Njodzi yemvura yenyika yose yakabatanidzwa nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuwedzera kwevagari vemo, uye kukwegura kwemasangano azvo nerokushandisa. Kwamakumi amakore, muitiro wemvura wakatsamira pamishumo inopfuurira, avhareji yenhau, uye matanho okuita. Nhasi, kubatanidzwa kwemashoko noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuri kugadziridza nzira iyo hurumende, mari, mari, uye masangano enyika ose anogadzira, anoshandisa, uye anoyera mitemo yemvura. Iyi gadziridzo inoita kuti ibvise pakudzora mvura sedambudziko renyika kuti ive iwirirane, itsika yemibatanidzwa yezvokurarama, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kufambidzana kwenzanga, uye kufambika.

Kupfurikidza nokushandisa systructs chaiyo yenguva chaiyo, mifananidzo yesatellite, zvinofanotaurwa, uye zvikamu zvemichina zvinobatira pamwe, vagadziri vemiitiro vanogona zvino kukarira kusanaya kwemvura, kuparadzwa kwemvura kwepasi, kuziva zvinoitika mumaawa panzvimbo pevhiki, uye kugovera maruramiro emvura noururami husingaenzaniswi. Muuyo hausati uri kuvandudzikowo zvayo inowirirana asi kugadziriswa kweidzo muitiro wemvura unogona kuita (kana zvishandiso zviri pasi pano zvichigadzirwa nenzira yokufunga, nenzira inonzwika, uye nenzira isingaenzaniswi.

Hwaro: Nei Kuziva Zvine Basa Pakudzora Mvura

Gadziriro yemvura yave ichida nguva dzose mashoko. Asi chikero, chisarudzo, uye nguva zvemashoko anowanika nhasi hazvina muenzaniso. Nhevedzano yakarurama, yakaisvonaka inogovera chisaririra cheidi nokuda kwedanho riri rose regadziriro: kuziva chinetso, sarudza, kuita chisarudzo, kuita, uye kuronga.

Pasina mashoko akavimbika, vagadziri vemitemo vanopinza mungozi yokuita mitemo ichibva pakuongorora kusina kukwana, nhamba dzenguva yakapfuura, kana kuti zviitiko zvemamiriro okunze zvakakanganiswa. Nenzira yakapesana, apo mashoko anounganidzwa nenzira yakarongwa, uye anoongororwa, inozivisa nzira dzaisazooneka. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora mvura yakawanda kunowedzera kunogona kuratidza zvinhu zvinoparira kukura kwemaruva anokuvadza, zvichiita kuti mashandiro akanakisisa apfupiwe pane kupfuudza mitemo inoranga varimi vose zvakaenzana.

Zvikamu Zvinokosha Zvemashoko Emvura

Miitiro yemvura yazvino uno inobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana dzinochengeterwa mashoko, imwe neimwe ichipa nzwisiso dzakasiyana - siyana pamusoro pokutenderera kwemvura uye kufambidzana kwevanhu nayo:

  • [[NHAU: 0] Hydrology - trains, mwero yemvura yapasi, mvura, sinoupack, uye kufema. Izvi ndizvo zvinoparira kuronga bhangi remvura nokudeya kusanaya mvura.
  • Mwero weWater [ – mitaro yemakemikari, yezvinhu zvipenyu, uye yemuviri (pH, turbidity, nitrate, simbi dzinorema, magiramu) inosarudza kukodzera kwokunwa, nhandaro, kana kuti utano hwemhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu.
  • Kutsvaka mashoko – kushandiswa kwemita nekakamu (kurima, indasitiri, nzvimbo dzinogara, simba), mvumo dzokurega, uye kudzokororwa. Iyi mipimo inogovera zvirongwa zvemitemo negadziriro dzokuchengetedza.
  • Indaneti namazita anoshanda [[FL:1] - mugariro wedhamu, mapaipi, nzvimbo dzokurapa, migero, uye gadziriro dzokudiridza; kushanda kwepombi; mugariro wevalv; kushandiswa kwesimba remvura.
  • Mashoko ezvemari neouwandu [[[FLT: 1]] – ratidziro dzekukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, chinjo dzevhu, mubato wemari, uye kusawirirana kwenzanga izvo zvinobetsera kuisa mvura mumugariro wapasi uye tapuro dzakaenzana.

Kubvisa idzi nzvimbo dzakasiana-- siyana kunoda zvikamu zvakasimba zvokudzora mashoko, mipimo yavose, uye gadziriro dzinodzora idzo dzinovimbisa kunaka kwemashoko, bvumidzo, uye kuwanikwa. Nharaunda zhinji dziri kuvaka kutsinhana kwemashoko emvura kana kuti mizinda yapamahombekombe umo masangano, magetsi, uye vatsvakurudzi vanogona kugoverana nokuwana mashoko akabatana.

Zvigadzirwa Zvinochinja Zvemvura Zvinochinja Muitiro Wemvura

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano runoita seinjini inoita kuti mashoko anenge agadzirwa ashande zvakanaka.

Kuongorora Kunonzwika Kure uye Kuongorora Kunotsigirwa Nesatellite

Masatellite akadai seGRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experity Empire) uye Mishoni dzinobva kuEuropean Space Agency dzinogovera kufambira mberi kwenyika yose kwechinjo mukuchengeta mvura kwepasi, unyoro hwevhu, uye ukuru hwemvura pamusoro pemvura. Vagadziri vemichina yemichina vanogona kuongorora maaquifer akavharwa asingatsamiri pamipimo yapasi inobva kunyika dzakawanda(a simba rinovangana rokudzora zvinhu zvemvura. Somuenzaniso, mashoko eGRAPRAN yakazivisa mwero inotyisa mukunakisa mvura muIndus Basin neCentral Valley, kurukurirano dzemiitiro pamusoro pemipimo yemvura yapasi uye kupinza zvinhu kunze kwepasi.

IoT Nemarekodhi enzwi eSitu

Indaneti yeZvinhu (IoT) yakagonesa mibatanidzwa mizhinji yemifungo yakaderera yakaiswa munzizi, matura, mapaipi okuparadzira, uye minda. Iyi mifungo inobudisa mashoko enguva chaiyo pamusoro pemwero yemvura, mwero yokufamba, simba, uye mitauro yakanaka inopfuura nomumasero kana kuti masetellite. Mamita emvura pamwero wemhuri anogona kuona kuvhura, kugovera mashoko anoshandiswa kuvatengi, uye kugonesa michina inoshanda nesimba inoita kuti ichengetedze kuchengetedza. Muzvokurima, michina yevhu inodzorwa pamwe chete nezviteshi zvemachadenga inobvumira kudzorwa kwemvura kudzokororwa kwakarurama, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura pa20/40% ichirimwa kutakura zvirimwa zvemvura.

Masangano Emashoko Enzvimbo Inogarwa Nenzvimbo Dzacho (GIS) uye Kuongorora Zvinhu

MIPURO inobatanidza mavharo emashoko (panyika, urefu, hydrology, kukwirira kwavagari vemo, zvinhu, mepu dzinopfuudzwa dzinoratidza ukama husingadzorwi hunokosha nokuda kwemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, kufukidza nzvimbo dzinoparadzwa mvura nenzanga dzinoshaiwa kunogona kusimbisa nhau dzeruramisiro yemhoteredzo, kutungamirira kuiswa kwemipiro yezvimwe zvinhu kana kuti purogiramu dzemari. Mamaneja akacheneswa emvura anoshandisa GIS kuratidzira miuyo inowedzerwa yetsika dzekushandisa chinjo dzenyika uye kugadzira mapurogiramu okutengesa uko vashatisitiriswa vanobhadhara varimi nokuda kwemiitiro yokuchengetedza.

Kudzidza Michina Nokufanorongera

Ungwaru hunoitwa (AI) nokudzidza muchina (ML) muitiro wemvura unofamba kubva kuzvinhu zvinodaidzwa kuzivisa. MaSatimende akarovedzwa pamashoko enhau anogona kufanotaura kuti kuyerera kwevhiki mberi, kufanofanotaura kunaka kwemvura kunopfuura, uye tsime rakanakisisa rinobudiswa nokuda kwokudzora mafashamo, hydrowater, uye kufambiswa kwemhoteredzo. Mitemo yokuwedzera kudzidza iri kushandiswa kuparadzira mvura inoshanda pamibatanidzwa yemichina yemichina, inoderedza tsvina inoshanda. Vagadziri vemichina vava kutanga kushandisa midziyo yezvinoitika zveAI - drited zvinofananidzo yokuchinja mamiriro okunze enzvimbo, kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye kupindira kwemiitiro, kugonesa kuita chisarudzo chakasimba pasi pokusavirira.

Kugadzirwa Kwemashoko Nemakombiyuta Kuti Awane Mashoko Akasiyana - siyana uye Aore

Zvichida ruzivo runokosha zvikurusa rwemiitiro nderwokubatanidza vagadziri vemakombiyuta navashandisi. Kutanga kwemashoko akafanana neUSGS Water Data for the Nation ne Global Water Watch (kushandira pamwe kweNyika Resources neGoogle) kunoita kuti mashoko emvura nemvura nemvura awanike pachena. Kuchinjana kwemvura yenyika kunoita kuti majeni ashande zvakanaka, kugone kufambisa mashoko enzvimbo panguva yokusanaya kwemvura. Maplatifomu aya anogonawo kusimudzira kuoneka pachena kwemvura chaiyo yenguva ino.

Fundo Dzemhosva: Kushandiswa Kwemirayiridzo Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kuti tione kuti maturusi aya anochinja sei kuva maitiro chaiwo, funga nezvemienzaniso inoverengeka inokosha inobva munyika yose.

Muitiro wokuchengetedza mvura unoshanda muCalifornia (SGMA)

Yakaziviswa muna 2014 mukupindura makumi amakore okunyanyozvidzwa, SGMA inoraira kuti masangano enzvimbo dzinogara pasi pemvura atange gadziriro dzokuita kuti pave nedzikamo yenhambo refu pakati pekutora nokumutsidzira. Kubatanidza kutsamira pamashoko: GS sezvinofanira kuongorora mwero wemvura yepasi, kuderera, uye kunaka kwemvura; mabhatani adzorwa; uye kushuma kufambira mberi makore mashanu ari ose. Departiva reMazi eWater Resources rinopa rubatsiro rwemichina uye mashoko paIndaneti panobudiswa. Ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa rwezvigadzirwa neDidzo kuchemedzo, IoT, uye kuyerera kwemvura muvhu. Pasi pezvigadzirwa zvemakombiyuta izvi, SGMA ingaramba iripo.

Gwirita Remvura Yakasvibirira yeSingapore

Singapore, guta risina mvura yomusikirwo, rakavaka rimwe remichina yemvura yazvino uno zvikurusa munyika. Muitiro wayo wemvura wakaiswa pakati pe "Four National Taps" (kutora kwenzvimbo, kutengwa kwemvura, kubviswa kwapasi, mvura inosimudzirwa, mvura dzinonzi NEVAter, uye kubviswa kwemvura). Chinotarisirwa kupfurikidza neEarth Grid inounganidza mashoko kubva ku 200 000+ rezaramidzi dzinoyambuka pombi, masheya, uye zvinogadzirwa. Michina inodzidza kuchekenura mvura, inoita kuti icherekedze kubuda munguva chaiyo, uye ishandise simba. Chirongwa chinoda kuchengetedza mvura inomanikidzirwa kutakura mvura (g.g., zvinovaka mvura zvinoiswa mumvura zvinoiswa mumvura zvinobvumira vanhu kuti vaone kuti varavire mvura.

Chimiro Chemvura cheEuropean Foal Edict Inotungamirira uye Chimiro Chokuchenjera

WaterFrame Working (2000) inoraira kuti nyika dzinoita "mugariro wakanaka" nokuda kwemitengo yose yemvura kupfurikidza nokutarisira rwizi rwakabatana. Kutsigira iyi gadziriro, EU yakagadzira Water Information System yeEurope (WISIE)(a) yakagoverana zvivako zvemirayiridzo iyo maaggreele anotarisira mashoko kubva kumativi ose enyika. Uchenjeri hunobatanidza mepu dzinobatanidza mugariro wemvura, dzvinyiriro, uye zvipimo, kugonesa kuyambuka mutsetse wemitezo yemitemo inowirirana namano. Chikuva chinotsamira pamipimo yemipimo yemitengo (g. INSPIRE) uye tsinhanharo yemipi yemipi yemitemo inobva mumanyuro yemitengo. Iyi ruzivoriso yezvokugadzirwa-ajekero inoita kuti pave nedzvinyiriro yemazera nokuda kwokuteerera uye kubetsera dare reEurope kuzivisa kwapanyuko.

Zvinetso Zvokuchinja Mabhuku Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mumutemo Wemvura

Pasinei nevimbiso yacho, nzira inobva pakupfuma kwemaidi kuenda pakuronga mitemo yakazara nezvipingamupinyi.

Kudzora Kwezvinyorwa, Kuva Woga, uye Kuchengeteka

Sezvo gadziriro dzemvura dzinova dzinobatanidzwa zvikuru, dzinovawo dzinova dzinotapurwa zvikuru. Gadziriro dzokudzora dzinoda kubudisa magedhi edhamu kana kuti mvura yokunwa inoshatisa. Tsitsi pamusoro pokubviswa kwokudiridza mumapurazi mamwe namamwe dzinogona kuva dzinova dzinotapurwa nebhizimisi. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kutanga mitemo yakajeka yezvokuiswa kwamashoko, ganhuriro dzekupinda, uye mipimo yekombiyuta. Kuoma kwemashoko akazaruka nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose namaruramiro epachivande avanoshandisa mvura (zvikurukuru mune zvokurima) kunoda kuvakwa nomutemo wemitemo.

Kupindirana Nemipimo

Mitemo yemvura inounganidzwa namasangano akawanda anoshandisa mafora, mayunifomu, uye maredhi. Kazhinji kazhinji rwizi rumwe cheterwo runoyerwa nesangano rehurumende mumamita ecubic pasekondi, sangano rehurumende riri mumahekita pamwedzi, uye marita paminiti. Pasina kubvumirana mipimo (mh., Cube, WaterML, kana kuti mupimo wema ISO 19156 wenzvero nechiyero), kubatanidza mashoko anoramba ari bhuku uye anodhura. Nhano dzemitemo dzinofanira kuraira zvitsauko zvakarovedzeka uye kutsigira kushandurwa kwemafashoni.

Mitengo Yakakwirira Nemikana Yokushandisa Zvikuru

Kuisa mikoto yemikoto yemifungo, kuvaka zvikamu zvemazita, uye kurovedza vashandi kunoda mari inokosha. Nyika dzinobudirira uye matura maduku kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshaiwa zvose zviri zviviri dzimbahwe nounyanzvi hwemichina. Kana ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwemvura rukava muitiro wetsika, runogona kukudza mukaha pakati penzvimbo dzine miuyo yakanaka nedzinosimudzwa. Kubudirira kwemari yenyika dzose uye kuvaka simba raro (sokufanana neBhangi reNyika yeMazi neDzino) zvinova zvinova zvinonetsa, asi zvichiringana.

Vaiti Vechisarudzo Vanovimba Nezvisarudzo

Kunyange nemikoto yakakwana, zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinobatanidza zvitengo zvezvamatongerwe enyika, mipimo yavanoisa mipimo, uye miganhu yemitemo. Mifanikiso yokudzidza yemichina inowanzova "mabhokisi matema"; kana vaiti vemiitiro vasinganzwisisi kuti kufanoronga kwakagadzirwa sei, vangadzivisa kuita chimwe chinhu pairi. Kuvaka chivimbo kunoda kutsanangura jambwa reIAI, rondedzero yemieo yokugadzira zviono (g., , goverana zvirongwa zvokuronga kuona), uye vatyairi vendege izvo zvinoratidzira kuvimbika pamberi pokukwira kwemikwidza.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kune Mitemo Yemahofisi Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Zviri Kushandiswa Mumvura

Tichitarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ichakudza kubatanidzwa kwemashoko noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu mumuitiro wemvura.

Mavhinzi Anoshandiswa Kugadzira Mvura

Mapatya emichina igirazi guru, renguva chaiyo remvura chaiyo (parwizi, chishandiso chemvura, kana kuti chipatara) chinotevedzera mufambiro wawo mumigariro yakasiana. Vagadziri vemichina vanogona kuidza chaizvoizvo miuyo yetsika itsva yokushanda kwedhamu, kusanaya kwemvura kwakakomba, kana kuti chiitiko chavagari vapasi vasati vashandisa chinjo munyika chaiyoiyo. Maguta akafanana neHelsinki neSingapore ari kutogadzira mapatya emichina yawo yokuparadzira mvura. Segore rinoputsa uye IoT, mapatya emichina eat anowedzera kukura kuchagonesa "iii kana kuti i" rovedzo yetsika yokutendeseka isingaenzaniswi.

Sayenzi Yevagari Vemo Nezvinonyorwa Nevanhu

Fambiro mberi mumichina yemifungo yakaderera nefoni dziri kupa vagari simba rokuunganidza mashoko emvura akanaka (somuenzaniso, kuedza E. coli kana kuti tembiricha yomurwizi. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne EPA] Sututizetic Science [] nhanho ne [[FLT]] "Hasmatch Institute [[FLT:]]] inobatanidza nzanga mukuongorora nzira dzomumvura dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi midziro yeuswa inogona kuzadzisa kunzvera kwepamutemo, kuzadza maburi, uye kuchengeta masangano anozvidavirira. Mumitengo yemiitiro yehurumende inodawo mitemo yetsika yapamutemo, asi inovakawo kuvimbika kwavose.

Kutarisira Revo Yakagadzirwa Nesimba Remvura (IWRM)

IWRM yave ichida kuti pave nokubatana kwemapazi. Al inogona kushanda zvakanaka chinangwa ichi nokuongorora mashoko kubva kurimwa, simba, maindasitiri, uye marongerwo ezvinhu zvipenyu panguva imwe chete kuti zvikurudzire kuronga kwazvinogona kuita kuti pave nezvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana. Somuenzaniso, chikuva chingagona kuenzanisa chizvarwa chemvura inofambisa mvura, kutama kwehove, uye kudiridza mvura inodiwa nokuda kwerwizi rwose, kukurudzira kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja. Kugadzirwa kwemichina iyi kuchava ikona yema21 okupfuvura, zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzinotevevedzerera mvura umo maPrononner anenge akaoma.

Vhara Mitauro Nokujeka Sezvishandiso Zvemiitiro

Munguva yemberi, miitiro yemvura ingada chinyorwa chapamutemo chemashoko semamiriro ezvinhu okugamuchira mari yavose. Kudzika mutemo kufanana ne yemvura kushandisa kushuma zvinodikanwa[ inotomanikidza vanoshandisa mvura zvikuru varimi kushuma kushandiswa kwegore negore kuhurumende. Kutambanudzira iyi mirairo kukodzero dzose dzemvura nokudzibatanidza nenguva chaiyoiyo dzinogona kuita kuti pave nokuzvidavirira kwenzanga. [ World Bank purogiramu yeD yemvura yeDzidzino yeNyika inosimudzira kuoneka kwakadaro sokubudirira.

Kupedzisa: Kubva pakugadzirwa kweData kusvika pakupindwa kwemitemo

Tsika neruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu hazvisi mabara esirivha nokuda kwenjodzi dzemvura. Vanogona kutsiva basa rakaoma rekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kurukurirano inodzorwa, uye kushambadza ukoshi hwemari kuri pakati pemiitiro yemvura. Asi vanogona kuvandudza zvikuru ufakazi hwakavakirwa, mhinduro dzinokurumidza, uye kuita miitiro inowirirana zvikuru. Chinetso chanhasi chavagadziri vemiitiro ndechokuisa nokuchenjera mumasangano edata, kuvaka simba romunhu nerokuronga kuti vashandise, uye gadziriro dzinoita kuti betsero dzive dzinogoverwa pamwe chete. Nokubata madata neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakakurumbira. Kubatanidza masangano emvura zvazvino uno unogona kufamba kupfuura kudzora kushata uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinotsigira, kugadzira mvura zvinotsigira nguva yemberi yose.