Basa Remasangano Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Mukutsigira Nheyo dzeChirevo Chakanaka CheChishanu

Good Founder Agreement, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inorangarirwa zvikuru sechinoitika chinokosha muchisarudzo cherwisano yeNorthern Ireland. Yakaguma makumi matatu amakore erwisano dzamasimba masimba dzesekete dzinozivikanwa seNhamo ndokutanga gadziriro yokuitira simba, wirirano dzavanhu. Nepo kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika nekurukurirano dzamarudzi ose nekurukurirano dzavanhu zvakanga zvichikosha, budiriro yedanho yakavakirwa pamakumi amakore ehwaro yakaiswa namasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo. Masangano aya haana kungoerekana avapo bedzi muma 1990; akatanga chirongwa chokusarura nokusaenzana izvo zvakanyandura rwisano. Kupfurikidza nokunyandura kodzero dzakaenzana, kusava nemasimba masimba, uye kupfuudzana, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akaparira mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa nokuda kweChishanu kuti chigaro chigaro. Nyaya iyi inoongorora basa iri rekuongorora kubvumirana mutsikano.

Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Zvinetso, zvakamuka mukupera kwama1960, zvakavakirwa mukukakavadzana kwenguva refu pamusoro penzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo yeNorthern Ireland. Voruzhinji, zvikurukuru vaPurotesitendi, vaida kuramba vari rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, nepo vashoma vorudzi, zvikurukuru vaKaturike, vakatsvaka Ireland yakabatana. Uku kukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakawedzerwa nokusarurana kwegadziriro nerongedzero mudzimba, basa, uye maruramiro okuvhota. Mapoka ehondo pamativi ose ari maviri akabatanidzwa mukubhomba, kupfura, uye kuponda kwemapoka echiHindu, zvinotungamirira kurufu dzinopfuura 3 500. Pakazosvika 1990, mubatanidzwa wevambi vehondo, kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose (kubva kuUnited States, Europe Union, uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu asingadi kubvumiranwa kworugare. Chiitiromende cheChishanu chaMabvazuva anozivikanwa sechikamu chikwaromende chehurumende zvaMabva kuNorthern Ireland, nyika yose, pasina kubvumira kwehurumende uye kurwisana kwehurumende zvenyika, nyika yose.

Kutanga Kwemasangano Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo muNorthern Ireland

Musangano wekodzero dzavagari vemo muNorthern Ireland hauna kuoneka muruzha. Wakafuridzirwa neveAfrica vekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States uye nyika yose inorwisana nehurumende, vashingairi mukupera kwama 1960 vakavamba kuronga mubatanidzwa wokusasarura uyo vaKaturike vaitambura. Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), yakava sangano rinotungamirira. NICRA yakaraira “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe” (hurumende iripopopo yakapa vhoti vhoti vatengi vebhizimisi uye vabvisa vaKaturike vazhinji), mugumo wegermanderndering of reservant, kugoverwa kwedzimba dzavo, uye kutsaurwa kwezvirongwa zvavo. Kufamba kwavo kwaibatanidza kugarira basa, kugarira pasi, uye kusateerera vanhu vasingatendi kunoitwa naMadoust Luther.

Kukwikwidza Kukuru Netapuro Yako

Kufora kwa1968 kubva kuCoalisland kuenda Dungannon, uye kufora kwakatevera kweDerry pana 5 October 1968, kwakadzorwa nenhambo. Rwendo rwaOctober rwakadzorwa noutsinye neRoyal Ulster Consabulally, ine pomero dzebants. Terevhizheni yemasimba masimba yaiparadzira munyika yose yafuridzwa. Chinoitika chacho kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinodudzwa samavambo eNhamo, sezvachakaratidzira simba renyika rokudzvinyirira uye kukwidziridza kunyunyuta kwehurumende. Kumwe kuratidzira kukuru kwakabatanidza kuvhara kwaBriji reFirtollet muJanum muna January 1969, apo vakavimbika vakadenha mapurisa apo vakanga vari parutivi parutivi, uye “kuedza kodzero dzechivil” kwakatungamirira kuHondo yeBhomwe mauto muna August 1969. Zviitiko izvi zvakadzodzo kudzoro zvehurumende zvechiuto zvakabatanidza kudzosera mauto zvehondo pakupedzisira, uye kudzokororongedzero yehondo.

Kubatana Nemasangano Akapararira Emarudzi Ose

Semuenzaniso, vatungamiriri vakawanda vakapinda misangano yekodzero dzevanhu pakodzero dzevanhu muNorthern Ireland vakanga vari rutivi rwekuwedzera kwezviito zvehurumende muma1960. Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose akabetsera kutsigira zvinodiwa nekodzero dzevanhu uye kutsigira Hurumende dzedzimwe nyika. Sangano racho rakabatanawo nekodzero dzevanhu nemvumo yezvehurumende yeUnited States, uye rakaita kuti pave nechibvumirano chikuru chechinjo yetsika nehurumende yeBritain. Hurumende yeBritain payakatanga kuumba zvikumbiro zvenyika yose sechirongwa chokurwisa nyika uye kutsigira kuenzana kweva nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nheyo Dzemitemo dzeChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu Chinotsigirwa Nemasangano Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Good Frint Agreement inotsigira zvakajeka nheyo dzinoverengeka idzo vashingairi vekodzero dzavagari vemo vakanga vatsigira kwamakumi amakore. idzodzi dzinobatanidza kuenzana kwebanza, dziviriro yamaruramiro avanhu, uye kutora rutivi kunobatanidza zvematongerwe enyika. chibvumirano chacho chakasika Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Exature Commission, uye Bill of Rights face (all yesangano rekodzero dzavanhu) kubvuma zvakananga zvinodikanwa zvesangano racho.

Kuenzana Nokusawirirana

Chikuru pabvumirano iyi ibvumirano ye “kupesana kworuremekedzo” uye kuenzana kwenzanga dzose dziri mbiri. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakanga ragara rataura kuti rusaruro mudzimba namabasa ndiwo ndiwo mudzi werwisano. Chikamu 75 cheChikamu cheNorthern Ireland Act chinoisa basa remvumo kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvitsigire kuenzana kwemukana noukama hwakanaka. Izvi zvinoshandura midzi yesangano racho inoda mumisengwa yepamutemo. Pasina kupfuurira kwechibvumirano cheNICRA, Mubato weSocial Justice, uye mamwe mapoka, hakungavi nomukana kuti gadziriro dzoukwaningofanana dzakasimba dzakadaro dzingadai dzakabatanidzwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Good Friver Agreement yakaita chibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu icho chakanga chisati chambovapo muNorthern Ireland. Chakaraira Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland (kunyange zvichigere kusimbiswa zvizere) ndokusimbisa European Convention on Human Rights mumutemo wemhuri. Mapoka ekodzero dzavagari vemo akanga aedza kwemakore kurwisa kubviswa kwedare redare redare, kushandiswa kwekodzero dzemunhu pasina kutongwa (kumiswa muna 1971), uye mutemo wokuuraya wamauto echengeteko. Ufakazi hwavo noudzori hwekodzero dzehurumende zvakanga zviri chishandiso mukusimbisa kodzero dzekodzero dzavanhu kuti kodzero dzomunhu dzive dzinokosha nokuda kworugare rusingaperi. Masangano anoguma akadai sechiNgezi rweNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commis neOgment yePolistman .

Kubatana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokukakavara Kwesimba

Chibvumirano chenheyo yokubvuma [1] kuti chinjo ipi neipi kunzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo reNorthern Ireland inofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji(vave vakatsigirwa navarwi vane mwero kwemakumi amakore. vatungamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, vaiwanzobva kumunhu asina masimba masimba neanobva kuruboshwe, vaisundwa nokuda kweganhu rezvamatongerwe enyika raizobatanidza nzanga dzose. Kusimbisa kwesangano racho pakurukurirano panzvimbo pechisimba kunofanira kubetsera kurukurirano dzinobvumirwa nehurumende (dzinoitwa naSin Féin) uye vakavimbika zvakafanana. Uyezve, simba raidzoro, nebvumirano yemitemo yemitemo yeChibharo, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa “nzanga yose. ” Urongwa uhwu hwakanga hwabvisa varwi vezvorudzi. Urongwa uhwu hunofanira kubatsira kudiwa nokuda kwemitevero yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuyanana Noukama Hwenzanga

Kupfuura zvivako zvepamutemo uye zvematongerwe enyika, sangano rekodzero dzevanhu rakasimudzira tsika yokuyananisa. Vashingairi vakawanda vakashanda pamabasa okubatanidza zvitendero, vachivaka kuvimba pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi. Mapoka akaita seMapoka (akavambwa naMairead Corrigan naBetty Williams muna 1976, akahwina Nobel Peace Prize) uye masangano akazotevera akadai seCorrymeela Community akasimudzira kurukurirano nokuporesa. Good Wearver Agreption inobatanidza gadziriro dzekodzero dzevanyajambwa, dzidzo yakabatanidza, uye kuenzana mutauro (Irish naUlster-Scots), zvose zvinoratidzira basa renguva refu rekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Pesvedzero Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Mumuitiro Worugare

Nepo kurukurirano dzorugare dzakarongwa dzema 1990 dzaibatanidza mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, hwaro hwakavanzarikwa namakumi amakore ezviito zvenzanga. Mitoo isina masimba masimba yesangano racho yakagovera imwe nzira kumasimba masimba ehondo, ichiratidzira kuti chinjo ingagona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nokuramba nokutaurirana. Kunyange mukati menhambo dzakakomba zvikurusa dzeMatambudziko, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akachengeta chiono chenzanga yakarurama nechisingabatanidzwi. Yakatsigiri mufambiro wakashata, yakaita kuti mapoka amarudzi ose akafanana neUnited Nations neDare reEurope, uye yakavaka zvibvumirano namasangano ezvokutengeserana, machechi, uye masangano edzidzo.

Vanhu Vanokosha Nezvavanoita

Mishumo yakadai saJohn Hume, akatanga weSocial Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), yakabva zvakananga kusangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Utungamiriri hweHume muSDLP nebasa rake rokusaneta mukuvaka mabhiriji nehurumende dzose mbiri dzeBritain neIrish, uyewo neUnited States, zvakanga zvine shungu zvikuru kukuita kuti pave norugare. Akataurawo kuti rwisano yakanga isiri pamusoro peruvengo rwekare asi pamusoro pekodzero, uye kuti chigadziro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinofanira kukurukura kusaenzana. Mubayiro wake worugare muna 1998 (wakavakwa David Trimble) wakanga uchizivikanwa nokusvika kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Vamwe varwi veUnited States, kufanana naBernad Declin (Mlikey) vakabudawo mu 1960, uye manzwiro akakurumbira mukutonga kwenzanga, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vairamba kutongwa nemitemo yenzanga.

Basa Remapoka Evakadzi

Vakadzi vakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru muzvose zviri zviviri sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo uye gadziriro yorugare. Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition (NIWC), yakavambwa muna 1996, rakanga riri boka rinowirirana rairwira kumirira kwavakadzi uye kubatanidzwa muhurukuro. Mitezo yaro yakava nemigariro yenzanga yekuita chiito nekodzero dzevanhu. NIWC yakatsigira nokubudirira kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzevakadzi, kodzero dzevanhu, uye dzidzo yakabatanidzwa muGovernment yeGovernment. Basa ravo rakasimbisa kuti nheyo dzokuenzana nedzisiri dzorusaruraganda dzinoshanda kwete bedzi kumapoka echikwata chenyika imwe chete asi kumarudzi echirume uye mamwe marudzi okusaenzana.

Kutsigira Kwamarudzi Ose Nouchokwadi

Sangano racho rakabatanidzawo kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda. Irish America, yakarongwa kupfurikidza namapoka akafanana neIrish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) uye gare gare kupfurikidza nehurumende yeClinton, yakadzvinyirira hurumende yeBritain kuti itaure. Mukuru mukuru weUnited States George Mitchell, uyo akatungamirira hurukuro, akanga apesvedzerwa nekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzevanhu. Mari yeEurope yeInzuru yeUnion yakagovera zvirongwa zvemasangano echibvumirano, kazhinji kazhinji kacho achitungamirirwa nekodzero dzevagari vemo nemapoka enzanga. Izvi zvinotsigira kukwidziridza zvikumbiro zvesangano racho uye kuvimbisa kuti Chiitiro Chakanaka chapaChishanu chaibatanidza kodzero dzakasimba dzevanhu uye gadziriro dzorunyara.

Nhaka uye Kupfuurira Kutapura

Makore makumi maviri namashanu pashure peGood Friver Agreement, nhaka yekodzero dzavagari vemo inoramba ichioneka. Masangano ayo akarwira nokuda kwajene rejeni, Commission yeHuman Rights, Police Ombudsman, uye basa remapurisa rakachinjwa (Mapurisa eNorthern Ireland, iyo yakatsiva RUP). Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinetso zvinopfuurira. Chibvumirano cheBill of Rights chichiri kufanira kuitwa zvizere, uye zvimwe zvirongwa pamusoro pomutauro netsika zvinoramba zvichirwisana. Masangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo akadai seDare reHofisi yeRumbidzo dzeRugare rweRugare (CA) uye Northern Ireland Rights Commos anopfuurira kutsigira kuita nokudenha kodzero dzipi nedzipi nedzipi.

Kupesana Kwemasekete Nokudiwa Kwokuramba Uchiita Muitiro

Pasinei zvapo norugare, Northern Ireland inoramba yakakamukana zvikuru mumapoka. Dzimba, dzidzo, uye nzvimbo dzenzanga dzinopesana zvinopfuurira. Chiono chesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo chenzanga yakabatanidzwa zvizere chichiri basa riri kufambira mberi. Masangano matsva avapo, akadai seanosimudzira wirirano yeroorano (yakadzorwa muna 2020) uye nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu vashoma uye vatami vemadzinza. Mapoka aya anokweva pamazano akafanana uye nharo dzetsika sevatungamiriri vavo. Nhaka yeChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu Chibvumirano chinoratidza kuti kodzero hadzitongotongovi nedzinotongodiwa nokusingaperi; anoda kusvinurirwa nokushanda kwetsika.

Zvidzidzo Zvedzimwe Nzvimbo Dzinorwisana

Chinoitika cheNorthern Ireland chinopa zvidzidzo nokuda kwedzimwe rwisano munyika yose. Ukoshi hwenzanga yavagari vemo, simba rokuramba kusina masimba masimba, uye dikanwo yokuisa maruramiro avanhu mubvumirano dzorugare zvakadudzwa mumiitiro yorugare muColombia, South Africa, uye Balkans. Good Wearth Apligition haisati iri chinyorwa chisiri chenguva dzose; igadziriro mhando inotsamira panzanga kuti ipe mhaka hurumende. Gadziriro dzavagari vemo dzakagovera nheyo yetsika nenheyo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mitoo yadzo inoramba iri yakasiana apo ruramisiro neuenzani zvinokwikwidzanwa.

mhedziso

Good Frinder Augment yaisagona kuva yakapedzwa pasina basa ravanhu rinopfuurira, rine nheyo resangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo muNorthern Ireland. Masangano aya akashandura mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvisa rwisano seimwe yekodzero nerusaruro, panzvimbo pokungova norudzi. Vakavakira mhaka yacho nokuda kwokuenzana, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kudzora kwakapfuvurira kusingarevi kugarwa mugariro worugare. Nhaka yavo iri pachena mumasangano nemitemo zvino zvino zvino zvinodzivirira vagari vemo, asi mukuita chiito kunoenderera mberi kwamapoka anoona nokupfuurirazve fambiro mberi. Sezvo chibvumirano chacho chinopinda mukuva chakaenzana nechikamu chazvo chezvikamu zvikamu zvitatu chezvina, kuyeuka basa rekodzero dzavagari vemo hazvisati zvichingovawo muitiro wenhau.

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