Kukosha Kunoshamisa Kwemashoko Okuzarura

Kutongwa kweCongress kunotangira pamuitiro wemitemo yeAmerica. Kunobatira somutoo mukuru wokuunganidza mashoko, kutungamirira, uye kuumba muitiro wavanhu. Nepo rutivi rwemibvunzo nemhinduro runowanzobata misoro mikuru yenhau inoshamisa zvikurusa, kutaura kwokutanga ndiko nguva inokosha zvikurusa yechinoitika chose. Uku kutaura kwokutanga, kusina kudzongonyedzwa kunoita zvinopfuura kungogamuchira zvapupu zvoungwaru, mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nhandare yenhau yamaawa anotevera.

Kunzwisisa basa rayo, marongedzero, uye simba rayo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa munhau dzehurumende, zvinyorwa, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvehurumende.

Mabasa Ekorasi Yokuzarura

Mashoko okutanga anobudirira haangoshandisiwi sechishandiso chokungoda kupindura chakagadzirirwa kuita zvinangwa zvakati.

Kuziva Mashoko Akapoteredza Ndokuronga Nhau Yacho

Basa rokutanga nerinokosha zvikurusa nderokuzivisa. Kunzwa kazhinji kazhinji kunokurukura ruzivo rwakaoma, rwapamutemo, kana kuti nhau dzesayenzi. Mashoko okuzarura akasanorongwa anopa mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha, rondedzero yamashoko makuru, uye kurondedzera ukuru hwebvunzo. Uku kunyora hakuna kusino utsi; kwakagadzirirwa kutungamirira dare navateereri kukunzwisisa kwakati kwechinetso. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza kuti iidii renhau yokusimbisa uye igadziriro yenhau yokushandisa, mukurukuri anogona kutungamirira nenzira yamanomanomano kumifungo yenzwi.

Kugadza Chinofungwa Nezvematongerwe Enyika

Muganhu wemashoko okuzarura unogona kuvambira pari pakati pechikamu cheshoko nebhipartisani kusvikira kuhasha neadversari. Ichi chisarudzo chinoratidzira kusvika kwomukurukuri kukunzwa. Sachigaro anotanga nenzwi rakakodzera angatsvaka bvumirano namashoko. Nenzira inopesana, kutaura kwakajeka kunopomera uchapupu hwechakaipa kunoratidzira kuti kunzwa kuchava kuzvidavirira. Iri ratiro rinopesvedzera kwete bedzi kugadzirira kwouchapupu asiwo mufambiro wemimwe mitezo yedare.

Kusimbisa Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinonyanya Kukosha uye Mibvunzo

Kutaura kwokuzarura kunobvumira mitezo kuendesa runhare mitsetse yayo inodenha zvikurusa yokubvunza. Kupfurikidza nokutaura zvakajeka mibvunzo yainoda kupindurwa, vaiti vemitemo vakagadza purogiramu yepurogiramu yeQ&A. Zvapupu zvinosanoteerera zvinogona kukarira iyi mibvunzo ndokugadzirira mhinduro dzakarurama. Iri basa rinoita kuti kutaura kwokutanga kuve mukoto wekurukurirano wakafanira pakati pedais netafura yezvapupu.

Kuchinja Kubudiswa Kwezvinobudisa Mashoko uye Hurukuro Yavose

Mumhoteredzo yezvinobudisa nhau yazvino uno, kutaura kwokuzarura kazhinji kazhinji zvikamu zvakapetwa zvikurusa uye zvinopetwazve zvenzwi. Nhau dzeCal, internecture, uye zvinobudisa mashoko zvinotora mashoko kubva munguva dzino kurondedzera nhau yezuva. Chitsama chemashoko chinoyeukwa kana kuti pomero inokatyamadza inopiwa mumashoko okutanga zvinogona kudzora nhevedzano yenhau, kupesvedzera nzwisiso yavose uchapupu husati hwatovamba kupindura mibvunzo.

Rugwaro rwokutanga inzwi duku, mukana bedzi wokuti nhengo yeDare itaure pasina kudzongonyedzwa, uye runoumba zvose zvinotevera. — Arever House Committee Staff Mutungamiriri weDare

Marudzi Enhau DzeCongress uye Kuchinja Kwadzo Kutaura Kunozarura

Chinangwa chokunzwa chinorayira matauriro, kureba, uye mashoko okuzarura.

Nzeve Dzapamutemo

Mukutonga kwanangidzirwa pamutemo unokarakadzwa, kutaura kwokuzarura kunotsanangura zvikurukuru chinangwa chegweta racho, nhau yaro, uye chinetso charinovavarira kupedza. Chimiro chinowanzova chitsaru uye chinonyengetedza, chinokumbira chipupuriro chenyanzvi kutsigira rugwaro rwemitemo. Mitezo ingashandisa kutaura kwacho kuvaka mhaka yavose nokuda kwegweta racho, kududza mashoko nenhau.

Kungwarira Kunzwa

Kunzwa kwakakomba ndekwekunzvera nomuzvarirwo. Vanonzvera kuitwa kwemitemo iripo, kuitwa kwamasangano ehurumende, kana kuti kunzi kusazvibata. Kutaura kwokuzarura muiyi migariro kazhinji kazhinji kunonanga zvikuru uye kunodzongonyedza. Chigaro chingaisa nhevedzano yekundikano kana kuti pokanidzano, nepo mutezo wapamusoro ungadzivirira sangano kana kuti kupanikira vavariro dzefeyitiri. Uku kutaura ndiko uko hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika inooneka zvikurusa.

Kusimbisa Kunzwa

Nokuda kwevatongi vebazu navakuru vakuru, kutaura kwokuzarura kunobatira donzo remativi maviri akasiana. Mitezo yedare inoshandisa kutaura kwavo kujekesa mipimo yavo nokuda kwokusimbisa, kusimbisa zvikwaniriso zvomunonine kana kuti zvikanganiso, uye kuratidzira vavariro dzavo dzokuvhota. Kutaura kwokutanga kwapachako, panguva ino, iratidzirwo yokungwarira youzivi hwavo nohunhu, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vhoti kumativi ose ari maviri.

Kuongorora Nokuwana Chokwadi

Mashoko okuzarura pano anosimbisa kuoma kwenyaya yacho uye kudiwa kwokunyatsoongorora. Mitezo inowanzosimbisa chido chavo chokuongorora zvinhu zvakakwana, zvisinganyanyi kubatanidzwa, kunyange kana mashoko avo pachavo ane maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika.

Kurangarirwa Kwokutaura Kwokuzarura Kunobudirira

Kushandisa miitiro yavakuru vanogadzira mitemo uye nyanzvi dzekurukurirano dzine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, kutaura kwokutanga kunobudirira zvikurusa kunotevera chimiro chinozivikanwa.

Hook

Mutsetse wokutanga unofanira kuteererwa. Iri idi rinoshamisa, idi romunhu oga, kana kuti nongedzero yakananga kuchinoitika chazvino. Somuenzaniso, sachigaro angavamba nokutaura kuti, "Zuva riri rose, vaAmerica 10 000 vanowana 65, uye gadziriro yedu yokurega basa haisati yagadzirira nokuda kwavo. Iyi chirevo chinozivisa nokukurumidza kuti kunzwa kwapera.

Kutaura Kwechinetso

Pashure pehove, mukurukuri anorondedzera chinetso mumashoko akajeka. Chikamu ichi chinopindura mubvunzo: "Neiko tiri pano?" Chinofanira kubatanidza ufakazi(mazita), mishumo, kana kuti ufakazi hwezvikamu) kusimbisa kuti chinetso chacho ndechechokwadi, chine revo, uye hachina kugadziriswa. Mutauro wakasimba unofanira kushandiswa nenzira isingachinjiki asi inobudirira: mashoko akadai se "isis," "Readure," kana kuti "Grigate" anotakura uremu apo unotsigirwa namaidi.

Mapoka

Somuenzaniso, kunzwa kuti hapana kuchengeteka kungaratidza kuti kudimbura chinhu chimwe chete kunogona kutoita kuti mabhiriyoni evanhu vasachengeteka uye vasachengeteke.

Kutanga Kwechapupu

Apo chigaro chinowanzosuma zvapupu nenzira yakarongwa, kutaura kwokutanga kuchabatanidzawo mabasa ezvapupu. Mukurukuri angazvionga, angabvuma unyanzvi hwazvo, kana kuti kuzivisa nzvimbo uko uchapupu hwazvo hunokarirwa zvikurusa. Ikoku kunobetsera kudzora kufamba kweQ&A uye kugadza kariro nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri chapupu navateereri.

Kukumbirwa Kuita Chiito

Pakupedzisira, kutaura kwokutanga kunowanzoguma nokutaura kunopfuurira pamusoro peizvo dare rinokarira kuwana. Uku kungagona kuva kuzvipira kumutemo webasa, kukumbirwa kwechiito chokudzora, kana kuti kukumbirwa kwokuziva vanhu.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokupototera Nokupa Mashoko Okuzarura

Kunyora mashoko okutanga anobudirira kunoda zvinopfuura kunyora zvakanaka. Kunoda chirango, kuziva vateereri, uye kunzwisisa kukuru kwezvinangwa zvokunzwa. Miitiro yakanakisisa inotevera inotorwa mubasa ravanyori vamazita navakuru vakuru.

Ita Kuti Kunzwisisana Kuve Kunokosha Zvikuru

Kunzwa kwedare kunowanzova nemhesano. Mashoko okutanga anofanira kuva nguva inosvika nyore kupfuura dzose dzinoitwa.

Shandisa Mutauro Unonyengetedza Asi Usingachinji

Mazaru eshoko namazita akajeka anowedzera chiremera. Panzvimbo pa "tiri kunzvera nhau," ngatiti "tiri kunzvera kundikano. Zvisinei, kutaura kwose kunofanira kuva kusinganzwisisiki. Pomero yakanyanyosiiwa inogona kuziviswa munguva chaiyoiyo uye kukuvadza kuvimbika kwomukurukuri. Mashoko okuzarura akanakisisa ane simba asi akarurama zvikuru.

Kutarisira Uchapupu hweZvapupu

Chigaro chedare chine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira chinoziva izvo zvapupu sezvingabvira zvinogona kutaura. Uku kutaura kwokuzarura kunogona kukarira dziviriro kana kuti vhiringidziko. Somuenzaniso, kana CEO sezvingabvira achidudza mabasa okuzvidira, chigaro chinogona kutaura, "Takanzwa zvipikirwa zvokuzvidzora pamberi, uye havana kushanda. Uku kukarira kwokungwarira kunoisa uchapupu pakuzvidzivirira kubva pakutanga.

Ramba Uine Unyanzvi uye Uchiremekedza

Kunyange mukutonga kunokakavadzana zvikurusa, kutaura kwokutanga kunofanira kuchengeta tsika. Kudenha kwomunhu oga kana kuti mutauro unoshatiswa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, kuparadzanisa mitezo ine mwero nevoruzhinji. Unyanzvi hunorevawo kubvuma mitezo yose yedare, kuremekedza basa ravashoma, uye kuonga zvapupu nokuda kwenguva yavo. Ikoku kunovaka kuvimbika kwomukurukuri, uko kumene kuri manyuko esimba.

Nguva Yokutaura Nokungwarira

Pasi pemirau yematare akawanda, mashoko okuzarura anopiwa nguva (8kazhinji kazhinji maminiti mashanu nokuda kwemitezo. Vakurukuri vanobudirira zvikurusa vanodzidza kuwirirana neganhuriro, vachisiya nzvimbo yokusimbisa nokumira. Kupfuurira kwenguva yakawandisa kurasikirwa nengwariro dzavateereri uye shamwari dzinoshatirisa.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yemashoko Okuzarura Anokosha

Simba rokutanga kutaura rinogona kuonekwa mune dzimwe dzenhau dzakaguma dzanzwiwa nevakawanda muAmerica.

Kunzwa Kwemvura (1903)

Sam Ervin, sachigaro weSeact Committee on Purezidential Campaiting Activities, akapa mashoko okuzarura ayo akanokorwa muBhaibheri neBumbiro reMitemo. Kudzikama kwake, kwakakomba kwakasimbisa kutonga senguva yebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pedenho yavapanduki. Uku kunyora kwakabatsira dare kuchengeta tsigiro yavose mukunzvera kwose, pakupedzisira kuchitungamirira kukupa Purezidhendi Nixon basa.

Anita Hill – Clarence Thomas Anonzwa (1991)

Mutsananguri wemashoko okuzarura Joseph Biden munhivi yechipiri yebvunzo dzaThomas akatsvaka kudzikamisa ruramisiro neukoshi hwepomero. Tsinhiro dzake, kunyange zvazvo gare gare dzakatsoropodza nokuda kwokusangwarira, dzakaedza kugadza chimiro chebvunzo yakakomba. Munguvayo, mashoko okuzarura aidenha kana kuti kudzivirira kuvimbika kwaHill akaumba murangariro wavose vari vaviri mupomeri nomumanikidzi kwamakumi amakore.

Benghazi Witings (2013 - 2015)

Trey Gowdy, mutezo wokuzarura weHouse Salution Committee on Benghazi akanga ane udzame zvikuru, achifamba nomumitsetse yenguva nemibvunzo isina kupindurwa. Maitirwe ake ounyanzvi akagadzira nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvehurumende yakapesvedzera nhimbe youpurezidhendi 2016. Kunzwa kwakava muenzaniso wezvingaitwa kuti mashoko okutanga ape mhosho yakaoma zvikuru yokushandiswa navanhu.

Zvematongerwe Enyika Okutanga

Kutaura kwokuzarura ndekwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunoratidzira kusonganirana kwebato romukurukuri, basa redare, uye maitiro emunhu oga. Kunzwisisa mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika kunobetsera vacherekedzi kududzira mashoko enzwi.

Mativi Makuru Maererano Nezviduku

Sachigaro (zvikurukuru kubva kuboka ruzhinji) ane mashoko okuzarura okutanga uye akaresa. Ikoku kunogadza zvirongwa. Mutezo wapanzvimbo yapamusoro (kubva kuvashoma) unopindura, kazhinji kazhinji uchigovera kupesana. Uyu mutoo unochinja inhau duku inopesana. Voruzhinji vanoisa chinetso, nepo vashomanene vachipanikira nzvimbo.

Kuzarura Kwebipartisan

Munzeve dzinonzwa zvikuru — dzakadai seidzo dziri pachengeteko yenyika kana kuti ngwavaira dzomusikirwo — chigaro nomutezo wapamusoro zvingatsinhiranisa kutaura kwavo kupa mirangariro yakabatana. Iyi ratidziro yebipartis inopfuura nhau yacho yezvamatongerwe enyika, iyo inogona kuwedzera kuvimbika kwezviwanwa zvedare.

Kutaura Kunosimbiswa Kwetapuro Yezvinobudisa Nhau

Mimwe mitezo inoshandisa mashoko okuzarura kutaura zvakananga kuna vanhu, kudarika muitiro wedare. Vangasimudza zvikamu, kugovera mavhidhiyo, kana kuti mabhii anoraviwa. Maatric anogadzirirwa kuparira nhambo dzevhairasi. Nepo pakati penyanzvi dzegamuchidzanwa, mutoo uyu unoratidzira uchokwadi hwemhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inorevererwa.

Zvimwe Zvatingadzidza

Kuti vanzwisise zviri nani vagadziri vemaconomion emashoko okutanga emisangano, varavi vanokurudzirwa kuongorora zvinhu zvinotevera zvine chiremera:

  • U.Capitol Vanss Center[[FLT]] – zviwanikwa zvedzidzo yapamutemo pamuitiro womutemo uye nhau yokunzwa.
  • C-SSPA Vidiyo Library – Chisaririra chikuru chekunzwa kwedare, chinobvumira vanoshandisa kufunda kutaurirwa nomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika zvakananga.
  • [FLT :1] Komiti yeGovInfo Shicilela - zvinyorwa zvapamutemo nemirau inodzora kutonga kwedare, kubatanidza nhungamiro nokuda kwokuzarura kutaura.
  • Cornell Information Institute – Payakanga yanangidzirwa pazviitiko zvokutonga, nzvimbo ino inogovera kufanana kunobetsera pamusoro pebasa remashoko ezarurwa mugadziriro dzemitemo dzakarongwa.
  • [FLT][1] Brookings Institution – Congress Reinshine Peji - Kunzvera nenzira yenyanzvi miitiro yesangano, utariri, uye gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ine chokuita nokunzwa.

Mugumisiro: Kubatsira Kunoita Mashoko Okutanga

Mashoko okuzarura mukutonga kwedare redare anopfuura zvikuru kwazvo kunzwika zvakanaka. Chishandiso chinoshanda chinorondedzera mashoko ekurukurirano, rondedzero dzinoumba nhau dzenhau, uye chinotanga nhambo yemibvunzo ichasarudza miuyo yemiitiro. Kumitezo yeCongress, mashoko okuzarura asina kugadzirirwa anogona kupambadza nguva yakadzivirirwa zvikurusa yokutaura yose. KuZvapupu, kufuratira mashoko akanyorwa mumashoko aya kunogona kureva kuvandira. Uye nokuda kwavanhu, uku kutaura kunopa kupesana kwakajeka zvikurusa kweizvo kunzwa pamusoro pezviri zvechokwadi.

Sezvo kuoma kunzwisisa kwenhau dzenyika kunowedzera uye kumhanya kwezvinobudisa nhau kuchiwedzera, unyanzvi hwokugadzira mashoko okuzarura mapfupi, ane simba, uye anoshanda zvakanaka hahuna kumbobvira hwava hunokosha zvikuru.Ndiro shoko rokutanga, nzvimbo yakasimba zvikurusa, uye kazhinji kazhinji nguva isingakanganwiki zvikurusa. Muhoro yeutarisiri hwedare, kutaura kwokutanga ndimo manyoro anotevera zvimwe zvinhu zvose.