Kushanda kwepfungwa (PSYOP) kwazova chinhu chinokosha chenhimbe dzemazuva ano dzokurwisa ugandanga. Nepo zviito zvechikaro zvakadzora misoro mikuru yenhau, hondo yemwoyo nendangariro kazhinji kazhinji inosarudza kubudirira kwenguva refu kana kuti kundikano yenhamburiko dzokushatisa mapoka anonyanyisa. Kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera mirangariro, mirangariro, uye mufambiro, PSYOP zvinovavarira kuderedza tyisidziro inoparirwa namasangano amagandanga pasina kutsamira chose chose chose pasimba rakananga rehondo. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rakawanda remibato yendangariro mukupesana neUgandanga, kunzvera zvinangwa zvawo, migadzi yazvo yenhau, miganhu yetsika inofanira kudzora kushandiswa kwawo.

Kunzwisisa Kuvhiyiwa Kwepfungwa: Tsananguro Nemhindumupindu

Kushanda kwepfungwa, kunorehwawo semabasa okutsigira mashoko ehondo (MISO) muUnited States, kunobatanidza kushandiswa kwakarongwa kwekurukurirano kuendesa mashoko akasarudzwa nezviratidziro kuvateereri vokumwe. Chinangwa ndechokupesvedzera mirangariro yavo, vavariro, kurangarira kwedonzo, uye pakupedzisira mufambiro wehurumende dzokumwe, masangano, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mukurwisana namagandanga anoshanda, aya mabasa haasati achingova bedzi magandanga anoshingaira asiwo vaigona kunyoresa, vatsigiri vemari, uye vanhu vasiri varwi vangagovera tsigiro kana kuti tsigiro inoshanda.

Murangariro wehondo yendangariro ndewekare, asi kuchinjwa kwayo kwapamutemo mukati medzidziso yehondo yazvino uno yeHondo yeNyika II. Hofisi yeU.S. yeMitemo yeStegical Service (OS) nevasonganiri vayo veBritain vakatanga nhimbe dzeparadziro dzakaisvonaka dzokudzongonyedza mauto omuvengi ndokushayisa tsika dzehurumende. Mukati meHondo yeMirairo Yemashoko, PYYOP yakashanduka kuva simba renguva dzose mukati meU. mauto eUnited States namamwe marudzi akavhenganisvurudzi. Nokukwira kwougandanga mumitengi muma 1990 uye pashure pehondo yenyika yose yougandanga, PSYOP inochinja kuti ivenge vashori vashasi vasiri vatambi vezvokunoruzhinji vanogura nyika mhiri kwemiganhuro. Nhasi, mabasa endangariro anobatanidzwa mugadziriro dzouganda mugadziriro dzose dzinorwisana nedzero dzemabhizimisi dzenzanga dzinorwisana nedzero.

Basa Rakakosha RePYYOP Mukurwisana Nougandanga

Zvisinei, matanho aya okurwisa anokwanisa kupedza zvisakiso zvemagandanga kana kuti kudzivirira kuti vanhu vasapinda muchiuto. PSYOP inozadza mukaha uyu nokurwisa pfungwa uye mavambo anotsigira mapoka emagandanga. Zvinangwa zvePSYOP zvinoshanda zvinorwisa magandanga mukurwisana neugandanga zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvina zvikuru.

Kurwisa Kukurumidza Nokudzorera

Masangano amagandanga anoisa mari yakawanda muparadziro kuti akwezve mitezo mitsva. Mapoka akafanana naISSIS neAĺQaeda anobudisa mavhidhiyo akashata, magazini epaIndaneti, uye zvinobudisa zvinobatanidzwa mukurumbidza masimba netuso yomudzimu. PSYOP inopa mhinduro iyi kupfurikidza nokufumura zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvoutsinye zvoutongi hunonyanyisa, kusimbisa kutambura kwavasiri varwi mukudzorwa namagandanga, uye kupa zvimwe zvinotsiva. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Central Guide’s “Friaurn Levrend” yakashora zvakananga kutaura kwenzanga kuti itsorohe zvakananga mashoko eIS nezvinonyorwa nemitezo yaichimbova mitezo. Kuparadzira mashoko echokwadi pamusoro pemigumisiro yokubatana neboka remagandanga, PSOP vavariro dzokuderedza kukwirira masangano aya evanhu vasingadi kubatwa.

Kutsigira Mapoka Emagandanga Zvakakurumbira

Magandanga haagoni kushanda pasina kutsigira kwakasununguka kunobva kuvagari vemo vomunzvimbomo. Vanovimba nedzimba dzakakotsekana, mari, uye mashoko zvinobva munzanga munharaunda dzavanoshingaira. PSYOP vanonangana naaya masangano etsigiro kupfurikidza nokusimudzira kusavimbana pakati pavasiri varwi navarwi. Mishumo ingasimbisa ruparadziko rwaparirwa nomubato wamagandanga, kurasikirwa nezvinoraramisa, kana kuti kurwiswa kwavasiri varwi vedzinza rimwe chetero kana kuti boka rorudzidziso. MuColombia, somuenzaniso, kuvhiyiwa kwendangariro kwakaparira kuderera kwetsigiro yakakurumbira yeFARC kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kubatanidzwa kweboka mukuita zvinodhaka nokubiwa kwavanhu, mibato yakaparadzanisa nzanga dzomumaruwa.

Kukundikana Kunokurudzira uye Kupa

Rimwe ramatanho akananga ebudiriro zvikurusa ichiverengero chokutsauka kumapoka amagandanga. Kupfurikidza namashoko akapinzwa neredhiyo, mapepa, kana kuti shoko romuromo .vaodha vanopa kanganwiro, nzira dzakachengeteka, uye mikana yokudzoserazve kuderera kwevarwi. “Voice of the Mujahid” redhiyo muAfghanistan, inoshandiswa nehurumende yeAfghanistan neU.S. Tsitsirowa, yaibatanidza nguva dzose kuti varwi vaTaliban vaise zvombo zvavo ndokudzokera kumhuri dzavo. Nenzira yakafanana, mapepa akadonhedzera nzvimbo dzeISSIS = kubatwa zvakanaka nebetsero yemari nokuda kwaavo vaipira tsigiro rutyo rwomuzvarirwo, kuneta, uye kudzongonyengedza mauto vazhinji pashure perwisano.

Kushatisa Mhoteredzo Yemashoko

Mapoka emagandanga anoshandisa nzvimbo dzakafanana nedzinenge dziri munyika yose. PSYOP anotsvaka kuvhiringidza mano awo okudzora nhoroondo yacho. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete kungogadzira zvinopesana nezvinopesana asi kufumurawo kusawirirana uye kunyengera mukutumira mashoko anonyanyisa. Somuenzaniso, apo ISSIS inoreva kuti iri kugadzira chivako cheIslam chete, zvinhu zvinosimbisa mishumo youori hwomukati, kuuraya nhengo dzayo, uye kuvimba kweboka racho pakutengesa oiri uye kubhadhara rudzikinuro. Kupfurikidza nokuderedza kutendeseka mashoko emashoko emagandangariro, mabasa epfungwa dzinobatsira kudzivirira kupararira kwepfungwa dzechitsotsi kuva vateereri vatsva.

Mano Nemikoto Yezviitwa Zvendangariro

Kushandiswa kwePSYOP kunotsamira pachinhu chakasiyana - siyana, kubvira pazvinobudisa nhau kusvika kuunyanzvi hwemakombiyuta hwakakurumbira.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvemagamuchidzanwa: Mashizha, Nhepfenyuro, uye Terevhizheni

Pasinei zvapo nokukura kwemichina inotumira mashoko, zvinobudisa nhau zvinoramba zvichibudirira zvikuru munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinorwisana umo kupinza Internet kwakaganhurirwa kana kuti kunodzorwa nevanofurira. MaLeaplet mutoo wakaderera, unoparadzirwa nyore nyore wokupa mashoko: kurega mirayiridzo, kupa mirayiridzo, kana kuti nyevero pamusoro pengozi. Mukati meIraq War, U.S. mauto akadonhedzera mamiriyoni emapepa paFalljah naMosul, achiudza vanhu kuti vadzivise nzvimbo dzakati kana kuti vape nhamba dzemirayiridzo nokuda kwemirayiridzo. Radio, yakadai se “Radio Isteqal" muAfghanistan, inogovera muduramwara wenhau netsinhiro izvo zvakananga zvinorwisana naMaganda. Television, apo panogona kubudiswa, panombotepfekerwa mashoko echibwirira zvinyorwa zvemaganda pamusoro pezvitsamaganda.

Kushandiswa Kwemakombiyuta Nekukurukurirana Nevanhu

PYYOP yazvino uno inobatanidza kugadzirwa kwenhau dzemasangano avanhu seFacebook, Twitter (zvino X), Telegram, uye Youtube. Zvikuva izvi zvinobvumira kukurumidza, kunyanyonangidzirwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji kusingazivikanwi. Kuparadzira kwezviri mukati. Kupesana kweMibato yeMitemo, somuenzaniso, kwakabatanidza kuumbwa kwenhau dzenhema idzo dzakabatanidzwa nevanyoresi vanobvira, dzinotungamirira kuzvokubvisa zviwanikwa zvesangano kana kuti kungoderedza kuvimbwa kweboka racho. Hurumende ye “Basa reNhetembo dzeMiteotic tractic Dectichection Countation Divisionism" yakafambisa mativi ose akawanda, kunyange zvazvo nhamburiko dzakatarisana nokushorwa nokuda kwokuva vanonyanyova vanonyanyova vashoma kana kuti havavi vetsika. Mabasa akatanhamara anoshanda kukwanisa kuzivisa vanhu vasingagoni kutakura nokutakura mashoko anenge achiva.

Chiso Chinotarisana Nenhau Dzavagari Vemo Dzakasiana

Kushanda kwepfungwa kunoshanda zvikuru kana kwakabatanidzwa nenhau dzevagari vemo nemimwe mibato isiri yemagariro. Masoja akarovedzwa muPSYOP anowanzoshanda pamwe chete nevatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo, vanhu vechitendero, uye masangano enzanga kuti avake kuvimbana nokuparadzira mashoko. MuPhilippines, U.S.Y. mapoka anopa zano Masimba eAC. aZhemed ePhilippines pamusoro penzira rokukurukurirana nenzanga dzomunzvimbomo kuti dzisarukiswe neAbu Sayyaf Group. Pachinec. Pachinec.P. 53splacessss anobvumira kuti vashanyi vagadziri vadzori vate mashoko avo vakavakirwa pamashoko akananga kuvateereri vainenge vakananga. Uku kusvika kwouswa kwouswa kunokosha zvikurukuru munharaunda umo mashoko okunze kunosangana nenyumwiro.

Muenzaniso: Tinototsunga Kushanda

Nhimbe yemubatanidzwa mukurwisana neISSIS muIraq neSyria inogovera fundo yazvino uno yezvinoitika yePSOP. Mapepa enhau, manyuko enhau, uye kutepfenyura kweredhiyo zvakashandiswa mukombini nendege nezvikwiriso zvapasi. Mashoko akasimbisa ruremekedzo rwemubatanidzwa nokuda kwoupenyu hwechiuto, apo aisimbisa utsinye hweISSIS, zvakadai sokuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzenhau, kuurawa kwavagari vemo, uye kuiswa kwemitemo kwehasha kwemitemo yemarudzidziso. Nhimbedzo yacho yakashandisawo zvitepfeko zvenzanga kuti ipfuure pamberi pekurwa kweguta raIssis, inosimbisa kuti boka racho rakaunza ruparadziko bedzi. Postblytmentstions yakaratidza kuti nhamburiko idzi dzakabetsera kuparadzwa nokukurumidza kwezviito zvehondo zvehondo nokuda kweISSISSIS.

Nzvero Dzehosha DzePSYOP Mukurwisana Nougandanga

Kuongorora nhimbe dzakananga kunoratidza zvose zviri zviviri miganhu yokushanda kwendangariro nokuvhiyiwa.

Hondo Paugandanga: Iraq neAfghanistan

MuAfghanistan, maPSYOP aishandisa nhepfenyuro dzenhepfenyuro, akaparadzira mapepa, uye akaitisa “horo yeguta” misangano yokuwana tsigiro yeRepublic of Afghanistan nokusekesa Taliban. Zvisinei, kutumira mashoko netsika zvisina kusiana pane dzimwe nguva kwakadzivisa nhamburiko idzi. Somuenzaniso, mapepa anoratidzira imbwa (dzinorangarirwa kuva dzisina kuchena mumagamuchidzanwa akawanda eIslam), kana kuti kushandisa mifananidzo yokuti ndudzi dzomunzvimbomo dzairangarira kudzokera shure kunosembura. MuIraq, PSOOP akatsigira “An Awakeinging" kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira manzwi endudzi dzeSunni idzo dzakapandukira Algaya Qaeda muIraq, asi kubudirira kwakanga kuri kupfupi nemhaka yokuti zviito zvehurumende zvakazoshatsa kuvimbwa nePYP.

Kurwisana Nemashoko Anoparadzirwa eISISIA

Kurwisana neISSIS kwakawana zvichida kushandiswa kukurusa kwemitemo PSOP. mubatanidzwa wakaparira boka re “Iraqy”, uchikurudzira vagari vemuIraq neSiria kugoverana nhau dzokudzivisa ISSIS, kazhinji kazhinji nedzinofadza kana kuti dzinoorora. Mashoko enhema eISSIS amene akabviswa nenzira ine nhevedzano, nemhesano dzinofumura unyengeri hweboka. Zvisinei, denho huru yakanga iri yokuti nepo PSYOP yaigona kuderedza kukwezva kweISSIS pakati pavateereri vakaomarara, yakanga ine tapuro yakaganhurirwa pavarwi vakabviswa pamashoko okunze.

Kurwisana kweColombia (FARC)

Mabhuku akasimbisa kusunungurwa kwevarwi. Mabhuku akasimbisa kupa kutsigira kwakakurumbira kwehondo, uye kushayikwa kwetsigiro yakakurumbira nokuda kwokusawirirana. Hurumende yakashandisawo PSYOP kunyandura kusavimba pakati pevatungamiriri veFarC pakati peji yejiratimendi nevakuru vakuru vavo, kusawirirana kwomukati. Idzi nhamburiko dzakaparira kutsauka kukuru, zvikurukuru pashure pebvumirano yorugare ya2016, apo varwi vazhinji vakasarudza kudzorera kurwisana panzvimbo pokupfuurira.

Matambudziko uye Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Pasinei zvapo nokukwanisa kwaro, PSYOP inotarisana nezvinovhiringidza zvikuru zvinogona kuderedza kushanda kwaro kana kuti kuparira migumisiro yaro isingakarirwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemapoka Emagandanga

Masangano anoongorora zvinhu anokurumidza kuchinja mashoko awo amene kuti arwisane nehurumende PSYOP. Somuenzaniso, apo mapepa akabatanidza akagovera tuso nokuda kwemashoko pamusoro pavatungamiriri veISSIS, ISSIS akapindura kupfurikidza nenyevero dzinoparadzirwa kuti munhu upi noupi anobatwa achibatira pamwe namasimba makuru aizova aurawa, uye kazhinji kazhinji akaita mienzaniso yezvinofungidzirwa kuvazivikanwa. Ikoku kwakaparira tapuro inotyisa yakaderedza simba rekurudziro dzePSYOP. Uyezve, mapoka amagandanga anogona kushandisa unyengeri hupi nohupi hunorangarirwa mumashoko ehurumende, somuenzaniso, kana nhimbe ichivimbisa yamuro yeyamuro yomutsa apo mhepo inoparira kuvadziko dzinokuvadza vasiri varwi, kutenderwa kwenhamburiko yePSOPYOPP kuparadzwa.

Kushanda Zvakanaka

Kuwedzera tapuro dzekushanda kwendangariro kwakaoma zvikuru. Nepo kudonha kwepepa kungayerwa muchiverengero chamakopi kana kuti kunofungidzirwa kuva kusvika, kuchishandura kuti kuva kuderedzwa mukupinzwa kana kuti wedzero mukutsauka kunodokuva kusingabviri pasina kuunganidzwa kukuru kwouchenjeri. Nzvero namapoka anogona kugovera mashoko, asi munzvimbo dzerwisano ivo vane ngozi uye vanodhura. Vatungamiriri vazhinji vanovimba noufakazi hwenhau hwechienzi nechapanguva yazvinocherwa, kana kuti varegeredza vachitaura kuti vakanzwa redhiyo, kana kuti kushaikwa kwemite yepepa. Uku kushaikwa kwemite yemifungo kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kururamisa PISOP inoyera bhatanuro dzinooneka nedziridza miuyo inoshamisa zvikuru yemhepo kana kuti mabharavha.

Kuchengeteka Kunoshanda Nekupunzika

ZVINONZI KUSHAYA ZVINOBVUNZA KUTI UNOZIVIKANA ZVINOBVUNZA KUTI UTWA HWEnhema HWENGUVA HUNOTARIKA, Hunogona kukanganisa kuvimbwa kwemabasa ose anotevera uye kunyange kutokanganisa kuvimba kwehurumende yose. Uyezve, zvinhu zvePSYOP zvakagadzirirwa vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika zvinogona kudziviswa ndokushandiswa nemagandanga kuti zviwane kana kuti kudzosa zvinhu zvisina musoro. Somuenzaniso, pepa remashoko rinoratidza utsinye hunoitwa nehurumende ringaratidzwa souchapupu hweutsinye hwehurumende yacho. Kuchengeteka kwebasa kunoda kungwa nokungwarira kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti manyuko ePSOPSOP haigoni kutsvakwa kana kukanganiswa.

Kurangarira Nokutarisira Kwomuitiro

Kushandiswa kwekuvhiya pfungwa mukurwisa ugandanga kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru. Kupa mashoko etsika, kunyange mashoko echokwadi, kungaonekwa sorudzi rwokunyengera runodenha mipimo yedemokrasi. Mutemo wamarudzi ose unodzora mativi akawanda emibato yemashoko, asi varapi vePYYOP vanofanira kufamba munzvimbo yakasiyana--------pakati tsigiro yemashoko yepamutemo uye mashoko anorambidzwa anoitirwa kunyandura chisimba. Kunewo ngozi yokuti PSOP ingada kutso, iyo inorambidzwa munyika dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, mukati meHondo yeIraq, pane zvinoitika apo mashoko ePSYOP akananga kuvateereri vokumwe nyika akasvikirwa vaAmerica, anonyandura funga nezvemashoko enhema ehurumende anotaurwa kuvanhu vayo vamene.

Mibato yokudzora inosiana nenyika. MuUnited States, mabasa ePSYOP anotenderwa neDhipatimendi reNjoka uye anofanira kuwirirana nemitemo inorambidza kupesvedzera pfungwa dzevanhu muUnited States. Hurumende yeBureau of Public Affairs inewo basa mukukurukurirana kwemasangano. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kunokurumidza kwePSYOP uye kushandiswa kwevagadziri vemakombiyuta kwaita kuti pave nemisiyano. Nheyo dzemitemo dzinosimbisa kuti PSOP inofanira kuve yakavakirwa pamaidi akavimbika nguva dzose, kuti inofanira kudzivisa kunyandura chisimba, uye kuti inofanira kuremekedza tsika uye masangano echitendero.

Nguva Yemberi Yematsotsi Mukurwisa Ugandanga

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchifambira mberi, zvikwanirisowo zvamashandisirwo epfungwa. Ungwaru nokudzidza michina zvakagadzirwa zviri kutoongororwa kuti zviite mashoko avanhu avo vanonyanyoda kuitirwa. Majee nemubatanidzwa weII zvinopa mikana nenjodzi. Zvingagadzirawo zvinomanikidzira kugadzira zvinhu zvinotsiva nemusaingana, asi zvinogonawo kugadzirwa nemagandanga. Mutsetse pakati pePSOP nehondo yemashoko yakafara uri kupfupika, zvikurukuru semibato yehurumende yakakamurwa nezvinangwa zvinopesana nechetural. Nguva yemberi inorwisana ne-PSOYOP ichada kushanda munzvimbo umo mashoko ari akakurumbira zvikuru, kuvimba nakwo kushoma, uye vashori vashawo zvakaenzana.

Imwe nzvimbo iri kubuda kushandiswa kwe “mazano” maduku, matsotsi anosunda vanhu kubva pakuchinja pasina kunyengetedza. Somuenzaniso, chiziviso chiri nyore panzvimbo inobuda mapepanhau anoyeuchidza mushandi migumisiro yokuona zvinhu zvinonyanyisa chingaderedza kuvimbisana zvinobudirira zvikuru kupfuura nhimbe hurusa yemashoko anoparadzirwa. Mavhairasi aya akaoma zvikuru kupesana nemhaka yokuti anowanzoshanda pasi pekungwara.

Mumhedziso, kuvhiya kwendangariro kunobatira sechikamu chakakomba, kunyange zvazvo kuchiwanzofuratirwa, rutivi rwegadziriro dzinobatanidza ugandanga. Apo inoitwa nokukwanisa kwetsika, perefeti, uye kudzora kwetsika, PSYOP inogona kuderedza kunyoreswa kwamagandanga, kuderedza masangano anotsigira, uye kukurudzira kutsauka nokuchideredza kudikanwa kwesimba rekenitiki. Zvisinei, denho dzokuyera, kugadziriswa kwevavengiswa kwetsika nevanopesana navose. Sezvo mashoko anowedzera kuva akaoma, basa rePYYOP. Mukuumba ndangariro mukuita kuti pave noUTS: [FL: FL:]