwana. [[FLTM]

Apo Hurumende Nemitemo Yorudzi Zvinorwisana

Kusawirirana pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowehurumende hakufungidziri kuti kunovapo nguva nenguva uye kunotungamirira kuhondo dzedare dzinogona kusvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro.

Kushandisa Rudzi

Kana mutemo wehurumende uchipokanidza zvakananga mutemo womubatanidzwa, mutemo womubatanidzwa uchatekeshera.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Hakusi kufambidzana kwose kunoitwa. Munharaunda dzakawanda, hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa kukurudzira nyika kuti dzigamuchire mipimo yakafanana.

Kunetsa Vagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwemitemo yenyika nehurumende hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kunokanganisa kodzero, mitoro, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kubatana Mukodzero Nedziviriro

Kodzero dzepamutemo dzevagari vemo dzinogona kutsamira zvikuru pahurumende yadzinogara. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuva nepfuti inodzivirirwa nePendement yeChipiri, asi hurumende dzinoisa kuyera kwakasiyana - siyana, kuongorora kwapakare, uye mitemo yemagazini. Munhu anotakura zviri pamutemo chombo chakavigwa muVermont angapomerwa mhosva kana vakayambuka vachipinda muNew York pasina mvumo. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri dzinodzivirirwa zvikuru pasi peRoe v. Wade* zvino anosiyana zvikuru pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Repamusoro reDobbbs v.

Kuoma Kwepamutemo Nokutsigira

Mabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo dzose dzehurumende anofanira kushandisa mirayiridzo mizhinji yehurumende. Mitemo yemitero, mitemo yebasa, mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye zvinodikanwa zvevatengi zvinosiana muhurumende nehurumende. Ndosaka makambani anowanzopinza zano remitemo rakananga munzvimbo imwe neimwe. Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, kutamira kunyika itsva kungada kugadziridza zvido, kuchinjira kumitemo mitsva yemotokari, uye kunzwisisa zvirango zvoutsotsi zvakasiana - siana.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Nemhaka yokuti matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende anogona kunzwa marudzi akati emhaka (kudzora kwomutemo, somuenzaniso), vabati vangasarudza kwokunyora kwakavakirwa pabetsero dzomuitiro, kumhanya, kana kuti ruramisiro inorangarirwa kuva yavatongi namatare. Gadziriro yematare maviri inoreva kuti nharo dzapamutemo dzinogona kurondwa muingava nharaunda, uye pane dzimwe nguva dzose dziri mbiri, somuenzaniso, munhu anogona kutongwa mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokubirwa kwapabhangi ukowo kunoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa (dzidziso youchangamire).

Basa Rematare

Dare redare reSangano reSangano reHurumende reSangano reNyika yose rinoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta dzikamo pakati pomutemo wenyika nerenyika. Dare Gurusa reU. Dare reUnited States ndiro mutengi wokupedzisira wekuti mutemo wehurumende ndewebumbiro remitemo uye kana mutemo wehurumende uchirwisana nomutemo wehurumende. Mumazana amakore, Dare rawedzera simba renyika yose nerisingaganhuriwi. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne MCULLOch v. Maryland [18]) rakasimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakareva masimba anopfuura aya akarongwa zvakajeka, nepo United States v.[FLT][FLD:3] (1995]

Dare guru rehurumende rinotsanangura bumbiro remitemo raro rimene, uye pane dzimwe nguva dudziro idzodzo dzinogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reCalifornia rakawana maruramiro okuva voga mubumbiro remitemo iro rinopfuura Kuchinja Kwechina. Pasi pe “zvikonzero zvehurumende zvakakwana uye zvakazvimirira” dzidziso, Dare Gurusa redare reU. harisati richizohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvehurumende izvo zvinotsamira chose chose pamutemo wenyika, kunyange kana mutemo iwoyo uchipa maruramiro akawanda kupfuura zvinodikanwa nomutemo wenyika.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi Nedenho

Nyaya dzokuuya kwechikwata ichi dzinoramba dzichiedza miganhu yenyika.

  • Internet noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu: Nee-commerce, zvinobudisa mashoko, uye mazivikanwo, kune kokero dzemipimo yehurumende. Pari zvino, dzinotaura seCalifornia (CPA/CPRA) neVirginia (VCDPA) inotungamirira nemitemo yavo vamene yakavanzika, ichiparira kudikanwa kwegadziriro yenyika.
  • Marijuana pamutemo: Mukaha pakati perambidzo yehurumende nokuitwa pamutemo kwehurumende unowedzera sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumirwa nomutemo. Mitemo inovhara mabhizimisi ehurumende pakupinda muminamato yebhangi yehurumende, uye Congress ichiri kufanira kupedza rwisano.
  • Nhare: The Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakaita gadziriro yehurumende asi inobvumira nyika kufutunura Medicaid kana kuti kuita tsinhano dzadzo dzimene. Dzimwe nyika dzakaramba, zvichitungamirira kupfuudza mikaha.
  • Chinjo inodzokororwa: Hurumende yehurumende iri kugadza mipimo yokubudisa utsi, maruwa ari kuita chiito chokuzvimirira kupfurikidza namapurogiramu echipeyi netrade, mipimo inomutsidzirwa yezviteshi, uye miraudzo yokubudisa motokari.
  • [[FLT: 0] kuchengetwa kwokubatanidza:[[FLT: 1] Vamwe “vane ganhuriro” vanotaura kuti batira pamwe nezviremera zvehurumende zvokupinda, nepo vamwe vachiraira kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kworumano, kuchitungamirira kukuziviswa pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chehurumende.

Iyi mienzaniso inoenzanisira kuti gadziriro yomubatanidzwa igadziriro yokurarama, nguva dzose ichibviswa kupfurikidza nomutemo, kutsinhana, uye dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pemitemo yenyika nehurumende kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti United States inodzorwa sei. Mitemo yeFederal inogovera mipimo yakafanana panhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi rwose, nepo mitemo yehurumende ichibvumira kugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo nokuedza. Supremacy Claus inovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unotanga pakurwisana, asi Kudzikamiswa kweTenth Amendment kunochengeta udzori hunokosha hwehurumende. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakabatana, zivo iyi haisati iriwo zvayo inongofungwa nechinhu chekuti inongova, nzira yatinoshandisa nayo mabhizimisi edu, nzira yatinodzivirira nayo kodzero dzedu, uye nzira yatinoita nayo kuti hurumende dzedu dzizviregere. Nokunzwisisa muganhu kwakakomba pakati pechinzwanorudzi nehurumende, tinogona kufambira zviri nani nzvimbo yepamutemo inoumba upenyu hwedu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero zviwanikwa zvine chiremera zvakadai se U.S. nokuda kwoukuru hwechikamu charo chemitemo uye masimba akachengetwa, Cornell Information Institute yeProgramme yeProtosponse, uye [[FLT]] project [[FLT]] Oyez project nokuda kwezvisaru zvenhau yakatanhamara yedare gurusa rehurumende. Kuwedzera, Dare reRevolution of State graclatures[FLT:]] zvinotaura mutemo zvinoratidza misiyano yemiitiro mikuru, kugovera chiono chaichoimo chenyika yemashandiro yetsika.