Kupesvedzera Kusingaperi Kwekutongwa Nemasangano Pamutemo Wokudzivisa Kutongwa Kwechechi

Kunzwa kweCongress idivi rakavakirwa pamuitiro wezvomutemo weAmerica, ibatira senzira inodenha pakati peitiro hanya dzavose, kunzvera, uye kugadzira mitemo. Munzvimbo isina mutemo iri basa rinoziviswa kana kuti rinoguma. Kurangarira kuoma kwemitemo yokupinda munyika, mamiriro okunze ayo ezvemari, makwikwikwi ezvemari, uye misengwa yemibato yomutsa, muitiro wokunzwa unopa mukana wakagadzirwa wakagadzirwa wakajeka zvikuru wenharo yemagariro. Marusai anobvumira vagadziri vemitemo kuputsa mitemo iripo kana kuti ipfuurei mabhii okubuda munyika. Kurangarira mabasa ebazi ezvokubuda munyika, uye kuumba chinyorwa chechokwadi nechengedzero chezvamatongerwe enyika chiri madikanwa kufambisira mberi kurukurirano huru.

Kusiyana nenharo dzepasi pevhu, idzo dzinowanzonyorwa nokuda kwokushandisa vanopesana, kunzwa kunopa ukuru hwechienzi hwebvunzo. Mitezo yeDare inogona kubvunza zvapupu zviri pasi pemhiko dzakajeka, kukumbira magwaro chaiwo, uye kunzvera kwakasiyana - siyana kwezvokutengeserana kwemitemo kwakarasika muzvikamu 30 zvesekondari. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachicherekedza zvakarurama kuti kunzwa kunogona kubatira nguva nenguva muhoro yezvamatongerwe enyika, basa ravo mukuumba gadziriro yokubuda kwenyika yenyika muzana ramakore rapfuura iri isingarambiki. Kubva mukufamba kweImmigration neNationality Act muna 1965 kusvikira pakuedza kugadziridza kusingachinjika kwema 2010, kunzwa kwave kuchishanda seinjini huru yezvokugadzira, kukwidziridza, kutsigira, uye kugadziridza mitemo inopinda munyika yose iri pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu.

Kunzwa Kwemakonzo

Kunzwisisa mabasa aya kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti nei mapoka ezvifaro, masangano ehurumende, uye vagadziri vemitemo vachiisa mari yakawanda kwazvo pakugadzirira zviitiko izvi.

Kuunganidza Mashoko Nemashoko Kunogamuchirwa

Basa rakananga zvikurusa rokunzwa iunganidzwa kwamashoko. Congress haina simba rokutarisira rebazu guru, uyewo haina unyanzvi hwemasangano anomirira ruzivo rwamasangano anokosha akadai seU.S. Unigationship uye Immigration Services (USCIS) kana kuti Customs and Bourtection Protection (CBP). Vanzwi vanobvumira vaiti vemitemo kuvhotera zvakananga muunyanzvi ihwohwo. Simba reSubpoena rinomanikidza masangano anokashairira kubudisa mashoko evhiza, mwero yemitengo, kana kuti miuyo yekuchengetedzwa. Zvapupu zvinopa mufungo wokufunga matangi, se [[FLT:] Policration Institute [FFF:1]], zvinounzwa kuti zvigoveresa mari yemari yemari yemari yezvokubetsera kuyera purodziro.

Iri basa rokuwana idi rinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwokutama nemhaka yokuti tsika yakaoma zvikuru. Chikamu chimwe chomutemo wokuvandudza, zvakadai seRugare Security, Economic Option, uye Immigration Modernization Act ya2013, chinobata pamitemo mizhinji yesemitemo: kuva nechokwadi chebasa (Kuchinja) rotari yemhatsa, purogiramu yemakadhi egirini anobva mumhuri, H-1B yenyanzvi dzebasa, uye zvinoiswa pakutanga. Kunzwa kunobvumira dare kutsaurira maawa anoverengeka kuidzokororo yeidzi, kuvaka chinyorwa chinozivisa kukwidzwa kwokupedzisira kwechitambiso chebhiri.

Kutarisira Kwomukuru uye Kuzvidavirira Kwedare

Gadziriro yokutora inotoitwa zvikurukuru namasangano okutarisira mukati me Department of Homeland Security, Justice, uye State. Kutonga kwokusangwarira kunopa nzvero yakakomba pamasangano aya. Apo kundikano yemiitiro inoitika, yakadai sekuderera kwekotsekano yemiganho kana kuti chiteshi chinokosha munhau dzekuchengetera, teremirano ndiyo mutoo mukuru wemhinduro dzinoda mhinduro. Vachengeti navatungamiriri vanodanwa kuti vapupurire, kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokunzvera kukuru kunobva kumativi ose ari maviri.

Somuenzaniso, muitiro wokuparadzana kwemhuri wa2018 wakasunda kutongwa kwakawanda kwakakwirira. Vachengeti veHomeland Security and Health and Human Services vaidikanwa kutsanangura udzame hwokushanda hwegadziriro ye "Zoro Trease", kuzvidavirira kwezvinetso mukuparadzazve mhuri, uye kudzivirira kururamisa kwapamutemo kwomuitiro. Uku kunzwa hakuna kungogovera bedzi ganhuriro yavose asi kwakapesvedzerawo ganhuriro dzinotevera dzemari nenjo dzokudzora. House Judiciary Committee neDare reSangano redare reJudiciary zvinochengeta zvibvumirano zvisaririra zvapamhiro zvapamutemo zvokutama, kuvimbisa kumira nokuda kweiri basa rokutarisira rinopfuurira.

Mutemo Wavose uye Chivako Chemasangano

Kupfuura kuunganidzwa kwounyanzvi kwamaidi, kutonga kunobatira basa guru rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunobetsera kuvaka kubvumiranwa kwavanhu nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakaoma zvemiitiro. Kuteerera kunogovera nzvimbo yezvisarudzo, kubatanidza vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo, uye vatsigiri vokumwe, kuti vataure tsigiro yavo kana kuti chishoro kuchikarakadzo chemitemo. Kuvapo kweC-SPAN uye bviro yezvinobudisa nhau dzinopfuudza muuyo, kuchishandura kamuri redare kuva nzvimbo yenyika.

Kana dare rikatonga nezvebetsero dzemari dzokuchinja vanhu vachibva kune dzimwe nyika, zvinopa chiratidzo kuvanhu kuti nhau yacho iri kurangarirwa zvakakomba. Chipupuriro cheZvapupu chinogona kushandiswa mukurukurirano dzinotevera dzouriri uye munhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau kumanikidza mitezo isina kusiiwa. Iri basa nderechikonzero nei kurongwa kwokunzwa kuchiwanzorangarirwa sorukundo rukuru rwamazano parutivi rumwe kana kuti rumwe. Kunzwa kwenguva yakare kunogona kuchinja nhau yacho, sezvinoonekwa mumitauro yakakwirira yemapepanhau yakare seMunyori weState Condolezza Rice kuti igove kutenderwa kwakarurama nokuda kwokugadziridza kukuru.

Kugadzirwa Kwenzeve: Kubva Pakudimburira Kuenda Kukuzivikanwa

Nzira inobva mupfungwa yetsika kuenda kuuriri hwekamuri rokuteerera inodzorwa nemitemo yorumano uye kuyera kukuru.

Kuparwa Kwemhosva Nemasero

Nyaya dzokupinda mudare dzinoitirwa zvikurukuru muDare reImba neDare reSarudzo, kunyange zvazvo Dare reHomeland Security richinzwawo panhau dzokuchengetwa kwemiganhu nedzechengeteko. Gavhuna wedare rine simba rinokosha rokugadza purogiramu. Vanosarudza kana vachizova nenhau chaiyo yokuteerera, kuti inyaya ipi yokutaura, uye kuti ndiani achakokwa kuti apupure sechapupu. Boka duku racho rinowanzodaidza uchapupu hwavo pachavo, asi voruzhinji vanodzora chivako chose.

Iri simba rinoisa purogiramu rinoreva kuti kunzwa kunowanzova chiratidzo chezvinhu zvinokosha zvebato remitemo. dare rinodzorwa neRepublica ringaisa kutonga pavhizi inopfuura uye ngozi dzekuchengeteka dzokubuda munyika zvisiri pamutemo, nepo dare rinodzorwa neDhemocratic inganangidzira ngwariro panjodzi yomutsa pamuganhu uye kudikanwa kwenzira yokuva mugari wemo weDrempho. Kusarudza musoro wekunzwa chimene chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika icho chinoratidza kuti boka racho rinovavarira kuronda zvomutemo.

Kusarudza Uchapupu Nouchapupu

Zvapupu ndidzo dzinofanira kuteererwa. Kunzwawo kunoitwa vanhu vari kunze kuchabatanidza boka rezvapupu zvitatu kusvika kuzvishanu, zvinowanzova zvakadzikama kuti zvimiririre mirangariro yakasiana. Zvapupu zvehurumende, zvakadai soMutungamiriri weUSCIS kana kuti Mutungamiriri weCBP, kazhinji kazhinji zvinodikanirwa kupa nzvimbo dzokutonga dzokusatora rutivi, kunyange zvazvo zviri kubatira pafaro yaPrezidhendi. Zvapupu zvisiri kunze zvinobatanidza vamiriri vanobva kumasangano echikwata chehurumende, mapurofesa emitemo anonyanyoita kuti vasapinda munyika, hurumende yehurumende nevakuru vakuru vemo, uye vanhu vanodzorwa zvakananga nemitemo yokutama.

Gadziriro yakakomba. Zvapupu zvinopedza mazuva zvichigadzirira ufakazi hwakanyorwa uye ku "nakudzorwa" navashandi vedare kana kuti masangano azvo zvimene nokuda kwerusando rwemibvunzo nemhinduro. Kuvara kweiyi gadziriro kunogona kusarudza budiriro yokunzwa. Chapupu chinokundikana pakubvunzurudzwa chinogona kudzora nhambo yenhau, nepo chapupu chakajeka chinogona kuvhara nenzira inobudirira muganhu wokunzvera ndokudzivirira chimiro chazvo chakasarudzwa.

Mubvunzo-Mvumo Une Simba

Nguva yokubvunza kwakarongwa, inowanzodzorwa nomutemo wezvishanu, ndiyo apo chiito chaichoicho chinoitika. Mitezo inoshandisa nguva ino kuita nharo dzapamutemo, kubata zvapupu mupokanidzano, kana kuti kuwana maidi akananga anotsigira nhau yakasarudzwa isati yaitika. Ipapo ndipo apo kukamukana kwevatsigiri kunova pachena zvikurusa. Mutezo unobvunzurudza uchapupu hwakaipa uchashandisa mibvunzo yakapinza, inotungamirira, nepo kubvunza chapupu chine ushamwari kunobvumira kurukurirano huru yakaitwa kuvaka chinyorwa chinotsigira.

Kukwanisa kwechigaro kumanikidza vanhu kuva netsika dzakanaka, kuziva nhengo, uye mitemo yenhevedzano inoumba kufamba kwenzeve. Munzeve dzakakwirira, kamuri rakazadzwa nevashandi, pepanhau, uye vacherechedzi vanofarira. Kunetseka kwacho kunowanzova kunonzwika, kunoratidzira mativi makuru ezvisarudzo zvemitemo yokubuda munyika.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kunzwa Kwakaumba Mutemo Wokuchinja

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo yezvakaitika kare kunoratidza kushanda kunoita kuteererwa kwemasangano evagari vomuAmerica.

Chibvumirano Chokuchinja uye Kudzora (IRCA) cha1986

Dare reIRCA raimirira kubudirira kwemitemo kukuru kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokunzwa. Muma 1980 ose, Dare redare reMitemo reMubatanidzwa weImmigte, rakaiswa panze naSenator Alan Simpson, rakaita kunzwika kukuru pachinetso chokutama kusiri kwepamutemo. Idzi nzwi dzakanangidzira zvikuru basa segwenya rokupinda munyika zvisiri pamutemo. Chapupu pashure pouchapupu, kubatanidza vashandirwi nenyanzvi dzebasa, chakagovera chipupuriro pamusoro pokusakodzera kwavashandirwi.

Kutonga kwacho kwakava nenhau inogombedzera nokuda kwe "mutemo wavakuru": Kunyoreswa pamutemo kwavatami vakanga varipo vasina mvumo mukutsinhano yakakomba nokupinda munyika kusiri kwapamutemo kwomunguva yemberi. Chinyorwa chakanyorwa mukati mouku kutongwa chakanga chiri chishandiso mukukurira kudzivisa kukurira kunobva kumapoka ose ari maviri ebhizimisi, avo vaida basa rakachipa, uye vairambidza kukanganwirwa. Mutemo wokupedzisira, wakasainwa naPrezidhendi Reagan, wakanga uri mutemwaramwaramwa wakananga wekubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunorongwa muimba yokunzwa. Chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvidimbuko zvikurusa zvemitemo yokupinda munyika yakagadzwa yagara yapfuura.

Dare Rinotonga ra2013

Kutonga kwakaitwa neDare reDare reVamiri raMamiriro eNyanga muna 2013 papepa rekuchinja vanhu vanopinda munyika yose (S. 744) muenzaniso webhuku webhuku wezvinganzi kunzwa kungatanga sei simba rekuchinja kukuru kwemitemo. Tsamba yacho yakanyoreswa neboka rebhiparti revamiringi vasere, asi yaida mhepo yavose kuti ive yapamutemo. Dare, raitungamirirwa naChaiger Patrick Leay, rakaita kuti kunzwa kwakawanda kufukidze rutivi rwuri rwose rwepepa: chengeteko, remangwana repamutemo, nzvimbo yevatami vehurumende, uye kudzorwa kwamabasa.

Uku kutongwa kwakabatira basa rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodenha. Vakabvumira vamiririri vane mwero kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma yavakuru vakuru vanotarisira vasarira mari, vachiratidzira kuzvipira kwavo kumuganhu. Vakapa chikuva kumapoka ane simba ezviwaniro zvakadai seCamber of Commerce neAFLCIO, izvo zvakanga zvabvumirana papurogiramu itsva yavashanyi. Kunzwa kwakavaka chinyorwa chavose icho chakadudzwa zvikuru mukati mekurukurirano yapauriri hwedare. Kunyange zvazvo pamutemo wacho pakupedzisira wakapfuura Dare asi wakafira muImba, mashoko a 2013 asara kuva nzvero hurusaidzo inopfuvura zvikurusa yechinjo yokubuda mukuchinja kwezvirongwa zvehurumende. Vakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri tarisiro yekunzwa munhambo yokugara kwapasi zvikuru.

Kuparadzana Kwemhuri 2019 Kunodzora Kunzwa

Kutongwa kwedare kunotevera dare reTrump rinonzi "Zoro Orsence" muitiro unopesana zvikuru nokuteerera kwemitemo muna 2013. Uku kutongwa kwakanga kusiri pamusoro pokupfuudza mutemo wakananga asi pamusoro pokuzvidavirira nokupiwa mhaka kwavose. Aichimbova Munyori weDHS Kirstjen Nielsen naaichimbova Attneral Jeffney Astions vakatarisana nenzvero yakakomba. Kunzwa kwakaratidzwa neuchapupu hwemirangariro kubva kunyanzvi dzezvokurapa vana vakanga vatambura uye kubva kuzvapupu zvakaziva zvakarondedzera kusagadzikana kwegadziriro yokuvakazve.

Kutonga uku hakuna kuparira chigadzikiso chemitemo, asi kwakava netapuro huru pamurangariro wavanhu. Mufananidzo une simba nechipupuriro chine udzame zvakaita kuti kusava kunobvira kuti udzori huwedzere muitiro. Kutonga kwakaparira chikwereti chezvamatongerwe enyika chakamanikidzira chiito choutungamiriri nechishoro chine simba. Zvinoratidzira kuti simba rokunzwa harina kuganhurirwa kukupfuudzirwa kwomutemo; zvinogonawo kumisa muitiro munzira dzawo.

Makemikari Neganhuriro Dzazvino Uno Zvegadziriro Yokunzwa

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwawo, kutongwa kwedare kwakarongwa hakuna kushata zvikuru.

Chinetso Chokuva Nenzvimbo Yakaisvonaka

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunzwa kwazvino uno kwakawanda pamusoro pezvikamu zvemichina yemuitiro yenhau kupfuura kubvunza nokufunga. Mitezo ingashandisa maminiti ayo mashanu kupa hurukuro yakanyorwa isati yanyorwa panzvimbo pokubvunza mubvunzo wechokwadi. Ikoku kwakakurumbira zvikuru munharaunda dzakati kupfuvurei sekutama. Kana mutezo wedare uchifarira zvikuru kusimbisa mapfundo ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura kunzwisisa mifungo yetsika, kunzwa kunorasikirwa noukoshi hwakwo hudukusarefu. Iyi "cannip nokuda kwenhau dzetambo" inogona kushatisa chivimbo chavose mumuitiro umene.

Kusarudza Kwakanaka kweChapupu uye Mashoko

Nemhaka yokuti Chair inodzora ndaza youchapupu, kunzwa kunogona kutyiswa kupa murangariro mumwe wakasiana wenhau. Dare rinogona kuisa nyore nyore ndaza youchapupu navatsigiri vanotsigira muuyo waro wemiitiro yakasarudzwa. Nepo boka duku rinogamuchira uchapupu hwechiratidzo, dzikamo yose ingava inorema zvikuru. Uku kupiwa kwamashoko kwakasarudzwa kwamashoko kunosekesa basa rokuwana kunzwa. Panzvimbo pokugovera mufananidzo wakakwana, kunzwa kunova chishandiso cheparadziro, kusimbisa zvitendero zvapamberipo panzvimbo pokuvadenha.

Kuderera Kwakaitwa Vacollegiant Nokushandira Pamwe KwevaKokorodzani

Chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti chinjo huru dzokupinda munyika, dzakadai seIRCA neAct ya1965, dzakatangira namakore okuvaka ukama hwebipartis mukamuri rokunzwa. Nhasi, uzhinji hwokunzwa hwaderera, uye mwero wokukurukurirana kwomunhu oga pakati pemitezo inorwisana. Vagadziri vanoverengeka vakacherekedza kuti kwakaoma kuwana "basa renyika" ethos iro rakambobvumirwa nokuda kwebatira pamwe chete. Pasina kukurukurirana kwamasanga uye kugoverana kuti kunzwa kunogona kupfavisa, muitiro wemitemo unova wakava wakava wakakomberedzwa.

Kupedzisa: Basa Rinotsiviwa Rekunzwa

Kunzwa kweCongress kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha mumuitiro wezvokubuda kwevatami veAmerica. Izvo inzvimbo huru umo mitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye nzvimbo dzavose zvinosangana kukurukura mubvunzo mukuru wekuti ndiani ari muUnited States. Nepo tsika yacho isina kukwana, kazhinji kazhinji inodzorwa nemitambo inotsiva uye kudzorwa, hapana chimwe chinhu chinogovera mwero mumwe chetewo wokubvunza kwakarongwa, kuvimbisana kwounyanzvi, uye kuoneka pachena kwevanhu vose.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa chikonzero nei gadziriro yokubuda kwavanhu iri nzira yakwakaita, kana kuti kuti kungachinjwa sei, chinyorwa chokunzwa ndicho mavambo anokosha. Chine nharo, mashoko, uye kubvumirana kwezvematongerwe enyika izvo zvakaumba gadziriro yokutama kwenyika. Chero bedzi United States inopfuurira kukurukura kuzivikanwa kwayo serudzi rwavatami, imba yokunzwa yedare richagara vanhu icharamba iri nzvimbo yapakati yekurukurirano iyoyo.