Ndeipi Iri Nzeve Dzokutarisira Mudziviriro Yemitengo?

Mitongo yedare inoitwa nehurumende kutongwa kwemhosva dzinoitwa namasangano ehurumende kuti apedze gakava uye kuteererwa kwemirau kunze kwegadziriro yemagariro edare. Munhandare inodzivirira yevatengi, kutongwa uku kunobatira senzira yokutanga yokuita kuti mabhizimisi azvidavirirwe zvisina kururama, anonyengera, kana kuti miitiro inonyadzisa. Kusafanana nemhosva dzinotongwa nemapoka ehurumende dzinotangwa nemahofisi ehurumende ane chiremera chemitemo chokuongorora zvichemo, kuputsa mitemo, uye kuisa mishonga. Masangano aya anosanganisira Federal Tradential Commission (FC), Consumercial Protection Burevity Bureaunt (CB), magwetal General Resocial Officet, mahofisi makuru anoona nezvemarime (Flault Ad Drugminication).

Muitiro wacho wakarongedzerwa kuva unochinjika zvikuru uye wounyanzvi zvikuru kupfuura kutonga kwedare, bva uchiri kunamatira kunheyo huru dzemuitiro wakafanira. Zvikwata zvinogamuchira ziviso, zvine maruramiro okupa ufakazi uye zvapupu zvinopambunuka, uye zvine maruramiro echisarudzo chakavakirwa pachinyorwa. Vatongi vedare reSangano reSangano (ALJ) kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanonzwa vanotungamirira paidzi purogiramu, vachiunza unyanzvi muzvose zviri zviviri mutemo webumbiro remitemo nemamiriro ezvinhu ebhizimisi. Iyi zivo chaiyo inowanzotungamirira kumiraudzo yemitemo isingachinjiki uye yakadzidza kudarika ingagovera dare rehurumende.

Upenyu Hwokudzivirirwa Nevanhu

Kunyunyuta Nokunzvera

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvokudzivirira zvinotanga nokunyunyuta. Munhu anofunga kuti akakuvadzwa nebhizimisi, angangova anenge aita zvokushambadzira zvenhema, achikweretesa zvinhu zvinonyengera, kana kuti achishandisa chibvumirano chisina kururama, (8frequency nesangano rinowirirana). Chinyunyuto chacho chinogona kupiwa paIndaneti, netsamba, kana kuti nomutengi anenge angogamuchira. Kana angowana, sangano racho rinodzokorora kunyunyuta kuti rione kana chiripo chinenge chiripo uye kana pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvokufungidzira kuti pane kupunza.

Kana sangano rikasarudza kunzvera, ringabudisa zvikamu zviduku nokuda kwezvinyorwa, bvunzurudzo zvapupu, uye mufambiro panzvero. Mukati moiyi nhano, bhizimisi rinonzverwa rine mukana unowanzova wokupindura, kugovera ufakazi hwokupa, uye kugadzikisa. Nhau zhinji dzinopedzwa panguva ino kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yebvumirano yokubvuma nokuzvidira, kudzivisa kudikanwa kwokunzwa kwakazara. Zvisinei, kana nhamburiko dzokuvanza kana kuti kuputsa kwanzi kwakarurama zvikuru, sangano racho richapfuurira kuwirirana.

Kunzwa Kwokunyunyuta Nokucherekedza

Gadziriro yakarongwa inovamba apo sangano rinoisa nyunyuto yokutonga pamusoro pebhizimisi (kana kuti mhinduro). Iri gwaro rinoonesa kuputswa chaikoikwo kwemitemo yedziviriro yomutengi, rino udzame hwaro hwechokwadi, uye rinotaura chirango chinokarakadzwa. Mhinduro inogoverwa nokunyunyuta uye chiziviso chokunzwa, izvo zvinodudza musi, nguva, uye nzvimbo yokupfuurira. Mupinduri anofanira kuisa mhinduro mukati menhambo yakarongwa, kazhinji kazhinji 20 kusvikira ku 30, kubvuma kana kuti kuramba kupomera kumwe nokumwe. Kukundikana kupindura murutongeso rwakarongwa.

Zvinotaurwa Zvisati Zvanzwika

Pamberi pokunzwa kumene, panowanzova nemusangano unorangarirwa apo ALJ namapoka vanokurukura ukuru hwenhau, zvikarakadzo zvinobvira, purogiramu dzokuwana, uye kufambisa. Kuwanwa mukutonga kunowanzova kwakapfupika kupfuura munzwiro dzavagari vemo asi kuchibvumira kutsinhana mapepa anokosha, kubvunzurudza, uye kuisa mativi mune dzimwe zviitiko. ALJ angavawo nokuteerera pamiitiro yokuramba, kufambisa nokuda kwechisarudzo chepfupikicha, kana kuti kufambisa kumanikidza ufakazi. ALJ kubetsera nhano duku dzetsika kubetsera nhau dzapamberi dzenharo uye anogona kutungamirira kugadziro yapakuvamba kana kuti mirangariro.

Kunzwa Kwazvinoita

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Pazuva rokunzwa, sangano racho rinopa nhau yaro kutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma ufakazi hwechinyorwa. Mugamuchiri ipapo anopa dziviriro yake. Zvapupu zvinowanzova zvinonzverwa zvakananga, zvinoongororwa, uye zvinodzorwa. Mitemo youfakazi kazhinji kazhinji inorerutswa kana ichienzaniswa nedare; runyerekupe rungabvumwa kana rwakavimbika, uye ALJ ine uchenjeri hukuru kuyera ufakazi. Zvisinei, dziviriro huru dzinosara: ufakazi hunofanira kuva hwakarurama, hunokosha, uye zvinhu. ALJ angadanawo zvapupu zvine unyanzvi kana kuti zvikumbiro kuti zviwane mashoko akati.

Zvipupuriro zvinodzivirira vanhu zvinowanzotsamira zvikuru paufakazi hwemakombiyuta: zvinhu zvokushambadzira, mashoko ebvumirano, zvinyorwa zvemari, kunyunyuta, uye kurukurirano dzomukati.

Kuwana Chokwadi Nemhedziso Dzomutemo

Pashure pokuvharwa, ALJ anoshandisa mirau yenguva. Mukati mechikamu chemitemo (kazhinji kazhinji 30 kusvikira ku 90 mazuva), ALJ inopa chisarudzo chinorumbidzwa chine zviwanwa zveidi nemhedziso dzomutemo. Chisarudzo chingava chokupedzisira kana kuti, mumasangano akawanda, chinoda kuhwirudzurwa navakuru vakuru vesangano racho kana kuti boka. ALJ anogona kuwana mhinduro (kuramba mhaka yacho) kana kuti chishandiso, apo chisarudzo chacho chichabatanidza mishonga chaiyo.

Mishonga Nemirairidzo

Mishonga inowanika mukutonga yakafara uye inogadzirirwa nharidzano dzokudzivirira dzavatengi. Mirairo inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • COPALE [ – kuraira bhizimisi kumisa muitiro usiri wapamutemo nokukurumidza.
  • Kudzorwa kana kuti Revoud – kuraira bhizimisi kudzorera mari kana kuti zvinhu kuvatengi vakatapurwa.
  • Chibharo chemari – faindi yemari inogona kuva yakawanda, pane dzimwe nguva kusvikira kumakumi ezviuru zvemadhora pagore.
  • [ Kushambadza kunochinja – kuraira kambani kushambadzira mashoko enhema.
  • Injucts - zvinodzivisa bhizimisi kuita mibato yakati.
  • Risicin Windows[ - Kubvisa kana kuti kubvisa marezenisi ebasa kana kuti eindasitiri.

Sangano racho ringadawo kuti bhizimisi rishandise mapurogiramu okuteerera, ribvumire kuongorora, kana kuti kushuma nguva nenguva kusangano racho.

Kuenzanisa Nokunyepa Kwedare

Kutongwa kwedare kunogovera betsero dzakasiana - siana kupfuura kukwirira kwevagari vemo. Chinokosha zvikurusa ndechikuru. Mhakawo zvayo yehurumende inogona kupedzwa mumwedzi 6 kusvikira ku 12, nepo mhaka yehurumende mudare rehurumende ingatora makore anoverengeka. Ndyiko dzakadererawo nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vatengi (vasingadi kubhadharisa gweta ravo voga) uye hurumende (inoshandisa miitiro inodzokororwa mumugwagwa). Unyanzvi hweALJs mumutemo wokutenga hunotungamirira kumigumisiro inova inova inojekerwa neinowirirana.

Zvisinei, kune zvisarudzo zvezvokutengeserana. Kutonga kwedare rinotonga kazhinji kazhinji hakugoveri kutongwa kwedare redare redare redare, uko vamwe vanorangarira sokurasikirwa nekodzero huru. Kuvhura kunoganhurirwa zvikuru, uko kungasava nebetsero kunoda mapepa akakura. Mukuwedzera, zvisarudzo zvesangano zvinogona kukwidzwa zvakananga kudare rehurumende rekukwirira, asi mupimo wokuhwirudzura ndewekuvedzerwa: matare achatsigira zviwanwa zvesangano kana zvichitsigirwa nouchapupu hwakajeka. Uku kuzviisa pasi kunogona kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwebhizimisi kuputsa chisarudzo chakaipa.

Kuvanhu vanoshandisa, nzira yokutarisira inowanzova inowanika zvikuru. Havadikanirwi kunyora dare rakavanzika; sangano rinoita sevatsigiri vavo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vatengi vane kutora rutivi kwakananga mukunzwa kumene nejekojeka, “vanganzi zvapupu asi havasati vari vamwe vakakurumbira. Sangano rinomirira fariro yavose, kwete kuvadziko dzakati yomunhu oga. Naizvozvo, nepo nzeve dzehurumende dzinogona kumanikidza bhizimisi kuchinja miitiro yaro ndokugovera kubhadharwa kweboka ravatengi, mutengi anotsvaka muripo wakananga nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga angada kuwedzerwa nemhoshori yapatoo yapachivande.

Chinhu Chikuru Nezvinoitika Zvokunzwa Kwazvo

Federal Trade Commission

FTC isangano guru rehurumende rinomanikidza mitemo yokudzivirira vatengi mumaindasitiri akawanda. Kutonga kwaro kunotevera mitemo muPartic 3 yeFTC's Paramende of Practice. FTC'S Bureau of Consumer Protection inoongorora nokutyora mutemo. Kunzwa kunochengetwa pamberi poMutongi woMutemo weHurumende, uye chisarudzo chokutanga chinogona kukwidzwa kuDare rakazara, uye ipapo kuDare rehurumende reZvikwidzo. FTC ine chiremera chokutsvaka mishonga yose yakarongwa pamusoro apa, uye muitiro wokubvumirana kwacho unoshandiswa zvakafara.

Broomani Yokudzivirira Mari Yemari Yevanhu

CFPB inobata zvinhu zvemari nezvinoitwa nevashandi, zvakadai sedzimba, makadhi okukwereta, uye zvikwereti zvavadzidzi. Muitiro wayo wokudzora unodzorwa neChikamu 1053 cheDodd-Frank Act yeCFB's Tractice of Adjudication Processings. CFPB inoshandisa ALJs uyewo ine simba rokuisa zvirango zvevagari vemo kusvikira kumamirioni $1 pazuva nokuda kwokuputsa kwakati. Zvikurukuru, chivako cheCFPB chakatarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo, asi masimba ayo okuchengeta anoramba aripo akasimba.

Ganhuriro Dzehurumende

Hurumende iri yose ine mutongi mukuru kana kuti boka redziviriro ravatengi iro rinotungamirira kutonga pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, California Department of Consumer Affairs inobata kudzorwa nokuranga kunzwiwa kwavanachiremba, nepo hofisi yeNew York State Attorney General inoshandisa zvirongwa zvokutonga kumanikidza mitemo yeGeneral Business. Zviitiko kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinova zvakasununguka zvikuru kuoneka pachena kwemitemo uye zvinogona kudzokororwa kupfuura zvisaririra zvomubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, ivo vanosiyanawo zvikuru mumitengo yebasa rakafanira nokuvapo kwechikumbiro.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Nekodzero Dzemapati

Mitongo yavakuru vakuru inodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvemuitiro wakafanira muMitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti mukusatamisirwa kwehurumende kunotyisidzira fariro yemhindu yomunhu kana kuti yezvinhu, mugamuchiri ane maruramiro okucherekedza, banza rokunzwika, muiti wechisarudzo asina chizivano, uye chisarudzo chakavakirwa pachinyorwa. Nheyo idzi dzinoshanda kumabhizimisi pamwe chete navanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kodzero huru dzezvokunyora dzinosanganisira:

  • Akanyora mashoko emhosva dzacho uye akaita zvaakanga audzwa.
  • Nguva ine mwero yokugadzirira kuzvidzivirira.
  • Kodzero yokuchengeta zano.
  • Kodzero yokupa ufakazi ndokudana zvapupu.
  • Kodzero yokuona zvapupu zvisina kunaka zvichipfuura neastamine.
  • Kodzero yechisarudzo chinobatanidza zviwanwa nokurangarira.
  • Kodzero yokukwirira chisarudzo chesangano rokupedzisira kudare.

Mutengi haafaniri hake kuva nemutambo, asi sangano racho rinofanira kupupurira uye kuisa uchapupu hwevatengi mune zvimwe zvinhu, asi kazhinji basa romutengi nderouchapupu kana kuti rokunyunyuta.

Simba uye Utera Hwokunzwa Kwemiedzo

Simba

Kutongwa nedare kunobatsira zvinoverengeka zvinoita kuti zvive zvinokosha pakuchengetedza vatengi:

  • [[[FOL:0] Explorence: ALJ navakuru vakuru vanonzwa vanoshanda mumutemo wokutarisira nokutungamirira, kuchitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvine zivo zvikuru.
  • Kushanda: Nhau dzinokurumidza kupfuura mudare, kuchideredza nguva iyo vatengi vanomirira yamuro.
  • Kuchengeta: Hurumende ine mutengo wekupfuurira; vatengi havabhadhari chinhu chokutora rutivi.
  • Kusaoma: mirau yakavanzwa inobvumira mativi akafara oufakazi, kuchikuita kuve nyore kubvumikisa mitoo yomufambiro usina kururama.
  • Mishonga yakapararira: Zvirongwa zvinogona kugadziridza nyaradzo inopfuura ingarayirwa nedare, zvakadai sokuda matanho okururamisa basa reindasitiri yose.

Utera

Pasinei zvapo neiyi betsero, teerero dzehurumende dzinotarisana netsoropodzo dzapamutemo:

  • Rack of Transparency: Zvimwe zvinoitika hazvisati zvichizarukira vanhu kana kuti hazvibvumirwi zvakanaka, zvinoderedza kuzvidavirira.
  • Kusaenzana kweZvombo: Mabhizimisi ane pfuma inokosha anogona kukunda boka rapamutemo resangano, zvikurukuru mumasangano maduku ehurumende.
  • Kuvimbisa nokuda kwaVatengi: Muitiro wacho unogona kuva unokurira vanhu vasina kurovedzana nokutonga kwapamutemo, uchivadzivisa kupfuurira mberi.
  • Munhu mumwe nomumwe akadimburwa: apo sangano rinowana rusununguko rwakafara, mutengi mumwe nomumwe angasawanazve kurasikirwa kwavo chaiko pasina kukwirira kwakaparadzana.
  • Kubatwa nehosha:[[FLT: 1] Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masangano pane dzimwe nguva anova pedyo zvikuru namaindasitiri aanodzora, achisekesa kuchengetwa kwakasimba.

Achiziva zvinetso izvi, masangano akawanda akachinja zvinhu: kuita kuti zvisanyanya kukosha, kupa vatengi, kugovera zvinhu paIndaneti, uye kukurudzira vamwe kuti varatidze kuti zvinhu zvose zvawakaita zvakarurama uye kuti ukwanise kuzviwana, ibasa rinoramba riripo.

Zvimiro Zvendangariro Zvemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenhau Dzinocherechedzwa

Mumakore gumi apfuura, kutonga kwave kuri pakati pehondo dzedziviriro huru dzevatengi. Mhaka yeFTC mukurwisana namakambani akawanda anobhadhara zvikwereti nokuda kwemiitiro yokunyengera yakaguma nemabhiriyoni emadhora mukuripirwa. Chiito cheCFPB mukurwisana nomukweretesi mukuru wezuva rokubhadharwa chakatungamirira kuchirango chamamirioni $5 (Z $564) nechinodikanwa chokurega kubhadharisa mari isiri pamutemo.

Chimwe chinhu chinowedzera kushandiswa kwokuteerera mumashoko epachivande uye nhau dzepakombiyuta. FTC yakaunza zviito mukurwisa makambani nokuda kwokukundikana kudzivirira mashoko evatengi, kuchiguma nokubvumira kurayira kunoda mapurogiramu ezvokuchengetedza akakwana uye kuongorora kwokuzvimirira. Kuwedzera kwealgorithism primm neAI - directive kwakatungamirira kukunzwa kwakananga pakuti mabhizimisi ari kushandisa gadziriro dzinoshanda kuti atsaure makirasi akadzivirirwa.

Panzvimbo imwe chete, magweta makuru anoshandisa nyaya dzehurumende kurwisa marobhoti, masangano anopa mari yokunyepedzera, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwemuridzi wemba.

Mazano Anoshanda Kuvatengi Nemabhizimisi

Nokuda Kwavatengi

Kana uchifunga kuti bhizimisi raputsa kodzero dzako dzokutenga, kuisa nyunyuto nesangano rakakodzera kunogona kuparira kutonga kungaguma nenyaradzo yenyika yose. Kuita kuti kunyunyuta kwako kubudirire:

  • Unganisa mapepa ose: zvibvumirano, marisiti, maemail, zviziviso, uye tsamba dzipi nedzipi nebhizimisi racho.
  • Iva akajeka naakananga pamusoro pechakaitika uye kuti chakakukuvadza sei.
  • Ipa zita rakazara uye mashoko ebhizimisi racho.
  • Ramba uchingonyunyuta; mitemo yakawanda yokusakwanisa kuita zvakawanda inoshanda.
  • Nzvera kana sangano racho rinogamuchira kunyunyuta kusingazivikanwi, asi kupiwa zita rako kunowanzobetsera kunzvera.

Ungataurawo nesangano rinotengesa zvinhu zvechitsotsi kuti rikutungamirire kana kuti kuwana gweta rinogona kukumiririra pacharo.

Nokuda Kwemabhizimisi

Mabhizimisi akanangana nenyunyuto yokutarisira anofanira kuirangarira zvakakomba kubva pakutanga. Gamuchira kunyunyuta mukati mesefa yenguva inodikanwa, kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvinowirirana, uye kurangarira kupa zano rakaitika mumutemo wehurumende. Kushandisa kungaita kuti pave nokugadzikiswa kwakanaka kana kuti kupfupikisa kwenhau. Mukati mokutonga, kupa ufakazi hwakajeka uye hwakarongeka; iva akagadzirira kururamisa miitiro yako nemashoko echokwadi. Yeuka kuti ALJ ine uchenjeri hwakafara, naizvozvo kuchengeta chimiro chenyanzvi nebatira pamwe mumuitiro wacho wose zvinokosha.

Makambani anofanirawo kushandisa mugumisiro wokuteerera dare semukana wokudzidza, (8) kuona mapurogiramu ako okuteerera, kugadzirisa mitemo, uye kufunga nezvokuchinja kwokuzvidira kuti usanetsane mune ramangwana.

mhedziso

Kunzwa kwehurumende iko kunokosha kuchengetedzwa kwevatengi muUnited States. Zvinogovera nzvimbo inotarisirwa kuti ive nyanzvi apo masangano ehurumende anogona kuongorora nokugadzirisa miitiro yebhizimisi isina kururama, achidzikamisa kudikanwa kwechiito chokukurumidza nedziviriro dzakakodzera. Kunyange zvazvo pasina zvikanganiso zvakadai sokutora rutivi kwevatengi kwakaganhurirwa uye kugona kutsigira simba risingaenzaniswi rokutsigira kodzero dzevatengi uye kusimudzira kuvimbika kwebasa. Kunzwisisa kuti kunzwa uku kunoita sei vatengi kuti vatsvaki vatsvaki vatsvaki vatsvaki vatsvaki vatsvakirwe rubatsiro uye vanobatsira mabhizimisi kuchengetedza misengwa. Mitemo yokudzivirira zvayamupindurira kumabasa matsva okugadzira zvinhu uye emari, pasina mubvunzo, kuteerera kuchaita kuti vatsigire zvinetso zviri mberi.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekudzivirira kutemwa kwemitemo, shanyira FTC] Pheji reMaranda, FB][FFP] inomanikidzira zviito[, uye [[FLT] State Consumer Leatection Laws Guide Guide[]]