Gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inomira senheyo yegadziriro yedare remitemo yeutsotsi, isingatanhamari kupfuura muUnited States.Iro rinobatanidza nheyo yokuti munhu anopomerwa mhaka anofanira kutongwa neboka revezera ravo, rinobva munzanga. Iyi nzira haisati ichisimudzira bedzi ruramisiro nekusasarura asiwo inoshanda secherekedzo inokosha pasimba rehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti nyika haigoni kusarudza kuva nemhaka. Kunzwisisa kuti vatongi vanosarudzwa sei, basa ravanoita, uye kuoma kuri mutsika kunokosha kuti munhu upi noupi atsvake zviitiko zvoutsotsi.

Kukosha Kwemabhero

Pamavambo payo, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inozadzika mabasa anoverengeka akakomba mukati megadziriro huru yeruramisiro. Chokutanga, inopinza mipimo yenzanga nenjere mukutonga kwapamutemo. Panzvimbo pokusiya jambwa romupomerwi chose chose mumaoko omutongi mumwe kana kuti boka ravatongi, vatongi vanounza mirau yakasiana - siana yemirangariro kuranganiswa. Uku kutonga kwezera kunobetsera kuvimbisa kuti chisarudzo chinoratidzira murangariro wechaunga umo utsotsi hwaipomerwa.

Chechipiri, vatongi vanoita somurivi wokudzivisa kugona kutsoropodzwa nehurumende kana kuti kusazvibata kwevachuchisi. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta chisarudzo chokupedzisira pamusoro pokuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka kuvagariwo zvavo, tsika inoparira kuzvidavirira uko vatongi voga vasingagoni kugovera.

Chechitatu, mutemo uyu unowedzera kuzivikanwa sekodzero yezvisarudzo zvemhosva.

Mavambo Enhau

Mavambo edare rinobetsera vatongi anodzokera shure kuGirisi yekare neRoma, uko masangano evagari vemo pane dzimwe nguva akasarudza nhau dzapamutemo. Zvisinei, chimiro chazvino uno chedare rinobetsera vatongi chakabuda muEngland yeMiddle Ages. Magna Carta ye1215, nepo isina kutanga zvakajeka kutonga mhaka dzedare redare redare redare redare sezvatinoziva nhasi, yakabudisa maruramiro okutonga nevezera romunhu, nheyo iyo gare gare yakapesvedzera mutemo weEngland. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 18, kodzero yokutonga mhaka mumhaka dzoutsotsi yakanga yatangwa zvakasimba mumutemo weEngland uye yaendeswa kunzvimbo dzinotongwa dzeAmerica. Dare reSikisith Repunsorimende reU. rakaendererazve mberi kuurse iri maruramiro, richivimbisa kuti “mupokanidzi dzose dzetsoro, vaporwi vachafarikanya maruramiro omutemo uye kutongwa navanhu vose. ”

Iyi mhindumupindu yenhau inosimbisa chikonzero nei vatongi vachiramba vari pakati: haisati ichingova zvayo betsero yemusikirwo asi ivimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Matsaru Anosarudzwa: Muitiro Wejecha

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi unozivikanwa se conar, mashoko anobva murevo yeFrench Yekare “kutaura zvokwadi.” Iyi nhano yakakomba inosarudza kuti ndiani achagara murutongeso rwomupomerwi uye anogona kupesvedzera zvikuru muuyo wokutonga. Rusarudzo napakunyanyisa zvinobetsera kuvimbisa dare risingasaruri, nepo mutoo unodzongonyedza kana kuti wakaipa unogona kusekesa dare rose rinofamba.

Jury Geori Nokupeta

Kusarudza Jury kunovamba nokuumbwa kwenzvimbo yedare rinobetsera vatongi. Matare anowana mazita kubva munhevedzo dzevhota, zvinyorwa zveraibhurari, kana kuti mamwe mapepa avose. Uku kusarudzwa kwakasarudzirwa kuparira mumiriri mukwiri . Vangadavi vanowana madaidzo anoda kuti vabude padare musi wakarongwa. Magariro mazhinji anokumbirawo vatongi vanokarirwa kupedza dare kuti vapikire rugwaro rwenhau runokosha, mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa, uye ruzivo rwapamberi rwenguva yakapfuura rwegadziriro yemitemo. Aya mabhii enhau anobetsera vamiririri navanotonga vazive zvikanganiso zvaigona kuoneka pakutanga mumuitiro wacho.

Kutarisana Nematambudziko

Apo dziva rinounganidzwa bedzi, kunzvera kunotyisa kunovamba.

Kubvunza kwacho kunogona kusanganisira nyaya dzakawanda, kusanganisira kuziva kwomutongi wacho (zvikurukuru kana akagamuchira ngwariro yenhau), maonero avanoita kuchengetwa kwomutemo, zvavanosangana nazvo pamhosva, uye kunyange zvavanodavira pachavo pamusoro pechirango.

Vachivakira pamhinduro dzacho, magweta anogona kudenha nzvimbo yokugara yomutongi munzira mbiri:

  • Zvisakiso nokuda kwechisakiso. Izvi hazvina kuganhurirwa muchiverengero uye zvinopiwa apo mutongi anoratidzira fungidziro chaiyoiyo kana kuti kusafanira kwapamutemo, somuenzaniso, kana mutongi ane ukama nanyajambwa, akatoumba murangariro wakasimba pamusoro pemhosva, kana kuti haagoni kuva asingasaruri nemhaka yedzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu. Mutongi anosarudza kana achitsigira denho yacho.
  • Zvinetso. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopiwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho dzinodzinga, izvo zvinovabvumira kudzinga mutongi pasina kugovera chikonzero. Zvisinei, idzi denho hadzigoni kushandiswa kutsaura zvakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, kana kuti urume. Chinyorwa chedare chapamusoro U.S. Batson v. Kentucky [[1986:] yakasimbisa kuti vachuchishushi vangasashandisa zvinetso zvokubvisa chose chose chose pahwaro hwedzinza, uye mirauchipa.

Kupfurikidza neuyu muitiro unopfuudza wokubvunza nedenho, vatongi vokupedzisira vanoiswa munzvimbo yedare. Kazhinji kazhinji, vatongi vanotonga utsotsi vanoumbwa nemitezo 12, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichibvumira majaji maduku nokuda kwemhosva duku. Vatongi pamwe chete vanosarudzwawo kugara mukutonga kwacho muchinoitika kana mutongi wenguva dzose asingakwanisi kubatira.

Basa Romutongi

Mutongi anotarisira nhano iri yose yedare rakashata, achivimbisa kuti kubvunza kunoramba kwakakodzera uye kunoremekedza, uye kuti hapana rutivi runopindira mumaitiro asina kufanira. Mutongi anotongawo padenho nokuda kwechisakiso ndokugovera miraidzo yokutanga kuvatongi dare risati ratanga. Pashure pokunge vatongi vagara, mutongi achavarayiridza pamutemo wavanofanira kushandisa, mutoro wechiratidzo, uye mufambiro wakafanira unokarirwa mukati merangariro. Kusatora rutivi kwomutongi kunogona kuva kukuru; chitarisiko chipi nechipi chokusarura chinogona kutungamirira kukutongwa kusina kururama kana kuti kukwidza.

Zvinorehwa Nokuisa Magumbo Pachinhu

Chirongwa chedare rinobetsera vatongi (jeri) rinogara mubhokisi racho (*) rine muuyo mukuru pamuuyo wokutonga. Vatongi vanoratidzira mhatsa yenzanga vanowanzorangarirwa sevane mufungo zvikuru uye vanokwanisa zvikuru kurangarira ufakazi mumirangariro mizhinji. Nenzira yakapesana, vatongi vane mirangariro mizhinji kana kuti vanobvisa mapoka akati angamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokururama.

Zvinhu Zvinotapura Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu

Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinopesvedzera rudzi rwokupedzisira rwedare rinobetsera vatongi:

  • Mhatsa yetsika: Zera, dzinza, dzinza, dzinza, uye mugariro wenzanga zvose zvinorangarira vanhu ufakazi, kuvimbika, uye chipupuriro chenyanzvi. Nzvero yakaratidza kuti majaji akasiana - siana edzinza nguva refu zvikuru, kukurukura maidi akawanda, uye kuita zvikanganiso zvishomanene kupfuura matare echichena ose 76 pakurangarira nhau dzinobatanidza vakwikwidziridzwa vashomanene.
  • Zvakaitika muupenyu: Nhoroondo yomunhu oga yehumwe (somuenzaniso, kana vave vari nyajambwa woutsotsi, kana kuti vakatarisana netsarudzo (vanogona kupenda dudziro yavo yamaidi. VaAttorney vanoedza kusarudza vatongi vane zvinoitika zvinowirirana nerondedzero yavo yenhau, nepo dare richivavarira kuchengetedza porofa yakadzikama.
  • Zvinhu zvendangariro nedzidzo: Vazivi vanosiana muzvimiro zvavo zvendangariro kuchiremera, mano avo kubata mashoko akaoma, uye kombamiro yavo yokutsamira pamirangariro yedumbu nenzvero yokungwarira. Mamwe masimba anoshandisa mativi mapfupi anotyisa kuratidzira aya mavara, kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho uchiri kukwikwidzana.

Kutapura Kwebias

Bias(hwungave hunoziva kana kuti hunosaziva) hunomirira chimwe chetyisidziro hurusa kukusasarura vatongi. Tsika dzakakwana dzakavakirwa padzinza, kirasi, chirume, kana kuti chitarisiko dzinogona kupesvedzera nenzira yamanomano nzira iyo mutongi anoyera nayo chipupuriro chomukwidzirirwi kana kuti kuvimbika kwezvapupu. Somuenzaniso, nzvero dzakawana kuti vatongi vanonyomba vane bviro huru yokuwanira mhaka mupomeri mutema apo mhaka inobatanidza nyajambwa wechichena, kunyange apo ufakazi hunova hwakafanana.

Zvisinei, mirangariro yakawanda yakaoma kufumura nemhaka yokuti vanhu vangasaiziva kana kuti vangazengurira kuvabvuma.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Negadziriro Yemazuva Ano Yokuchengeta Vana

Nepo sangano redare rinobetsera vatongi richiri risingaoreri, rinotarisana nezvinetso zvinoverengeka zvenguva ino zvinoedza kubudirira kwaro nokuvimbika.

Kutadza Kuzvibata Mutsika Dzakaipa Munguva Yetsika

Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemafoni, maInternet, uye indaneti kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti vatongi vaparidze nyaya dzokutsvakurudza zvisina kukodzera kana kuti kutaura nezvadzo kunze kwedare.

Kusazvibata kwakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kukutonga kusina kururama, kuputsa mitongo, uye kushora. Dare riri kuramba richikurukura chinetso ichi kupfurikidza nenhare dzedare dzinobatanidza dare mukati mokutonga, richishandisa zano rakasimba zvikuru, uye kunyange kukumbira matare anobetsera mumitongo mikuru yeprofile. Kunyanguvezvo, muedzo wokutsvaka mashoko kunze unoramba uri itiro hanya yakakomba.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nenhau Dzapamberi Pezvirongwa

Muzvinoitika zvinokwezva ngwariro yakapararira yezvinobudisa nhau, kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuwana vatongi vasina kuratidzirwa kukuziviswa kwedare rapamberi penhau. Misoro yenhau yenhau, inopepetwa yamapurisa, uye tsinhiro dzamaoresa inogona kutanga kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka kwezvakavanzika mamiriro ezvinhu asati apiwa. MaAttorney angaedza kurwisa ikoku kupfurikidza nenzvimbo huru inovavarirwa, chinjo yenzvimbo (kuendesa muedzo kunzvimbo yakasiana), kana kuti kupfurikidza nokukumbira vatongi vakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, muzera re 24/7 revorthrations nevhations painstivoits, kudzivirira chose chose chose mashoko kudokuva kusingabviri.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Kuoma Kunzwisisa

Mitongo yematsotsi yemazuva ano inowanzosanganisira ufakazi hwesayenzi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, zvinyorwa zvemari, mashoko emitemo akaoma. Vadzori, avo vasiri nyanzvi dzemitemo, vangatamburira kunzwisisa nokushandisa mashoko aya zvakarurama. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mirayiridzo yedare yakanyorwa mumitemo yakawanda haiwanzonzwisiswa, zvichitungamirira kumitemo ingasawirirana nomutemo. Kuedza kuita kuti mirayiridzo ive nyore, kugovera makopi akanyorwa, kubvumira kunyora, uye kubvumira mibvunzo mukati mokuedza yakaratidza chipikirwa mukuvandudza kunzwisisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyi inoramba iri nzvimbo yokukurukurirana kunopfuurira uye yokuchinja.

Kuchinja Tsika Yokuchengeta Chibharo

Pamusana pezvinetso izvi, hurumende dzakawanda dzakaita kuti pave nechinjo dzakaitirwa kusimbisa gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi pasina kurega nheyo dzaro dzinokosha.

Kukurudzira Kunzwisisa Kukuru

Imwe nharaunda inokosha yokuchinja inonangidzira ngwariro pakushongedzera zviri nani vatongi kuita mabasa avo.Nhano dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobatanidza:

  • Tsika yedare: Kugovera tsananguro yakajeka yemiitiro yedare, mutoro woufakazi, uye basa ravatongi, magweta, uye zvapupu.
  • Muraidzo wedare rinobetsera vatongi: Kutsiva mashoko emitemo ekare nomutauro wakananga uyo vagari vemowo zvavo vanogona kunzwisisa.
  • Kubvunza nokubvunza:[[FLT: 1] Vabvumiri kunyora zvinonyorwa mukati mokutonga ndokupa mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwezvapupu (pamusoro pehwirudzuro yokutonga).
  • Muraidzo wemitongo unopeta: Mirairo mipfupi yomutemo panhambo dzokutsoropodza kubetsera vatongi kuronga ufakazi sezvahunopiwa.

Kuchinja Kwakaitika Muchivako

Zvimwe zvinjo dzinonanga muitiro wokusarudza umene. Somuenzaniso, mamwe madzoro akaderedza chiverengero chedenho dzinowanika kurutivi rumwe norumwe, achiganhurira mano okuisa vatongi mudariro rebato rimwe. Zvimwe zvakakudza ukuru hweboka redare redare rinobetsera vatongi kuwedzera kumirira kana kuti kushandisa “debgabias” unyanzvi mukati mekuparadza. Kuwedzera, kune runhare rwokubvisa zvinetso zvokudzivisira chose chose chose, sezvo kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandiswa kubvisa vatongi vakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti kuva murume pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzapamutemo.

Chimwe chinjo inokosha kushandiswa kwe “huru dzehuro” kana kuti“ dare redare redare redare revhu rapamusoro redare reUnited States munhau dzakaoma, kunyange zvazvo idzodzi dzichiri shoma. Zvirongwa zvokuda mhedziso dzakabatana mumhaka dzose dzoutsotsi($rather) panzvimbo pokubvumira kuti zvisarudzo zvisiri profrate mudzimwe nyika (8) zvivewo zvakawana maruramiro, kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare Ramos v. Louisiana (20), iro raidavira kuti Hurumende yeSikisi inoda kusarurama mhaka dzakakomba dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende.

Pakupedzisira, nhamburiko dzokuwedzera muripo wedare redare rinobetsera vatongi ndokuderedza mutoro webasa (muchib., kugovera purogiramu yakapfava, gadziriro imwe yemasuo yamazuva 76one) dzinovavarira kuita kuti basa redare rinobetsera vatongi rive rinogamuchirika zvikuru uye kukurudzira kutora rutivi kwakafara kunobva muzvikamu zvose zvenzanga.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yedare retsoropodzo, ichipa mutoo wokubatanidzwa kwenzanga uyo unosimbisa kururamisira, kuzvidavirira, uye chivimbo chavose. Kubva mukusarudzwa kwokungwarira kwavatongi kupfurikidza nevoirri kupfurikidza nefungidziro dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinotevera, nhano iri yose yegadziriro inorema. Nepo gadziriro yacho isiri isina zvikanganiso ($bias, kusazvibata, uye zvinetso zvokunzwisisa zvinopfuurira (chinjo dzinopfuurira) kusimbisa mano ayo okupa ruramisiro isina ruramisiro. Mutongi anosano anoshanda navagari vemo vemo vehurumende vakadzidza, ndeimwe yevimbiso hurusa yomuedzo munzanga inotonga zvakanaka.