Chitanga Kunzi: Mbiru Dzakavanzika Dzoutongi Hwomunzvimbomo

Apo vanhu vanofunga nezvehurumende yomunzvimbomo, maguta, mataundi, uye chiverengero zvinowanzova mupfungwa. Chinoitika chikuru, chinowanzosaoneka chezvidzoro chinoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzanga muUnited States: maruwa chaiwo. Maererano neU.S. Census Bureau, kune maruwa chaiwo anopfuura 30 000 munyika yose, zvichiaita rudzi rukurusa rwehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Masangano aya anogovera zvinenge zvichivakisa nokugara zvakanaka (kubva kumvura yokunwa yakachena nemoto zvinodzivirira kudzoresa umhutututi) kuti Hurumende dzenguva dzose dzisagona kuunza zvakanaka kana kuti kupfuurira.

Maruwa chaiwo anosikwa kuti azadzise mikaha chaiyo yebasa. Anoshanda oga, ane masimba akasiana emitemo, uye anozvidavirira kuvagari vaanoshumira. Kunzwisisa masimba awo nemitoro kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukutarisira nzanga, gadziriro yenzanga, kana kuti kungoda kuziva kuti ndiani chaizvoizvo anochengeta paki yako kana kuti gadziriro yetsvina.

Kurondedzera Maruwa Chaiwo

Ruwa chairwo irudzi rwehurumende yomunzvimbomo yakagadzirwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende kugovera basa rakati kana kuti mabasa mukati menzvimbo yakarondedzerwa. Kusafanana namaguta kana kuti maruwa, anopa marudzi akasiana- siyana emabasa (hurumende, nzvimbo dzokugara, matare, zvichingodaro), maruwa chaiwo anonangidzira ngwariro pabasa rimwe kana kuti mamwe mashoma ane chokuita. Ane mabhodhirowa avo vamene okutonga, mabhajekiti, uye chiremera chepamutemo chokuwedzera mari, kupinda mumasangano, uye kuwana zvinhu.

Maruwa chaiwo anowanzonongedzerwa kwaari se “hurumende dzisingaoneki” nemhaka yokuti vagari vazhinji havazivi kuvapo kwadzo(kunyange sezvo vanobhadhara mitero chaiyo yoruwa kana kuti mitero. Vanogona kuva vakazvimirira (namabhodhi akasarudzwa) kana kuti vanotsamira pa (nodzorwa nerimwe sangano rehurumende). Miganhu yavo haiwanzowirirana neguta kana kuti mitsetse yeruwa, izvo zvinogona kuparira kudzosera kwakasiyana - siyana.

Marudzi Emaruwa Chaiwo

Mhatsa yamaruwa chaiwo inoratidza zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana zvenzanga. Nepo mamwe maruwa achigovera basa rimwe, mamwe angabatanidza mabasa akawanda pasi pesangano rimwe. Pasi apa ndimo masangano anozivikanwa zvikurusa.

Mvura, Utsanana, uye Maruwa Ane Utsanana

Iwaya ari pakati pemaruwa akanyanya kukurumbira. Anopa mvura yokunwa, anorapa mvura yakasviba, uye pane dzimwe nguva anobata tsvina yakaiswa marara. Mienzaniso inobatanidza maruwa ezvishandiso zvemanisiparati (MUMUD) muTexas kana kuti maruwa okuchengetedza mvura munyika dzakaoma. Miganhu yawo inowanzotevera mvura yakacheneswa panzvimbo pemiganhu yemasipala.

Dziviriro Yomwoto Nemaruwa Anobetsera Mune Reshiyo

Maruwa aya anochengetedza nzvimbo dzinodzima moto, zvokutenga, zvokutenga zvokudzimisa moto. Dzimwewo dzinoshandisa amburenzi kana kuti maamburera okurapa.

Chikoro Nemaruwa Edzidzo

Nepo maruwa ezvikoro achizivikanwa navose, iwo chaizvoizvo rudzi rwakati rweruwa chairwo. Anodzora dzidzo yavose mukati mematunhu anopinda. Maruwa eKoreji eCommunity nezviremera zvokurovedza mabasa zvinovawo muboka iri. Maruwa iwaya ane mitero yakasimba namasimba akasunga kutsigira zvivako nezvirongwa.

Maruwa Ezvokufambisa

Masangano aya anotarisira migwagwa, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvevanhu, zviteshi zvendege, uye zvivako zvendege zvinosanganisira vakuru vakuru vezvokufambisa venharaunda (seBay Adela Rapid Transit District) uye maruwa emigwagwa anogara achichengetedza migwagwa isina kugadzirwa.

Mapaki, Nhandaro, uye Maruwa Etsika

Maruwa etsika anogona kushandisa maraibhurari, mamiziyamu, kana kuti kugadzira nzvimbo dzinoitirwa zvinhu zvemashiripiti, uye kazhinji kacho anowana mari yakawanda nokuronga kubatana uye nokubhadhara mitero yenhumbi.

Utano Nemaruwa Ezvipatara

Maruwa aya anoita mishonga yehurumende, anoita zvipatara, uye anoita kuti vanhu vasachengetedzwa vakwanise kurapwa.

Maruwa Okuchengetedza Nokuchengetedza Zvinhu Zvakasikwa

Maruwa anochengetedza vhu nemvura, maruwa okudiridza, uye maruwa anodzora mafashamo anobatsira kutarisira zvinhu zvomusikirwo, kudzivisa kuparadzwa kwemvura, uye kuderedza ngozi dzemafashamo.

Simba Rinoshanda Kumaruwa Chaiwo

Maruwa chaiwo anowana chiremera chawo muhurumende chinoita kuti mitemo negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvigone.

Kubhadhara Mutero uye Chiremera Chemari

Maruwa chaiwo mazhinjisa anogona kuisa mitero yezvinhu, mitero chaiyo, mitero yavashandisi, kana kuti mitero yokutengesa mukati memiganhu yavo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mwero wemitero unodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti muvhoti. Somuenzaniso, Dare reCalifornia rinoda muvhoti mubvumiro wemitero mitsva nemitero inodzorwa nemari inodzorwa nenzvimbo. Uku kuzvitonga kunobvumira maruwa kubhadhara mabasa pasina kukwikwikwidzana neguta kana kuti bhajeti reruwa.

Kuparadzana

Kuwanira mari zvirongwa zvikuru zvedzimbahwe . zvakadai sokuvaka nzvimbo inochengeterwa mvura inoraswa, chikoro chitsva, kana kuti chiteshi chomoto chapanzvimbo yokudzimira moto, maruwa anogona kubudisa zvisungo zvemisengwa kana kuti zvisungo zvemari. Zvisungo zvemisengwa zvinotsigirwa nesimba remutero reruwa uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda tendero yomuvhoti. Zvisungo zveRevolution zvinobhadharwa kubva mumitengo yemabhizimisi (mr., mari dzemvura dzemari). Iyi mano okukwereta nguva refu inodikanwa nokuda kwegadziriro inobatira nzanga kwamakumi amakore.

Masimba Amapurisa Okutungamirira

Maruwa akawanda chaiwo ane chiremera chokugamuchira nokushandisa mirau. Maruwa emvura anogona kuisa ganhuriro dzokudiridza mukati mokusanaya kwemvura; maruwa eumhutu anogona kupinda nzvimbo dzakavanzika kuti adzore nzvimbo dzokuberekesa; maruwa omwoto anogona kugombedzera ikodi yomwoto nemirairo yokuchengeta zvinhu ine ngozi. Aya masimba anowanzoganhurirwa kumishoni yeruwa uye haafaniri kurwisana nehurumende yakafara kana kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kuwana Nzvimbo uye Kuvaka Kwakakurumbira

Maruwa chaiwo anogona kuwana nzvimbo nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakadai sematangi emvura, nzvimbo dzokurapirwa, nzvimbo yepaka, kana kuti mikoto yokufambisa. Vazhinji vane simba renzvimbo yakakurumbira yokutenga nzvimbo nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavose, mukuwirirana nechinodikanwa cheFindrence Amendment chemari.

Chiremera Chinowirirana

Maruwa chaiwo anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano namafemu avanhu, dzimwe hurumende, kana kuti masangano asingapi mari kuti ape mabasa, agoverane pfuma, kana kuti atarisire zvivako. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira maruwa kuvandudza, zvakadai sokubatanidza kugadziridzwa kwepaki kana kuti kubatirana negweta kuti atsigire pamutemo.

Mitoro Yemaruwa Chaiwo

Maruwa chaiwo anofanira kushanda mukati megadziriro dzapamutemo ndokusvitsa kariro dzavose nokuda kwokubudirira, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira.

Kutakura Basa Nebasa

Basa guru reruwa rupi norupi chairwo nderokupa mabasa akwakasikwa kugovera(kukosha, kwakakotsekana, uye kushata. Kungave kuri kuvimbisa mugove wakadzikama wemvura yakachena kana kuti kupindura kumoto weimba munguva inogamuchirika, maruwa anofanira kugadza mipimo yokuita nemiuyo. Kukundikana kusvitsa mwero yebasa yehwaro kunogona kutungamirira kukutsamwa kwavose, chiito chapamutemo, kana kuti kunyange kuparadzwa nehurumende.

Kutarisira Mari Noutariri

Maruwa chaiwo anofanira kugadzirira mari yegore negore, kunamatira kunheyo dzemaakaundi dzinogamuchirwa navose, uye kupa vhesi dzemari kumasangano ehurumende. Kutarisira kwakafanira kwemari kunokosha zvikurukuru apo maruwa ane chikwereti chechisungo kana kuti anotarisira mari huru. Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemari (kwakadai seBell yakakurumbira, mhosva yeCalifornia inobatanidza mibhadharo yakanyanyisa yavakuru vakuru veguta, kunyange zvazvo isati iri ruwa chairwo ruvimbiko rwavanhu. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda maruwa kuva nematare ezvokunzvera uye kuziviswa kwehurumende.

Kuwirirana Nehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Maruwa chaiwo anoshanda pasi pegadziriro yemirau. Maruwa emhoteredzo anofanira kuwirirana neCelean Water Act and Cleaner Air Act; maruwa okufambisa anotevera Department yehurumende yemitemo yekotsekano dzezvifambiso; maruwa ezvipatara anofanira kusangana nemipimo yakavanzika yeHIPAA. Kukundikana kuwirirana kunogona kuguma nefaindiro, kurasikirwa nechikwereti, kana kuti chikwereti chapamutemo. Kuvambirana nechinjo dzokudzora idenho yenguva dzose, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamaruwa maduku ane vashandi vakaganhurirwa.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Nemhaka yokuti maruwa chaiwo kazhinji kazhinji haaoneki zvikuru kupfuura maguta kana kuti nzvimbo, kuvimbisana kwokutanga kunokosha. Maruwa anofanira kuva nemisangano yavose (yakarongwa nemitemo yemisangano yapachena), kubudisa zvirongwa namaminiti, uye kugovera mabanza etsinhiro dzavose. Mamwe maruwa anoenda kunzvimbo dzinorarama nzizi dzevhidhiyo uye kuchengeta mawebsite eshamwari ane mapepa ezvemari, mashoko okuita basa, uye mashoko enhengo. Maruwa ane mabhodhi akagadzwa angada kushanda zvakaoma kuti avake kuvimba, sezvo vagari vemo vasingagoni kuvhotera nhengo dzeboka.

Kuronga Kwenguva Refu Nokuchengetedza

Maruwa chaiwo anofanira kuronga nokuda kwenguva yemberi. Maruwa emvura anofanira kukarira kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo netapuro dzemamiriro okunze; maruwa epaka anofanira kuchengeta gadziriro dzokukwegura; maruwa okufamba anofanira kudeya kutaura nezvokufamba nokushandisa mitoo. Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokunakisa, gadziriro dzokutarisira zvinhu, uye gadziriro dzinoshanda zvakanaka zvishandiso zvinozivikanwa. Maruwa anoregeredza kuronga kwenhambo refu anowanzotarisana nenjodzi yakamwero yakamwe kamwe / kufanana nenzvimbo huru dzepaki dzakaparadzwa dzinoda kugadziriswa nokukurumidza.

Kurongwa uye Kutongwa: Mavakirwo Anoitwa Maruwa Chaiwo

Kuvaka ruwa chairwo kunobatanidza chikumbiro chinobva kuvagari kana kuti varimi munharaunda inokarakadzwa, chichiteverwa nokutongwa kwavose netendero inobva kuruwa kana kuti nyika. Muitiro unodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende, uko kungada vhoti kana kuti hwirudzuro nesangano rehurumende romunzvimbomo rinoumba (semuCalifornia). Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira maruwa kuumbwa nechiito chakapfava chemitemo nokuda kwezvinangwa, zvakadai sokuumba chiremera chezvokufambisa cheruwa.

Hurumende inowanzoiswa muboka rakasarudzwa ravatungamiriri, asi mamwe maruwa anoshandisa mapuranga akagadzwa (sezviito, mitezo yedare yeguta ingabatira seboka remitezo yemvura). Mitezo yeboka rinobatira mipimo inozunguzirwa uye inowanzogamuchira migove ine mwero. Mitoro yavo inobatanidza kugadza mirau, kutendera mari, uye kupinza mutarisiri mukuru kana kuti mutungamiriri mukuru weguta basa zuva nezuva. Maruwa makuru angashandisa makumi mazhinji kana kuti mazana avashandi; maruwa maduku angava bedzi nomushandi mumwe kana kuti anotsamira chose chose chose pamabasa okuvaka.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza Maruwa Chaiwo

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rawo rinokosha, maruwa chaiwo haasati ari asina gakava.

Kutsigira Kushaya Mari

Maruwa akawanda chaiwo anotsamira zvikuru pamitero yezvinhu, iyo inotapurwa nokutengeswa kwenzvimbo. Mukati mekuderera kwenzvimbo huru, maruwa akawanda akaona mari ichiderera sezvo kudikanwa kwemabasa kwakakwira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoganhurira kukura kwemitero yezvinhu (sezvinei, Dare 13) reCalifornia, dzichimanikidza maruwa kuvhotera mitero yepasuru inotenderwa kana kuti mari yemitero inowedzera, izvo zvinogona kuva zvakaoma mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Maruwa ane chiremera chakafara chemitero anowanzova anoterama zvikuru, asi mamwe anotamburira kuchengeta mibato mikuru.

Kushaya Kuziva Vanhu Uye Kuzvidavirira

Nemhaka yokuti maruwa chaiwo anobhururuka pasi perada, muvhoti avhota muboka kazhinji kazhinji akaderera zvikuru. Nzvero ya2018 yakawana kuti muvhoti avhareji muvhoti murusarudzo chaidzo akanga ari pasi pe 10%. Uku kuvimbisa kwakaderera kunogona kubvumira mapoka maduku enzvero akadai savavatsiri, vashandisi vemvura, kana kuti varongi venzvimbo. Kuoneka zvakanaka hakuenzaniswiwo: Mawebsite akawanda oruwa anoregererwa kana kuti anoshaiwa magwaro anokosha. Zvibvumirano mumitengofanana neOregon zvakaraira kuwanikwa zvikuru paindaneti.

Kuparadzaniswa

Munharaunda imwe, maruwa chaiwo akawanda anorongedzerwa angavapo, imwe neimwe ine nzvimbo yayo imene yomutero, nzvimbo yebasa, uye dare. Uku kukamukana kunogona kutungamirira kuifficiencie, kusaruramisira mumugariro webasa, uye chitambudzo kubatanidza nhamburiko dzenharaunda (kwakadai sokudzorwa kwemvura kana kuti kubatanidzwa kwezvokufambisa). Vamwe vachinji vanotsigira kubatanidza maruwa maduku kuva masangano makuru, anobudirira zvikuru (asi vagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji havakudzoreki kudzorwa kwomunzvimbomo.

Mutoro Wokutungamirira

Maruwa chaiwo anofanira kuwirirana nendaza inokura nguva dzose yezvinodikanwa zvehurumende nehurumende. Kudzokororwa kwemhoteredzo, mitemo yebasa, zviito zvokusangana pachena, uye mitemo yokuwana mishomanene. Maruwa maduku ane vashandi venguva isina kuzara anogona kuremedzwa namapepa uye ndyiko dzinodzorwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa zvirongwa zvokubetsera nounyanzvi, asi maruwa akawanda achiri kutamburira kuramba asina mibhadharo.

Kunzvera Kworuzhinji Nenhano

Zvisarudzo zvinonyadzisa mumaruwa mashomanene zvakasvibisa pfungwa dzevanhu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira dambudziko ra2014 muFlint, Michigan, umo maneja wehurumende akagadzwa kuti apedzisire awirwa nenjodzi (zvichireva kuti ruwa chainyanya) akakonzera kusvibiswa kwemvura (kana kuti mari yakawandisa yevakuru vakuru mumaruwa eCalifornia. Kukundikana kwakadaro kunosimbisa kudiwa kwokutarisira kwakasimba, tsika, uye kubatanidzwa munzanga.

Mugumisiro: Chisingakodzeri Bva Chinotarisirwa Mugariro weHurumende

Maruwa chaiwo imhinduro inoshanda kuzvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana uye zvounyanzvi zvenzanga. Zvinopa unyanzvi hwakananga, mari yakatsaurirwa, uye kuchinjika izvo hurumende dzinogarwa dzadzo dzisingagoni kuwirirana. Kunyange zvakadaro zvinetso zvadzo zvisingazikanwi uye kudzora zvinoda kungwarira kunopfuurira. Kana uchigara munzvimbo inotambira mwoto mukuru weMud, ruwa rwemiti yomumaruwa, kana kuti chiremera chokutakura moto mumaguta, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa namabhodhi eruwa chaiwo zvinotapura upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi vemiitiro yavose, vadzidzi, uye varongedzeri vevagari vemo, kunzwisisa maruwa chaiwo hakusi kungova kurovedza kwedzidzo. Idanho rinoshanda kukuratidza pachena zvikuru, kuzvidavirira, uye kudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunobudirira. Sezvo nzanga dzinopfuurira kukura ndokutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva (kuchinja kwemitemo, zvivako zvokukwegura, uye kuremerwa nemhepo) maruwa acharamba ari maturusi anokosha mubhokisi rezvomboro zvehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Chinokosha ndechekuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanoshanda nokujeka kumwe chete, kururamisira, uye kupindura zvatinokarira kumasangano ose avose avose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera U.S. mashoko eCVS paruwa chairwo , Maruwa chaiwo enyika, zvitsama zvezviwanikwa, uye UC Berkeley Center nokuda kwoMutemo, Energy & Environment’s on recurents panzvimbo dzemvura .