Basa Rinokosha Rezvinodikanwa Zvinodzivisa Mumisengwa Yomubatanidzwa Wevanhu Vose Nokuda Kwavarwere Vendangariro

Mitemo yokuzvipira yavagari vemo inobatira donzo rimwe ramativi maviri: kugovera kurapa kuri madikanwa nokuda kwavanhu vane chirwere chendangariro chakakomba nepo vachidzivirira panguva imwe cheteyo rusununguko rwavo rukuru rwevagari vemo. Panzvimbo yeiyi gadziriro yapamutemo pane chinodikanwa chinonzi dziviriro yemitemo inodzivisa kusungwa kwokuzvidira uye inovimbisa kuti kupinda muchipatara kwokusazvidira kunoitika bedzi pashure pokunzvera kwokungwarira kwedare. Kunzwisisa kuti zvinodikanwa zvokupa pamutemo zvinoshanda sei muzvinoitika zvekuzvipira kwavagari vemo zvinokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vatarisiri vezvoutano, uye vatsigiriri vanonzvera iyi pamutemo vane nhevedzano yetsika dzoutano nekodzero dzemitemo.

Fandesheni Yapamutemo Yezvinodikanwa Zvinopa Mbango Mukuzvipira Kwavagari Vemo

Dare Rechina Remitemo rinodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha, uye nheyo dzaro dzinotambanukira kumitongo yavagari vemo. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa risina kutaura zvakananga kuti maruramiro ari madikanwa nguva dzose nokuda kwokupinzwa muchipatara pasina kumanikidzwa, matare maduku nguva dzose akaziva kuti kuzvipira kwomubatanidzwa kunoumba kushaiwa kukuru kworusununguko, kunoda dziviriro yemitemo kunzvimbo yemhosva idzodzo. Chinodikanwa chacho chinovimbisa kuti chisarudzo chokuita munhu wacho hachiitwa nenzira isina kuganhurirwa nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti nyanzvi dzezvoutano hwendangariro asi panzvimbo pezvo kunoitwa nemutongi asingatori rutivi anonzvera ufakazi hwengozi nechirwere chendangariro.

Mipimo Yezvinoparira Yakarurama Mumagariro Avagari Vemo.

Munhau dzokuzvipira kwehurumende, mupimo wezvibvumikiso unosiana nomupimo woutsotsi. Dare rapamusorosa mu Addington v. Texas) yaidavira kuti kuzvipira kwevagari vomunyika kunoda ufakazi hunooneka uye hunopwisa [[, mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura ufakazi asi hunopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Nokuti rugwaro runoparira, mupimo unoramba uri muduku zvikuru (pashoma) pachinhu chinosaririra pachinhu chimwe chakananga pamashoko akananga kuti munhu wacho anorwara mupfungwa uye anoparira ngozi kwaari amene kana kuti vamwe. Uyu mupimo unorangarirwa nomutongi kana kuti mutongi, anonzvera, anonzvera utano hwendangariro, uye anopupurira kubatwa nomunhu oga oga.

Nhamo Yakaganhurirwa Kuchinodikanwa Chinodzivisa

Hakusati kuri kuzvipira kwose kwavagari vemo kunoda chibvumirano chapamberi pekunyoreswa. Panenge pahurumende yose inobvumira kuzvipira kunobatira maawa anogarogara 48 kusvikira ku 72]. Kurangarira kuti munhu anogona kusungwa pasina murairo kana achiva nengozi yokukuvara nokukurumidza. Mukati menhambo ino, nyanzvi dzendangariro dzinorangarira murwere uye chikumbiro nokuda kwomupi wenguva refu, izvo zvinoparira kunzwa kwapamutemo nedziviriro. Dzikanoteverwa dzapapatidzo dzinokurumidza mungozi yokuiswa mutorongo kwenhema, asi kwave kuchitsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva anonyanyoshandiswa uye nokuda kwokuita kuti kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi pasina kutarisirwa kwakakwana.

Matare akarwisana nemiganhu yeichi chisiiwa. Mu McGarry v. Frawley (2020), dare rokukwirira rehurumende rakatonga kuti njodzi dzisina kufanira dzinofanira kubatwa nenzira yapachokwadi uye kuti nyika hadzigoni kushandisa kusiiwa sechiito chenguva dzose chekubvumidzwa. Chisarudzo ichi chinoratidza kombamiro yakakomba huru kukusimbisa dziviriro dzakakodzera mumusengwa wevagari vemo, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira.

Kuzvipira Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete uye Kushanda Kunoita Mari

Kunzwisisa nhano nenhano dzekuzvipira kwomugari wemo kunozivisa zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvebasa zvinoitwa. Nepo miitiro ichisiyana nehurumende, nzira chaiyoiyo inobatanidza nhano dzinoverengeka, imwe neimwe ine zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakajeka.

Kupinzwa Kwokuzvipira

Muitiro wacho unowanzotanga apo mutezo wemhuri, mutarisiri wezvoutano, kana kuti mukuru mukuru wedare anocherechedza mufambiro unokarakadza chirwere chakakomba chendangariro nengozi. Mudzimwe nyika, nhano yokutanga ndeyokunyora chikumbiro nedare routano hwendangariro romunzvimbomo. Chikumbiro chacho chinofanira kubatanidza maidi chaiwo. (hwu haufaniri kuva fungidzirowo zvadzo.) kusimbisa kuti dare riwane chikumbiro chacho chakakwana, chingapa maruramiro anobvumira kutyiwa kwomunhu uye kuendeswa kunzvimbo yakatarwa. Iyi maruramiro inoitirwa kudzivisa nhashu dzisi dzisiri dzepamutemo uye kuvimbisa kuti munhu wacho haapiwiswi zvichibva panzvimbo zvisinganzwisisiki.

Basa Rokuongorora Utano Hwepfungwa

Pakusvika panzvimbo yacho, munhu wacho anowanzowana nzvero youtano hwendangariro inoitiswa nachiremba wendangariro kana kuti nyanzvi yendangariro ine rezenisi. Kunzvera kunoyera mugariro wendangariro, ngozi yekuvadziko, uye simba rokuzvingwarira. Miuyo inonyorwa mumushumo wakarongwa, unobatira soufakazi hunokosha kana mhaka yacho ikapfuurira kunzwiwa. Zvikurukuru, munzveri anofanira kurangarira kana munhu wacho achisangana nemitemo yehurumende nokuda kwokuzvipira (* kazhinji kazhinji mubatanidzwa wechirwere chendangariro, kukuva nengozi, uye kusakwanisa kuzvitarisira amene.) uye kana zvimwe zvinotsiva zvisingaganhuriri zvikuru zvichiwanika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Nokutonga

Mukati menhambo inorondedzerwa nenzira inorondedzerwa (84) kazhinji kazhinji maawa 72 kusvikira ku 10) dare rinotonga kuti rione kana rugwaro rwacho ruchifanira kuchengetwa uye kusungirwa kutora nguva refu. Mukati mouku kutongwa, munhu ane maruramiro ezano rapamutemo, kupa ufakazi, uye kuyambuka zvapupu. Hurumende ine mutoro wokubvumikisa mipimo yezvipikirwa kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa. Chibvumikiso chapiwa pakuvamba chinobatira sehwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwokusungwa kwokutanga, asi hachisati chichisarudza muuyo wokunzwa. Kana hurumende ikatadza kusvitsa mutoro wayo, munhu anofanira kusunungurwa nokukurumidza.

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokudaro sedziviriro ine mbiri: danho rakaderera rokuvanza kwenguva pfupi kwakamirira kuchengetwa, uye danho rakakwirira rokutsakatika kworusununguko. Iyi nzira yakavharwa yakakomba mukudzivisa kuiswa muchipatara kwenguva refu, kusiri madikanwa nepo ichiri kubvumira kupindira mumigariro yakakomba yapachokwadi.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvepamutemo Zvinoderedza Zvinodiwa Zvinoda Kurwiswa

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinosimbisa basa redare rokutonga mukudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzavo nehurumende mukuchengeteka uye pakurapwa.

[[ITSV: 0]Lessard v. Schmidt[[FL:1] (1972)

Munhau iyi, dare reruwa rakarova musengwa wehurumende weWisconsin nokuda kwokukundikana kugovera dziviriro dzakakwana. dare rakati vanhu vanotarisana nechibvumirano chokuzvidira vane maruramiro okucherekedza, kunzwa, maruramiro okupa zano, uye maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara. Nenzira ine mufungo, dare raida chidzitiro kusingapanikirikirwi nokusabvumwa kwomusengwa kwakakwana. [[[FLT:]] mupimo gare gare gare unodzorwa neDare rapamusorosoro mu . [FLT] Addton[F].

[[FOL:0]O'Connor v. Donaldson[[FLT] [1] (1975]

Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti munhu asingatyiwi anokwanisa kurarama akakotsekana munzanga haagoni kuganhurirwa mukurwisana nechido chavo. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende hachisi chirongwa chokuvhara vanhu vose vanorwara mundangariro asi kunofanira kururamiswa nokuratidza kuva nengozi. Uku kusimbisa nenzira isina kunanga zvinodikanwa: kana kuzvipira kuchida ufakazi hwengozi, ipapo maruramiro anofanira kuvakirwa paufakazi chaihwoihwo ihwohwo hune ngozi, kwete kungonzvera bedzi chirwere chendangariro.

Addington v. Texas[[FLT] [1] (1979)

Sezvacherechedzwa, Dare rakasimbisa mupimo woufakazi wakajeka nounopwisa wekuzvipira kwehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakabvuma kunyadziswa nokurasikirwa norusununguko zvinobatanidzwa uye chakaomerera pamupimo wakakwirira kupfuura unoshandiswa mumhaka dzenguva dzose dzevagari vemo. Nokuda kwechibvumirano, iyi mirau inopesvedzera kunaka kwoufakazi mutongi anofanira kuyera: vatongi vanofanira kupa maidi ayo angatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti zvose zviri zviviri munhu ane ndangariro yakaipa uye ane ngozi. Kufungidzirawo kana kuti mutezo wemhuri hauna kukwana.

[[I] PARham v. J.R.[[FLT] [1] (1979)

Nyaya iyi yakataura nezvechibvumirano chevana nevabereki vavo. Dare racho rakati vabereki vanogona kubvumira vana vavo kuchipatara chepfungwa pasina kutongwa kwepfungwa, chero bedzi pachine kuongorora kwokurapa kwakazvimirira. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti rudzi rwakati rwokusatora rutivi runofanira kuitika. Kuvakuru, zvinodiwa kuti vapiwe musengwa usati wazvidira zvinoramba zviripo, uye kusinganyanyi kudiwa nokuda kwevana vari kutongerwa zvokuita.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu uye Misiyano Yetsika

Nyika imwe neimwe ine mutemo wayo wokuzvipira muhurumende, unoita kuti pave nemhesano huru pakuwanikwa kwemitemo, kuti munhu akumbire, uye kuti uchapupu hupi hunodiwa.

Pretation v. Post-Petation Wardants

Mune dzimwe nyika, mutongi anofanira kupiwa murairo unobvumira mukuru mukuru worugare kuendesa munhu kuchipatara. Mutarisi upi noupi wemitemo anogona kutora munhu kuti acherekedzwe. Somuenzaniso, muNew York, chikumbiro chinofanira kuchengetwa nedare, uye mutongi anofanira kupa murairo unobvumira mukuru mukuru worugare kuendesa munhu kuchipatara. Uyu muenzaniso wepamberi pere unogona kuwedzera muitiro wakafanira asi unogona kuparira kunonozetswa kune ngozi apo munhu anenge achida kuzviuraya kana kuti achirwisana namasimba masimba. Zvimwe, zvakadai seCalifornia, zvinobvumira kuti awa [[FLT:] inoumbwa nomupurisa worugare kana kuti utano hwendangariro husina kurongwa, akagovera munhu wacho ngozi kumunhu kana kuti kuoma kwesimba.

Basa Rokusimbiswa kwoMutemo

Vatsoropodzi vanorondedzerawo basa ramapurisa mukupindira muutano hwendangariro. Apo rugwaro runowanwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunosungirwa pamutemo kuruita, uko kungabatanidza kuwana, kusundirana maoko, uye kutakurwa kwomunhu.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kwamapurisa kunogona kuwedzera migariro, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vane ruvara, avo vanotya zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti nyanzvi dzendangariro dzinorapa (h·crsis kana kuti mapoka anotakurwa nenhamo (*) dzideredzei kubatana kwokutanga, dzideredzei kuvimba nemapurisa uye njodzi yokuuraya.

Mitemo Yemitemo Neganhuriro Dzayo Zvinochengetwa Nekurumidziro

Nyika 50 dzose dzine mitemo yekurumidziro, inowanzonzi "Baker Acts" (Florida), "5150 inoda" (Cilifornia), kana kuti "mirairo yokuzvisunga yorumano" mirau iyi inobvumira kusungwa pasina rugwaro rwenhambo pfupi, kazhinji kazhinji maawa 48 kusvikira ku7, mukati mekuongorora. Pashure paizvozvo, kana kuvimbisa kupfuurira, mutezo nokunzwa zvinodikanwa. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kuwedzerwa kwechakakomba kubatwa netendero yehurumende kana kuti dare, dzichibudirira kugadzira kupfiga pasina maruramiro enguva dzose anogona kupedza mavhiki. Ikoku kunosimudzira mirangariro yakakomba yemitemo uye kwakadenhwa. Somuenzaniso, kukwidzwa kweboka rechi20 rokupara mhosva muIllino yaillino yaipomerwa kuti vanhu vose vaitwe nokuda kwemavhiki edare, kuchiputsa kodzero dzavo dzinoko.

Zvinetso, Kutsoropodza, uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Pasinei zvapo nebasa razvo rokudzivirira, zvinodikanwa mukuzvipira kwehurumende hazvisi zvisina zvinetso.

Kunonoka Kusvika Kukunzwa

Chimwe chezvinetso zvinopfuurira zvikurusa musiyano pakati pekusawirirana kwedariro nenzwi chairo. Mumativi akawanda edare rinodzorwa, mabumbiro edzimhosva anodzorwa, uye kunzwa kwakarongwa mavhiki kana kuti kunyange mwedzi pashure pokupfigwa kwokutanga. Munguva ino, munhu anoramba ari muchipatara mukurwisana nekuda kwavo, dzimwe nguva, pasina chisarudzo chokupedzisira chokuti kuzvipira kunoruramiswa here kana kuti kuchengeteka kunoruramiswa. Iyi nhambo ino inowirirana nekwakatarwa necherokukurumidzira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji bedzi nokuda kwokutya kwokutanga kwapamutemo. Rupanduko rwamariro dzinoita kuti kunzwa kunofanira kuitika mukati memaawa 48, kufanana nezvinodikanwa mumiitiro youtsotsi nokuda kwechisarupo. Dzimwe nguva, kufanana neWashington, yakabatanidza [FLD:] zvirongwa zvokuteerera [FFF1]

Kumirira Kwakakwana Kwepamutemo

Vanhu vazhinji vanotarisana nemhiko yehurumende havagoni kuwana mirau yapamutemo inoshingaira. Dzimwe nyika hadzipi maruramiro okugadza zano, uye kunyange apo zano rinogoverwa, magweta angaremedzwa kana kuti kushaikwa rovedzo mumutemo woutano hwendangariro. Pasina rovedzo inobudirira, kunzwika kwetendero kunova muitiro werabha umo dare rinongogamuchira chikumbiro chehurumende. Ikoku kunosekesa chinangwa chezvinodikanwa . "a chenzvero ine revo pasimba rehurumende." Zvinjo dzinobatanidza kukudza mabasa avose ezvibvumirano zvemisero yehurumende uye kuraira kuti zano iroro risangane vatengi pamberi pokunzwa kuti vakurukure ufakazi nokurapa kungabvira.

Kusawirirana Kwedzinza Nenzanga Nezvemari

Tsitsi dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vane ruvara, zvikurukuru varume vechiBlack, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachaiswa mumisengwa yavagari vemo uye kuva nemitemo inopinzwa mukurwisana navo. Vane bvirowo zvikuru yokuchengetwa munzvimbo dzakachengeteka panzvimbo pokubatwa kwakavakirwa nzanga. Idzi dzinopesana dzinokarakadza kuti zvisarudzo zvinobvumira hazvo hazvisi zvokusarurwa bedzi asi zvinopesvedzerwa nerusaruro rwakakwana nekusaenzana. Vatsigiri vanosimudzira rovedzo yetsika nokuda kwavatongi navapi, pamwe chete nokuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemirayiridzo yokunzvera kubvisa tsvina. Mamwe masangano akagamuchirwa "diction" mapurogiramu anodzorwa vanhu kubva mumuitiro womusengwa kudzimba dzinotsigira kana kuti tarisiro inoshivirira, kuderedza kudikanwa kwezvibvumidzo chose chose.

Kubetsera Kurapa Kunoshivirira uye Zvisipo Zvishoma Zvisingaganhurirwi

Mumhinduro kuganhuriro dzekuzvipira kwevagari vemo, maruwa akawanda akakudziridza anoshandiswa kurapa kwokusarapwa (AOT) purogiramu. Dare rinobvumira matare kurayira vanhu vane chirwere chendangariro chakakomba kuti vawirirane nokurapa kwokusarapwa, kurapa uye kurapa, sezvinotsiva kurapa, sezvinodiwa pakurapa. Kushandisa kumanikidza kubhadharwa neapo kana munhu wacho akakundikana kuomerera kumira kumurairo, pamutemo unogona kupiwa kuti vaonekwe. Uyu muenzaniso wokuedza kuisa muganhu pakati pekusununguka nokuchengeteka asi uchikwidziridza mamiriro acho ezvidzidzo, sezvo kukundikana kushandisa mishonga kunogona kuguma nechinhu, kunyange kana munhu wacho asingagoni kutadza kutakura pamutemo. [FLT:] Mutemo: Krecteds [2]

Vatsoropodzi, zvisinei, nyevero yokuti AOT inogona kuwedzera kusvika kwokupindira kwemubatanidzwa, sezvo magwaro anoshandiswa kwete bedzi nokuda kwengozi yakakomba asiwo nokuda kwokurapa kusingawirirani. American Civil Liberties Union yakataura kuti gadziriro dzeAOT dzinova gadziriro ye "manikidziro yokushivira yokushivira" inoranga zvirwere zvendangariro panzvimbo pokutsigira kunaya.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuwedzera Muitiro Usingakundikani

Mamwe majeri ari kutendeukira kuruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti avandudze nguva neruramisiro yezvisarudzo zvinonzi zvibvumirwe. TELY] jus kana kuti kunzwa kwevhidhiyo kunobvumira vatongi kuhwirudzura zvikumbiro nokubudisa nhau kunofanira kuva kure, kuderedza nguva inoshandiswa kumirira jaji. Mumaruwa, apo mutongi angava ari kure, izvi zvinogona kureva kusiyana pakati pekupindira kwokukurumidza uye kuvharirwa kwenguva refu pasina mvumo. Zvisinei, kunzwa kwevhidhiyo kunoisawo ngozi kutarisana nechimiro chenhau neredhiyo youfakazi. Vatsigiriki vanotaura kuti betsero dzekuwana nokukurumidza kutungamirira dare dzinokunda migariro inobvira, zvikurukuru kana yakabata miganhuro yekurumidzi.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Rusununguko Nechengeteko

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji munhau dzokuzvipira kwevagari vemo haisi migarirowo zvayo yetsika dzinotevedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo zvinodzivirira vanhu pakusungwa kusina donzo nepo zvichiva nechokwadi chokuti avo vanoda betsero zvirokwazvo vanoigamuchira. Chinodikanwa cheFreadterment yeChina, chakachinjirwa kumugariro wehurumende, chinoraira kuti mugadziri wechisarudzo asina rekare aongorore ufakazi hwengozi nechirwere chendangariro hurumende isati yatorera mumwe munhu rusununguko rwavo. Kunyange zvazvo kusafanira kukurumidza kuvanzwa, vanofanira kugadzirirwa kuti vadzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuchengetedzwa kwenguva refu nguva dzose kunoparira gadziriro dzinodiwa dzinosimba.

Zvinetso zvinopfuurira($deray, kusawirirana, uye ganhuriro dzemari (--*) zvakakura kudikanwa kwokuchinja kunopfuurira. Nyika dzinofanira kuvavarira kugovera kunzwa kwapakarepo, kumirira kwapamutemo kunobudirira, uye zvimwe zvinotsiva kuiswa muchipatara panguva ipi neipi inobvira. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanofanira kudzivisa muedzo wokuisa zvinodikanwa seyakati gadzirika nokuda kwemipimo yakatarwa. Nharidzano haisati iri yokungoita zviitiko zvekuzvipira nokukurumidza asi kuita saizvozvo nenzira yakarurama, pamusoro pechiremera namaruramiro zvomunhu ari wose pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yake yendangariro.

Sezvo kungwara kwoutano hwendangariro kunowedzera uye kuiswa kwoutsotsi kwechirwere chendangariro kuchiva itiro hanya huru yavose, basa rezvibvumikiso mukuzvipira kwavagari vemo richaramba riri nzvimbo inokosha yekurukurirano yapamutemo netsika. Avo vanobatanidzwa mukunyora, kushandisira, uye kudenha iyi mitemo vanofanira kuziva kuti chinodikanwa inheyo apo chirongwa chose chemise chemisengwa yavagari vemo chinova nenzvimbo inoibvisa kana kuti kuinetesa, uye kuva nedzikamo pakati porusununguko nekotsekate yavose. Nokuda kwemashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende nenhau yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, varavi vanogona kubvunza zvinhu kubva [[FT:][FT][5] Activement Center [FLD]], [FLT]