Sumo

Basa rekutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi muzvose zviri zviviri mutemo wevagari vemo neweutsotsi rave riri ikombiri yemitemo yakavakirwa mugamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose yeEngland. Segadziriro inoisa vagari vemowo zvavo panzvimbo huru yokuita chisarudzo chedare, kutongwa kwedare redare rinotonga kunobatira sebhiriji pakati pomutemo nenzanga yainodzora. Nepo kushandiswa kwavo mukuita mhaka dzoutsotsi kuchizivikanwa zvikuru sedziviriro huru mukurwisana nehurumende inodzorwa, kushandiswa kwemajajita mumhaka dzevagari vemo kunosiyana zvikuru uye kwave nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira. Iyi nzvero yemisiyano yakasiana- siyana, misiyano yedare yedare redare rehurumende mumitezonga yevagari vemo nero, kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu enhau, miitiro yazvino uno, uye denho dzinoshanda dzakatarisana nadzo mumatare edare azvino uno.

Kunzwisisa Miedzo Yokuzvidzora

Kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kupfuurira mumutemo umo boka ravagari vemo rikasarudzwa munzanga ndokupika kupa chisarudzo chisina rusaruro chakadai sokuteerera ufakazi hunopiwa namapoka anopikisana, kunogamuchira mirayiridzo pamutemo unoshanda kubva kumutongi, uye maune kuti vasvike chisarudzo. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vatongi vanosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka; mumhaka dzevagari vemo, vatongi vanosarudza kuva nemhaka uye, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, chitsama chekuvadziko.

Chinangwa chikuru chedare rinobetsera vatongi ndechokupinza mutongo wenzanga mumuitiro wepamutemo.

Mitongo yeJury zvikurukuru rutivi rwezvisakiso zvemitemo zvinozivikanwa navose − mativi akadai seUnited States, Canada, Australia, uye New Zealand. Mukupesana, gadziriro dzemitemo yavagari vemo (mutoo, France, Germany, Japan) dzinotsamira zvikuru pavatongi vane unyanzvi kana kuti matare akavhengana ayo anobatanidza vazivi vehurumende asi asingawanzoshandisi vatongi vegamuchidzanwa vezera rimwe vane gumi navaviri. Kunzwisisa uku kunzvera kupi nokupi kwemitengo.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Mavambo muEngland Yakare

Vatongi vazvino uno vanonzvera mavambo avo kusvikira kuEngland yechi12, umo King Henry II akatanga danda reasce(* boka ravarume vomunzvimbomo rakapika kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero dzenzvimbo nepomero dzoutsotsi. Vatongi vapakuvamba vakaita sezvapupu zvikuru kupfuura vawani veidi vasingasaruri, sezvo vaikarirwa kutoziva maidi enhau yacho. Nokufamba kwenguva, vatongi vakatendeukira mudare rakazvimirira iro rakawana ufakazi hwakapiwa mudare.

Magna Carta ye1215 inowanzodudzwa senhambo huru huru, ine zvitsama zvemashoko zvinovimbisa rutongeso navezera rako. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa zvishoma nezvishoma mumutemo weChirungu wevanhu vose, zvikurukuru pashure pokutongwa kwaWilliam Penn muna 1670, iyo yakasimbisa maruramiro edare rapamutemo okusarudza magariro azvimirira.

Kurera Mwana Womumwe Uye Kuchinja Mumitemo Yavose

Bhuku rinonzi Constitution of Rights uye Bill of Rights rakapa kodzero yokutonga dare remhosva uye nyaya dzevagari vemo mumhosva dzemhosva dzinotongwa nedzinotongwa nedare rechitanhatu (Endazhe Yenyika Dzose) rinovimbisa kuti kutonga kwedare kunokurumidza uye kunoitwa nedare risingasaruri mumatare emhosva, nepo Sevenment Amendment inoita kuti kodzero yokutongwa nedare rehurumende irambe iri mumatare evagari vemo uko uko kukosha kwokutonga kunodarika madhora makumi maviri okutonga.

MuUnited Kingdom, kushandiswa kwematare edare mumhaka dzevagari vemo kwadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Administration of Justice Act 1933 yakagumisa zvikurukuru kutonga kwevagari vemo kunze kwemhosva dzaibatanidza kupomerwa mhosva, kuiswa mujeri kwenhema, kupomerwa mhosva dzenhema, kana kuti kubiridzira. Kuchinjazve kwapashure kwaichirongwa kwematare ehurumende kwakaganhurirwa, uye nhasi hakuwanzoitwi muEngland neWales. Panguva ino, kutonga kwedare redare redare remhosva kunoramba kuri kodzero huru yemhosva muUK.

Miedzo Yemaminitsi Mumiitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Marudzi emitemo yavagari vemo aramba zvikuru vatongi vegamuchidzanwa vamagamuchidzanwa vanobetsera vatongi. Panzvimbo pezvo, akawanda anoshandisa gadziriro yavatongi vapamberi kana kuti matare akavhengana umo vatongi vane unyanzvi navanoronga pamwe chete. Somuenzaniso, France inoshandisa vachemi vamadokero [[FLT] navatongi vanogara parutivi pavatongi. Idzi mhesano dzokubatanidza nzanga pasina kuoma kwedare rakaparadzana nomutongi kana kuti ngozi dzemitongo yakakomba iyo inogona kumuka mumasangano akachena edare.

Kunzvera Kunoenzanisa Miedzo YevaJury Mumutemo Woutsotsi uye Womunharaunda

Nepo kutongwa kwemhosva nedare rinobetsera vatongi kuine mavambo mamwe chetewo uye mativi akawanda emitemo, anosiana zvikurukuru mudonzo, chimiro, uye uzhinji hwokushandiswa.

Miedzo Yakakwana Mumutemo Woutsotsi

Kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kwakarongedzerwa kudzivirira mupomerwi pasimba guru rehurumende. Muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. [ichi chirevo chakakwirira zvikurusa choufakazi mumutemo.] Ichi chinoratidzira nheyo yokuti kuri nani kurega vanhu vane mhaka gumi vachienda vakasununguka kupfuura kushurikidza munhu mumwe asina mhaka.

Mativi makuru ekutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi anobatanidza:

  • Kuratidza kusava nemhaka: Mukwirirwi anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka. Vatongi vanofanira kutanga kurangarira neredhi risina kunyorwa chinhu; muroveri wemhaka anotakura mutoro wose.
  • mhedziso dzakaparadzaniswa: Mumitemo yavose zvikurusa, chisarudzo chemhosva chinofanira kuva chakabatana. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatsigira ichi chinodikanwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba mu Ramos v. Louisiana[FLT] [5] [2020]. Mamwe masangano anobvumira kuti zvisarungaidzo zvisina maturo nokuda kwemhosva duku, asi muitiro wacho uri kukuvara.
  • Akarurama kutongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi: muUnited States, mukwirirwi upi noupi anotarisana netongero inobvira yemwedzi mitanhatu ane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. MuUK, kodzero inowanzoshanda kumhosva dzinopomerwa (mhosva dzakakomba) dzakatongwa muDare reHurumende.
  • Kusarudza kwakaipa: MaAtmorney emativi ose ari maviri anotora rutivi mu hosha yedavidzo [ yokuziva fungidziro. Zvinetso nedenho zvokuparira nzvimbo yokupedzisira. Muzvinoitika zvakakwirira, kuyera kukuru kungadikanwa kuvimbisa vatongi vasingasaruri.

Madare anobetsera dare utsotsi secherekedzo pachisarudzo chedare nechokutonga. Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti nzanga(_rather ive nemhaka imwe chete(-dermine), tsika inosimbisa chivimbo chavose. Zvisinei, kuoma kwemhosva dzazvino uno, zvikurukuru idzo dzinobatanidza sayenzi yezvemari kana kuti ufakazi hwemichina, dzinogona kudzvinyirira mano evatongi okunzwisisa zvinhu zvemichina.

Kugadzirwa Kwenyuchi Nebasa Rayo

Rutivi runokosha asi runomutsa nharo rwekutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi ndi kuparadzwa. , apo vatongi vanodzorera chisarudzo chokusava nemhaka pasinei zvapo noufakazi hungatsigira kupwiswa. Chibvumirano chinoitika apo vatongi vanodavira kuti mutemo umene hauna kururama kana kuti kushandiswa kwawo mumhaka yakati kungaparira muuyo usingachinjiki. Nepo majuji ane simba rokuparadza, havawanzoziviswa nezvesimba iri. Muitiro wacho unonyanyobatanidzwa nemitemo inorwisana nokupandukira, mitemo yemirayiro yedoro, uye mitoo mizhinji ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mhosva dzemirimo.

Miedzo Yakakomba Mumutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mitongo yedare redare redare redzimhosva yakabatana. MuUnited States, Seventh Amendment inovimbisa kutonga kwedare redare revagari vemo munhau dzehurumende umo chitsama chemari mugakava chinopfuura $20. Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inogovera dziviriro dzakafanana. Mitongo yavagari vemo inowanzosarudza mibvunzo yemhosva uye, muzviitiko zvakawanda, inoyera kuvadziko() uye, panhambo nenhambo, kuranga.

Mativi makuru ekutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi anobatanidza:

  • Mupimo wakaderera wechibvumikiso: Mutengi anofanira kubvumikisa chinoitika chavo kupfurikidza ne fungidziro youfakazi[ (ingabvira zvikuru kupfuura zvisati). Iyi danda rakaderera zvikuru kupfuura pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  • Zvisarudzo zveNon-upast zvinobvumirwa: Mumasangano akawanda eU.S., rutongeso rwavagari vemo harufaniri kuva rumwe chete; 5/6 kana kuti 5/7 voruzhinji vangakwana. Mitongo yehurumende inofanira kuva yakabatana kana nzanga dzisati dzabvumirana, asi Federal Regames of Civil Procedures inobvumira nokuda kwe 5/6 mirangariro kupfurikidza nokuisa mashoko mamwe mashoko.
  • Yakajekeswa kurudyi munyika dzakawanda: Kunze kweUnited States, kutonga kwedare ravagari vemo redare redare ramajangarija kwabviswa zvikurukuru. MuEngland neWales, matare avagari vemo anodokutsakatika kunze kwokuzvidzwa, kuiswa mutorongo kwenhema, uye kutongwa kwakaipa. Canada inobvumira majaji avagari vemo mune dzimwe nharaunda asi inoisa ganhuriro. Australia nenzira yakafanana inoganhurira kushandiswa kwavo.
  • denho dzeCoptionx: Gakava rezvokutengeserana rakakatukana, nhau dzakarongeka, uye zvitunha zvinowanzobatanidza zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvikuru uye chipupuriro chounyanzvi. Masangano akawanda akachinja kumitongo yebhenji (kupfurikidza nokutonga kwoga) nokuda kwenhau dzakadaro, kubvunza kana majuri achigona kubata nenzira inokwanei kuoma.

Muzviitiko zvinokuvadza, vatongi vanogona kutsiva zvinokuvadza zvinoratidzira maonero avanhu pamusoro pokurwadziwa nokutambura. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti matare ehurumende haadeyi kuzivikanwa, anodhura, uye anokombamira kusarura ganda zvikurukuru kupomerwa mapurisa ebhizimisi.

Kukuvadzwa Nokurangwa

Nzvimbo inokakavadzana zvikuru ibasa redare rinobetsera vatongi pakuranga zvirango zvokuranga. [FLT] Farm v. Campbell [FLT] yagadza muganhu wemitemo parango repazati reTS, ichida kuti zvive zvine mufungo uye zvinowirirana nokukuvadza. [FLT] Farm v. Campbel [FLT] yakatanga reshingidziro imwe-katuro pakati pe puript ne-backer. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutungamirira kuranga pamusoro pechinjo.

Betsero Nedzipi Dzemiedzo Yavanyanza

Kubudirira kwavo kunotsamira pamitemo yehurumende, rudzi rwemhosva, uye kunaka kwemirayiridzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi uye kupiwa kwoufakazi.

Betsero

Miedzo yeJury inopa betsero dzakati kuti dzinokosha:

  • Kutora rutivi kwapamutemo noururami: Juries mubatanidzwa wenheyo yedemocracy yokuti ruramisiro haisi muitiro wakavanzika, wehurumende. Apo vagari vemo vanoshumira ndokudzosera mhedziso, chivimbo chavose mudare rinotonga chinosimbiswa.
  • Sekete pamusoro pesimba rokutonga nerokuchuchisa: Vatongi vanogona kuramba kushurikidza mumutemo usina kururama (kusimbisa) kana kuti kuramba mhaka isina simba yokukwidziridzira, ichibatira somurivi mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera.
  • Mirangariro yakapesana: Boka ravatongi vane gumi navaviri (kana kuti vashoma) rinounza zvinoitika zvoupenyu zvakasiyana, richideredza ngozi yemirangariro yomutongi mumwe inodzora muuyo. Rutongeso rwakabatana urwu runogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakanaka muzvinoitika zvinonyandurwa mundangariro kana kuti mutsika.
  • [ Basa rokuwana basa ramaSangano:[[FT:1] Majeri anorangarirwa kuyera kuvimbika nokuyera ufakazi hunopesana. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti vatongi kazhinji kazhinji noune uye vanorangarira zvakakomba mitoro yavo.
  • Kuisa marwadzo: Muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, vatongi vanogona kutsiva zvirango zvinoratidzira mipimo yenzanga (zvinonyanya kukosha nokuda kwekuvadziko dzisiri dzemari dzakadai semarwadzo nokutambura, apo mutongi angava akanyanyoshandiswa.

Dzisiri Betsero

Pakurwisana neidzi simba dzinofanira kurangarirwa miuyo inokosha:

  • Kusachinja uye kusadeya kutaurwa: Mitongo yakasiana - siana ingasvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamaidi akafanana. Uku kusawirirana kunogona kusekesa nharidzano yeruramisiro yakaenzana ndokuparira mugariro wakafanana nerotari murondedzero yavagari vemo.
  • Kurema kukuru: Miedzo yazvino uno inowanzobatanidza ufakazi hwakaoma kunzwisisa hwesayenzi, unyanzvi, kana kuti hwemari. Varwi vangaparapatika kunzwisisa zvibvumikiso zvemifungo, kunzvera DNA, kana kuti mahwendefa ebhizimisi akaoma, zvichitungamirira kunyonganiso nokuvimba nezvinochinjika.
  • Kutonga nokunonoka: Jury kunononoka uye kunodhura zvikuru kupfuura kutongwa kwebhenji. Ndyiko dzechisarudzo chedare, kukwirira, uye kutambanudzwa kunogona kuremedza zvose zviri zviviri zvigaro negadziriro yedare. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vangabvisa maruramiro avo kudare kurusarudzo rwechisarudzo.
  • , nefungira mano akaipa:[[FT:1] Vatongi, kufanana navanhu vose, vanounza fungidziro dzinosaziva dzine chokuita nedzinza, vatano, boka, nezvimwe zvinhu. Zvisarudzo zvakakwirira zvinogona kusvibiswa nokuziviswa kwenhau, uye pasinei zvapo neavoir, vanosarura vangapenyeswa. Kusarura kwevatongi kwave kuri simbiso yenhamburiko dzokuchinja.
  • Zvisarudzo zvemirangariro: Tsitsi nokuda kwomupofu akuvadzwa kana kuti hasha kumukwirirwi wetsotsi dzinogona kudzosa matare apamutemo kupfuura izvo ufakazi hunoraira. Majangaridhi avagari vemo akatsoropodzwa nokuda kwechirango chakanyanyisa, kusunda matare neganhuriro dzemitemo.
  • Mutoro webasa reJurgy:[[FLT: 1] Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi kunoda vagari vemo kutora nguva kubasa nemhuri. Mari yakaderera nokushaikwa kwedziviriro dzavashandirwi mune dzimwe nharaunda zvinogona kuparira nhamo nokubvisa basa, kuisa bhawa redare kuna avo vanogona kugona kubatira.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nezvekuchinja

Dare redare rinobetsera vatongi harina kubatana.

Kuongorora Nounyanzvi

Imwe nharaunda huru yokuvandudza inobatanidza kuvandudza nzwisiso yedare. Matare akaedza nokubvumira vatongi kunyora mashoko, kubvunza mibvunzo yakanyorwa yezvapupu, uye kugamuchira makopi akanyorwa emirairidzo yedare. Kushandiswa kwezvapupu zvedare zvamaongorori uye nyanzvi dzakagadzwa dzedare dzinogona kubetsera kujekesa ufakazi hwemifungo yedare. Vamwe vatongi zvino vanopa mirayiridzo yokutanga pakutanga kubetsera kuronga mashoko.

Ruzivo rwemichina rwunopawo denho itsva. Vadzori vanoedzwa nenzira inowedzera kunzvera nhau paIndaneti, kukurukura pamusoro penhau dzesocial social, kana kuti kunyange kuzivisa zvakavanzika. Matare zvino anopa mirayiridzo yorumano isingashandisi uye, munhau dzakakomba, majaji edare reSangano reHurumende. Chiviti cheNational Center for State Courts inopa vatongi nhungamiro dzokushandisa dare remiteopuko.

Rukudzo Rwenyu uye Kusawirirana

Boka reJury rave riri nhau yenhau yebumbiro remitemo. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakati matare emitezo miduku isingasviki mitanhatu anoputsa Dare reSikisi mumhaka dzoutsotsi (] Ballallew v. Georgia[]), asi majaji mashanu kana kuti matanhatu anobvumirwa nokuda kwemhosva duku. Vatongi vevagari vemo vanogona kuva vaduku savatanhatu mumatare ehurumende. Vamwe vatsigiriri nokuda kwemitongo miduku kuderedza nokufamba kwenguva, asi vatsoropo vanonyevera kuti mapoka maduku anotaputirwa zvikuru kuunhu hunodzora uye sezvingabvira kumirira mhando dzenzanga.

Zvinodikanwa zvisina muganhu zvinoramba zviri musoro unopisa, zvikurukuru pashure pa Ramos v. Louisiana yakarova rutongeso rusiri rwemitemo mumatare ehurumende. Munhau dzavagari vemo, mhedziso dzisati dziri dze-uau reapment dzinozivikanwa navose uye hadziwanzodenhwa. Kukurukurirana pamusoro pokuti kuda kusawirirana kunowedzera kunaka kwerangariro kana kuti kusimbisa mubati mumwe kuvhara muuyo wakarurama.

Kuvaka Munhambo Yazvino Uno

Kuparadza murairo kunoramba kuri nhau ichiripo. Vamwe vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuparadzwa kunofanira kubvumirwa zvakajeka, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba masimba dzemirimo kana kuti zviito zvechisimba izvo nzanga haisati icharangarirwi setsotsi. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kuparadzwa kunosekesa mutemo uye kunogona kutungamirira kurutongeso rwakavakirwa pafungira mano akaipa, zvakadai somuzvinoitika zvenhau zvedare rose rechena rinorevererwa mhaka dzamasimba masimba mukurwisana navaAbozi. Madare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoramba kurairidza marutongeso pamusoro pokuparadzwa kwebasa, uye vakwikwidziridziridziridzo vangashatisa maruramiro kudare kana vachidavira kuti dare ringasava nemhaka yakavakirwa parusarurano panzvimbo yeruramisiro.

mhedziso

Mumhosva dzeutsotsi, vanomira sedziviriro paudzvinyiriri husina kururama uye kudzvinyirirwa nehurumende, vachirayira kuti nzanga ibvumire kuva nemhaka pasina mubvunzo. Munyaya dzehurumende, vanopa nzira yokuti vanhuwo zvavo vagadzirise kusawirirana kwemari nekodzero, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwavo kwadziri kuderera zvikuru kunze kweUnited States.

Nzvero yokuenzanisa kutongwa kwedare redare rinobetsera inozivisa kuti nepo mufungo unokosha((*kutora rutivi mururamisiro(icho chinoyemurwa zvikuru, kuitwa kwawo kunosiyana zvikuru. United States inoramba iri mushandisi ane mbavarira zvikurusa wezvose zviri zviviri matare avagari vemo namatsotsi, nepo dzimwe nyika dzinozivikanwa navose dzakaganhura basa redare revagari vemo. Mitemo yehurumende inopa zvimiro zvokutsiva zvokutora rutivi asi inodzivisa muenzaniso wedare redare rehurumende repamutemo.

Kana matare achigona kubata nenzira inobudirira rondedzero yakaoma zvikuru neyounyanzvi idenho inopfuurira. Kugadziridza kwakaitirwa kuvandudza nzwisiso yehuru, kuderedza rusaruro, uye kudzora ndyiko dzemitongo yedare rinobetsera kuchengetedza gadziriro nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Zvisinei, ukoshi hukuru hweruramisiro (kurangarira kuti ruramisiro inoratidzira kwete chete mutemo pamabhuku asi hana yenzanga) inoramba iri yakafanira nhasi sezvayakanga iri muEngland yapakati. Sezvinoramba iripo, basa remitemo revatongi richapfuurira kuva pfundo guru nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzikamisa mufambiro, unyanzvi, uye kuvimbika kwoutongi hwechisarudzi mukurondwa kweruramisiro.