Sumo

Dare rinotungamirira rinogovera nzira chaiyo yokupedza nayo nharo pakati pevanhu nemasangano ehurumende, richishanda senzira yakafanana negadziriro yemitemo yegamuchidzanwa. Matare aya anokosha kuti achengetedze cheki pasimba revakuru vakuru uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa okutarisira anowirirana nemitemo. Nokupa nzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kunhau dzehurumende, anobatsira vagari vemo kukwikwikwidzana panyaya dzakadai sokuisa hove, kubatsira kwenzanga, uye kudzora pasina kukwidziridza dare redare renguva dzose. Nyaya ino inoongorora basa, gadziriro, maitiro, uye kuchinja kwematare okutarisira pasi pose, zvinosimbisa basa ravo mukutsigira mutemo uye kodzero dzevanhu.

Matare Anotarisira Chii?

Matare anotarisira madare anotonga kana kuti anotonga akasikwa zvakananga kuti pave nokukakavadzana kwechibvumirano kunoparirwa nezvisarudzo nezviito zvemasangano ehurumende. Kusafanana nematare ehurumende ehurumende kana kuti eutsotsi, anonangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru panhau dzomutemo wavose, achinzvera kana mabasa okutonga abvumirwa nomutemo, achitenderwa nenzira yapamutemo, uye mukati mechiremera chinopiwa sangano. Matare aya angava rutivi rwebazu revakuru vakuru (sezviidzoro zvakawanda zveEurope) kana kuti akabatanidzwa mudare remitemo yavose.

Murangariro wokutonga unovambira shure kunhambo yaNapoleon muFrance, umo Conseil d'État yakatangwa kupedza gakava pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwehurumende. Nokufamba kwenguva, nyika zhinji dzakashandisa misiyano youyu muenzaniso, dzichiumba masangano ane unyanzvi kubata kuoma kuri kukura kwemitemo yehurumende.

Chinangwa uye Kukosha Kwemadare Anotungamirira

Basa guru rematare anodzora nderokuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa ehurumende anoramba ari omutemo, ane mufungo, uye anoremekedza kodzero dzavagari vemo. Anoshanda zvinangwa zvakawanda:

  • Kuhwirudzurwa kwechiito chokutarisira:[[FLT: 1] Vanobvumira vanhu kudenha zvisarudzo zvakadai sokurambwa kwebetsero, kubviswa kwamarezenisi, kana kuti zviito zvokuchengeta.
  • kuva nemari nokuoneka: Kupfurikidza nokupa zvisarudzo zvokutonga kunzvera kwokuzvimirira, aya matare anotsigira pesvedzero yakanaka uye anodzivisa miitiro yokusafunga.
  • unyanzvi hunokosha: Vatongi muaya matare vane zivo huru yomutemo wokudzora, kuvagonesa kubata nhau dzemitemo dzakaoma zvikuru nomutoo unoshanda.
  • Kukwanisa nokuwana: Zvibvumikiso kazhinji kazhinji hazvisi zvetsika zvikuru kupfuura matare egamuchidzanwa, zvinoderedza ndyiko uye zvinokurumidzisa chisarudzo nokuda kwavagariwo zvavo vemo.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu: Vanobatira sedziviriro pakunyengera kwehurumende, zvikurukuru munharaunda umo masangano anoshandisa uchenjeri hukuru.

Matare anotarisira anoitawo basa rinokosha mukuchengeta kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kupfurikidza nokugovera chekero yokutonga pachiito chevakuru vakuru, nokudaro achisimbisa kutonga kwomutemo.

Marudzi Emhosva Aitongwa Nematare Anotungamirira

Nyaya yematare ehurumende yakakura, inofukidza nharaunda inenge iri yose umo hurumende inobata pamwe chete navagari vemo. Marudzi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [ Kuchengeteka kwehurumende nebetsero dzegarikano: Kupesana pamusoro pokusafadza, kuverenga betsero, kana kuti kupera kwebetsero.
  • [ Kuyera nezvirango: Zvinetso kukuvadziko yemitero, mari inobhadharwa, uye faindi zvinoiswa nezviremera zvemari.
  • Nyika inoshandiswa nokukandwa: Kukwirira kurwisana nezvisarudzo zvokuronga zvomunzvimbomo, mvumo dzokuvaka, uye tapuro dzemhoteredzo.
  • Kuisa mari nemirau yebasa:[[FL:1] Mikaha pamusoro pemisikanzwa, kubviswa, kana kuti kubviswa kwerezinesi nokuda kwamabhizimisi, vatyairi, kana kuti nyanzvi.
  • Kutama nenzvimbo youtiziro: Zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvevhiza, mirairo yokudzingwa, uye mamiriro evapoteri.
  • [[[NHAU] Mirairo yezveutano yavanhu vose: Mitemo yePucial, kushatisa kunobvumidza, uye zviito zvokuchengeta zvinoitwa namasangano emhoteredzo.
  • [ Kuwana zvibvumirano: denho dzokuita kuti mabasa, kondirano, kana kuti kubviswa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kushatisa nedzimba:[[FLT: 1] Kupesana pamusoro peyamuro yavadzidzi, kugoverwa kwechikoro, kana kuti kusava napamutemo kwedzimba dzavose.

Kudzora uku kwakafara kunoratidza kuti nyika dziri kutungamirira mazuva ano dziri kusvika uye kuti panofanira kudiwa kutsiva.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Anotarisira

Gadziriro yesangano yamatare ehurumende inosiana zvikuru mumiitiro yemitemo.

Gadziriro Yemibatanidzwa (Europe Yakaoma)

Munyika dzakadai seFrance, Germany, uye Italy, matare ehurumende anoumba gadziriro yakasiana yemitemo yakasiana nematare avagari vemo napautsotsi. Mumwero wakaderera zvikurusa, matare okutarisira enzvimbo yapasi anonzwa nhau dzokutanga. matare eruwa e'appeltate [ anonzvera zvisarudzo, uye [FLT] dare rehurumende (imo seConseil d’Etat' kana kuti Bremanian Bangesrich) anobatira segadziriro yokupedzisira yezvokudzosera mutemo uye kuisa nyika yose.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Imwe (Nyika DzeCommon)

MuUnited States, United Kingdom, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeCommonwealth Service, bvumirano yokutonga inowanzobatwa mukati medare renguva dzose kupfurikidza nematare chaiwo kana kuti hwirudzuro yedare. Masangano akazvitsaurira akafanana neUK’s First-tier Tribunal (rutivi rweHCourts & Tribunals Service) anobata mavhoriyamu makuru enhau, nepo matare makuru anonzvera zvisarudzo zvedare. MuUnited States, vatongi vehurumende (ALJ) vanoshandiswa namasangano ehurumende pakutanga vanosarudza kugakava, asi zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kukwirira kudare resangano uye pakupedzisira kumatare omubatanidzwa.

Nyika dzakawanda dzinewo matare ehurumende anganzwa nhau dzinobatanidza maruramiro makuru, anobvumiraniswa noudzori hwehurumende.

Zvirongwa Mumatare Anotungamirira

Miitiro yedare rinotarisira yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa kushanda zvakanaka neruramisiro.

  • [[NHAU] Nhevedzo: Nhau dzakawanda dzinovamba nokuzviisa pasi kwakanyorwa, uko mapati anopa nharo dzawo noufakazi pasina kutaurirwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzakananga.
  • Tsamba dzakarongwa dzemitemo youfakazi: matare anodzora anowanzogamuchira mativi akafara oufakazi kupfuura matare egamuchidzanwa, kubatanidza mishumo, maaffidavit, uye mirangariro yenyanzvi.
  • Empshais pamagwaro: Chinyorwa chokutarisira] zvinyorwa dare rairangarira pakuita chisarudzo charo (icho chiri pakati pokuhwirudzura). Matare anowanzorangarira bedzi ufakazi hutsva mumigariro yechienzi.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mitsara yenguva yakatsaurwa: kazhinji kazhinji inogadza miganhu yorumano nokuda kwokukumbira kunyorwa uye kuti dare ripe chisarudzo, kuvimbisa chisarudzo chakakodzera nguva.
  • [ Kuparidzira nokumwe kupesana chisarudzo: matare mazhinji anodzora anokurudzira masangano kugarisa kupfurikidza nemisangano isina kurongwa kana kuti kuyananiswa pamberi pokutongwa kwomuitiro.
  • Bhitudendi yechibvumikiso: Kutsamira panzvimbo, mutoro ungachinja pakati pomutengi nesangano. Kazhinji kazhinji sangano rinofanira kururamisa chisarudzo charo pahwaro hwechinyorwa.

Pasinei zvapo nemiitiro iyi yakarongwa, mapoka anowanzova nekodzero yokukwirira zvisarudzo zvakaipa kumatare epamusoro - soro kana kuti kudare rinogara richitonga pamusoro pemapfundo omutemo.

Betsero Nebetsero Zvematare Anodzora

Matare okutarisira anopa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana pane kutsanangura tsika:

  • Explorence:[ Vatongi nemitezo yedare zvinoshanda munharaunda dzakati dzakadai somutero, garikano yenzanga, kana kuti kutama, zvichitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvakaziva zvikuru.
  • Mutengo wemitengo: Mitengo yokupa mari, miitiro yakapfava, uye kunzwa kupfupi zvinogona kuderedza zvikuru mutoro wemari pamari kana uchienzaniswa nokutongwa nedare ravagari vemo.
  • Ngwavaira: matare mazhinji okutarisira anopedza nhau mukati memwedzi panzvimbo pamakore, achigovera rusununguko runokurumidza nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotapurwa nezvisarudzo zvehurumende.
  • Ubhazi: Marigijiji anozvimirira amene kazhinji kazhinji anokuwana kuri nyore zvikuru kufamba nedare rehurumende nemhaka yokuchinjika kwetsika nokuwanika kwezvimiro zvomutauro wakajeka.
  • Kuchinja: Nzvimbo dzinotyisidzira dzinokurudzira vanhu kupa nhau dzavo vamene pasina kudikanwa kwezano rapamutemo.
  • [ Kukwanisa kurapa: matare anodzora haagoni kubvisa zvisarudzo bedzi asiwo kuraira masangano kupa zvisarudzo zvakati, kuripira zvirango, kana kuti kuita chiito chokururamisa.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzawo, matare okutarisira anotarisana nedenho dzinooneka:

  • [[[FT:0] Pfuma dzakasvibirira: mitoro mikuru nezvinosetsa zvinogona kunonotsa, zvichisekesa chipikirwa cheruramisiro yokukurumidza.
  • Kufunga kwerusaruro: Mune dzimwe gadziriro umo vatongi vanogadzwa navakuru vakuru, kuitira hanya pamusoro porusununguko kungamuka, zvikurukuru munhau dzinotapura zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuenzana kwemifanikiso: Masangano ehurumende anonyatsobviswa kazhinji kazhinji ane zvikwata zvepamutemo, nepo vanhu vakawanda vasingawani zano risingabhadharwi, zvichiita kusadzikama.
  • [ Kupeta-petwa kwomutemo: Kuwanda kukuru kwemirau nomugariro wounyanzvi wekakavadzano dzakawanda kunogona kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vagariwo zvavo vape zvinoitika zvinobudirira.
  • Ukuru hwakajeka hwehwirudzuro: Mamwe matare anodzora anoregeredza zvikuru unyanzvi hwesangano, kungochinja bedzi zvisarudzo zviri "zvisinganzwisisiki" kana kuti "zvisina mufungo," izvo zvingasadzivirira nguva dzose maruramiro avanhu.
  • Nhau: nharaunda dzomumaruwa kana kuti dziri kure dzingashaiwa matare ehurumende omunzvimbomo, achimanikidzira mapato kufamba madaro marefu nokuda kwokutongwa.

Kuchinja zvinhu kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kunoitwa kuti zvikanganiso izvi zvigadziriswe nokunyora zvinhu zvemagetsi, kuwedzera kutsigira vanhu vanozvimiririra, uye kurovedza zviri nani vamiririri.

Kusiyana Kunoita Matare Okutarisira Nematare Etsika

Kunyange zvazvo masangano acho ose achigadzirisa kusawirirana, kusiyana kunoverengeka kunoita kuti matare ehurumende asiyane:

  • Nhau yezvirevo: matare anodzora anotonga bedzi negakava romutemo wavose, nepo matare egamuchidzanwa achifukidza mutemo wavanhu (mabumbiro, matort) nomutemo woutsotsi.
  • Parigo:[ Nguva dzose isangano rehurumende kana kuti dare ravose munhau dzokutonga.
  • Kurevererwa kwokuhwirudzura: Dare roUbati ushe kazhinji kazhinji rinohwirudzura kuva pamutemo uye kuva nomufungo kwechisarudzo chesangano, kwete betsero dzemaidi makuru, kunyange zvazvo mamwe masangano achibvumira kuhwirudzura kwakazara.
  • Trap:[[FLT: 1] matare anodzora anogona kupotsa zvisarudzo, kuraira sangano kurangarirazve, kana kuti kumanikidza chiito, nepo matare avagari vemo achiwanzotusa zvirango kana kuti mirairo.
  • Muitiro wokuporofita:[ Nhau dzoubati ushe kazhinji kazhinji hadzisi dzetsika uye dzakawanda, navatongi vachiita basa rokushingaira mukuunganidza ufakazi.
  • [[[FOL:0] Explorence:[ Vatongi vanodzora kazhinji kazhinji vane rovedzo chaiyo mumutemo wavose nomumurairo, kusafanana navatongi vehurumende.

Iyi misiyano inoratidzira nharidzano dzemiitiro yakasiana: kuva nechokwadi chokuti sangano rinozvidavirira apo rinenge richichengeta kushanda kwokutarisira.

Basa Ravatongi Vanodzora

Vatongi vanotarisira (kana kuti mitezo yedare) vanoda mubatanidzwa wechienzi wounyanzvi. Vanofanira kunzwisisa mutemo wakaderera wenharaunda yesangano, kuva nyanzvi pakuhwirudzura zvinyorwa zvehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisira mhaka dzinobva muchimiro chedare, chokubvunzurudza. Mumiitiro mizhinji, vatongi vashandi vanoshanda muhurumende vakapedza makore muutarisiri hwavanhu, nepo muvamwe vane ruzivo rwamagweta vakagadzwa kumira miganhu. Kuzvimirira kwavo kunodzivirirwa nemitemo inodzorwa, asi vanoshanda mukati memashoko egadziriro yehoteraiti yehotera. [[FLT:]] Immathrity ikuru, vanofanira kuyera fariro yavose pakodzero dzavose pasina kudzorwa kumitedzerwa.

Gadziriro Dzedare Rinodzora Dzinocherechedzwa Kupota Nyika

France: Conseil d'État

France’s Conseil d'État idare rinodzora rakatanhamara, richishanda sematare ose maviri okupedzisira uye mutungamiriri kuhurumende. Yakavamba muna 1799 uye yakapesvedzera masimba emitemo yavagari vemo. Muitiro wacho wakava wakatanhamara zvikuru, nematare edzinodzora dzakaderera (tidministratifs) uye matare ose ari maviri (masangano ehurumende d'appel) anotarisira nhau dzakawanda. Conseil dÉtat's mubato sedare uye mutezori wepamutemo wakasiyana nemitemo; unohwirudzura mutemo wepamutemo usati waitwa. [FOct:]

Germany: Dare Rinodzora

BUNDESVERWAltsricht (Dare reHurumende) idare rapamusoro zvikurusa romutemo wehurumende muGermany. Inonzwa kukumbirwa kwemifungo yomutemo kubva kumatare makuru okudzora (Orvenwaltsrichte) uye inovimbisa kufanana mukududzirwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Gadziriro yeGermany inoratidzirwa nokusimbiswa kwakasimba padziviriro yapamutemo yekodzero dzevanhu, nedzidziso inosanokudziridzwa yetsinhiranorumano. KUVOKUVAMBA] Dare reGerman Auderation Active Court [FURENT:3].]

United States: Vatongi Vomutemo Vanodzora uye Chikamu III Chematare

United States inoshandisa muenzaniso wakavhengana. Masangano eFederal anoshandisa vatongi vehurumende (ALJ) kuti vasarudze nhau dzakadai sezvirevo zveSocial Security Accement, kutyorwa kwemiganhu, uye kubuda munyika. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kukwidzwa mukati mesangano uye ipapo kumatare ehurumende pasi peAdministrative Proceduture Act. US inewo matare ezvokusarudza akadai seState Court neCourt of Federal Reances. Nepo ALJs yakazvimirira nomutemo, kuitira hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero yesangano rezvokudzorosa. Kuverengawo pamusoro peAdministrativement of the United States [FLT]

Kuchinja Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura Netsika Mukutonga Kwehurumende

Miitiro yedare rinotarisira iri kugadziridza kutarisana nezvinetso zvazvino uno. Zviratidzo zvinokosha zvinosanganisira:

  • Chinjo yechidhigita: Matare mazhinji zvino anogamuchira fomu remagetsi, kuchengeta kunzwa, uye kushandisa gadziriro dzokutarisira nyaya kuderedza zvikamu zvemikoto. Munternal Regaintion vatyairi vendege vava kuzivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwezvinotaurwa zvemipimo yakaderera.
  • chisarudzo chegakava reADR: kurukurirano nerangariro yapakuvamba yokusatora rutivi zvinoshandiswa nenzira inowedzera kupedza nhau pasina kunzwa kwakazara, kuchengeta nguva nendyiko.
  • Peccial: makamuri matsva akajairika ari kugadzirwa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakaoma dzakadai sokudzora kurapa, dziviriro yemashoko, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.
  • Zvirongwa zvokugovera zano rapamutemo rapachena, nhungamiro yomutauro wakajeka, uye "mimienzaniso" zvirongwa zvinovavarira kuyera munda wokutamba nokuda kwevatambi vasina kupiwa.
  • Kuchinja kwemagariro: Mamwe madzoro akarerutsa zvinodikanwa zvokumira zvakasimba uye akatanga zviito zvokumirira (zviito zvemakirasi) kubvumira mapoka kudenha zvisarudzo zvokutarisira.
  • Mitemo yemari yakatengwa: Chinosarudzwa neSangano, mishumo yokuona, uye mitumbi inotarisira yokunze inobetsera kuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu mumatare ehurumende.

Izvi zvinochinja zvinovavarira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokuwirirana kunoshanda nenheyo dzinokosha dzokururamisira nokuongorora kwokuzvimirira.

mhedziso

Dare rinotungamirira rine nzvimbo yakakomba mumitemo yazvino uno, richipa mutoo wakarovedzeka wokupedza nawo nharo pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokugovera nyanzvi, dzinosvikika, uye ruramisiro yakakodzera nguva, rinotsigira utongi hwomutemo uye rinodzivirira vanhu muchiito chehurumende chinongova chehurumende. Nepo denho dzakadai semitongo yezvipikirwa nemirangariro yetsandanyama zvichiripo, chinjo dzinopfuurira uye fambiro mberi dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopfuurira kusimbisa basa razvo. Sezvo murairo wehurumende unokura mukuoma, basa rematare okudzora savachengeti vegadziriro dzapamutemo rinova rinokosha zvikuru. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzavo, miitiro, uye kuisa mukati mamiriro ezvinhu emitemo akasiyana - siyana kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoshambadzira mutemo kana kuti anotsvaka kuva anozvidavirira kuhurumende.